Earticle

This research examines the use of the ellipsis in 30 telephone conversations and shows the reason for the use of the ellipsis in aspects of functionality in the area of study of Korean and Japanese. It also demonstrates if the supplementary of utterance has which type of format at each functionality and if there are the format of the supplementary of utterance repeated. The results below are described in detail 1. The functionality of the ellipsis at the end of sentence in both languages (1) Demanding Behavior: request, recommendation, proposition, (2) Demanding Information: question, confirmation request, (3) Providing Information: self-information, the third person, reason, conveying a story to the others, and (4) Expressing will: revision/ evaluation, self-behavior in future, compliance/support, apology, greeting. 2. The format of the supplementary of utterance of the ellipsis at the end of sentence in both languages. In regard of the format of the supplementary of utterance, Korean has the connection formats, which are「－고」「－ㄴ데」「－니까」and so on, Japanese has「－けど」「－から」「て」「って」and the like. The study shows that formats repeated are existed in the ellipsis at the end of the sentences in both languages.

본 연구는 2014학년도부터 2024학년도까지 대학수학능력시험 베트남 어 성조 문항의 형식과 난이도를 분석하였다. 발문을 중심으로 한 문항의 형식과, ebs 연계 교재를 통해 수험생이 체감하는 난이도를 분석하였다. 2014학년도부터 2018학년도까지는 문항 발문이 매년 변했다. 형식이 삽 화 또는 문장의 형태로 매년 변화했고, 2음절 단어를 5개까지 제시했기 때 문에 문제를 푸는 시간도 오래 걸리고 체감하는 난이도도 높았을 것으로 보인다. 수능을 대비하는 수험생과 교사도 혼란이 있었을 것이다. 2017학 년도에 베트남어 과목 응시자 수가 약 1/4로 크게 감소한 이유 중 하나를 문 항의 난이도에서 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 2019학년도부터 2024학년도까지는 발문이 동일하여 문항의 형식이 일 정하게 유지되었다. 대체적으로, 삽화로 표현할 수 있는 1음절 명사를 1개 제시하여, 수험생이 성조 문항을 예상하여 준비할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 다 만 제시된 단어가 연계 교재에 노출되는 횟수가 고르지 않아, 수험생의 실 제 체감하는 난이도가 일정하지 않을 수 있다. 앞으로 성조 문항 형식의 일관성을 유지하면서 연계 교재에서의 노출 횟수와 최초 노출 쪽수를 고려하여 제시하는 단어를 선택한다면 수험생과 교사도 이를 감안하여 대비할 수 있기 때문에, 난이도가 보다 안정적으로 유지될 것이다.

This study analyzed the format and difficulty of Vietnamese tonal questions in the Vietnamese subject of the CSAT for the 2014-2023 academic year. The format of the questions centered on the questions sentence and the level of difficulty experienced by the examinee through the ebs-linked textbook were analyzed. From 2014 to 2018, the questions sentence changed every year. Because the form changed every year in the form of an illustration or sentence and up to five words of two syllables were presented, it seems that it took a long time to look for an answer and the level of difficulty felt was high. Test takers and teachers preparing for the CSAT would also have been confused. One of the reasons why the number of applicants for the Vietnamese subject decreased significantly to about a quarter in 2017 can be found in the difficulty of the question. From 2019 to 2024, the questions sentence were the same, and the format of the questions was kept constant. In general, one syllable noun that can be expressed as an illustration is presented so that the examinee can predict and prepare for the intonation question. However, the number of times the presented word is exposed to the ebs-linked textbook is uneven, and the actual difficulty experienced by the examinee may not be constant. In the future, if choose a word that is presented in consideration of the number of exposures in the related textbook and the number of initial exposure pages while maintaining consistency in the format of tonal questions, the level of difficulty will be maintained more stably because examinees and teachers can also take this into account.

본고는 보다 나은 ‘국어 어원사전’을 편찬하기 위해서는 ‘무엇을 어떻게 할 것인가’ 를 놓고, ‘표제어 선정’, ‘형식’, ‘내용’이라는 세 가지 측면에서 고민한 것이다. ‘표제어’는 ‘어휘’를 중심으로 선정하되 ‘조사’, ‘접사’, ‘관용어’, ‘속담’까지 포괄할 필요가 있다. 그리고 어휘는 ‘고유어’를 넘어 ‘한자어’, ‘외래어’까지 아우르고, 부분적 이지만 ‘방언’이나 ‘고어’까지도 포함한다. 사전의 ‘형식’은 편찬자에 따라 다를 수 있 으나, 적어도 ‘표제어 품사’, ‘표제어 의미’, ‘최초 문헌 용례’, ‘해석 요약’, ‘종합 설 명’, ‘참조’ 등을 고려해야 한다. 이 가운데 핵심이 되는 부분은 ‘종합 설명’이며, 그것 을 요약한 것이 ‘해석 요약’이다. ‘해석 요약’은 이해를 돕기 위한 차원에서 별도로 마 련한 것이다. 사전의 ‘내용’은 ‘최초 출현 형태 및 출현 시기’, ‘차용 사실의 확인’, ‘기존 연구 성 과 검토’, ‘형태 구조 분석 및 의미 해석’, ‘형태 변화 및 의미 변화’, ‘어휘 소실 시기 및 원인’ 등으로 구성할 수 있다. 이 가운데 ‘형태 구조 분석 및 의미 해석’, ‘형태 변 화 및 의미 변화’가 핵심이다. 형태 구조 분석과 의미 해석에서는 ‘단어족’과 ‘방언’을 활용하며, 더 나아가 ‘언어 외적 지식’, ‘상상력과 직관’을 동원한다. ‘내용’ 기술 방식은 크게 ‘분할식 방식’과 ‘종합식 방식’으로 나눌 수 있다. ‘분할식방식’은 ‘내용’에 해당하는 부분을 하나하나 별도로 제시하는 방식이고, ‘종합식 방식’ 은 그것을 일정한 순서에 따라 통합하여 기술하는 방식이다. 전자는 내용을 일목요연 하게 제시할 수 있다는 장점이 있고, 후자는 내용을 유기적으로 기술할 수 있다는 장 점이 있다.

This paper discusses the things to do and ways to edit ‘Etymological Dictionary of Korean Language’ and considers them in three aspects; ‘headword selection’, ‘format’ and ‘contents’. Firstly, the ‘headword’ should be selected from ‘vocabularies’ and they have to include ‘postpositional words’, ‘affixes’, ‘idiomatic phrases’ and ‘proverbs’. The vocabularies should cover ‘words from Chinese origin’ and ‘words of foreign origin’ as well as’ Korean native words’ and, in some cases, ‘regional dialects’ and ‘archaic words’ will make up them. Secondly, the ‘format’ should cover at least ‘headword’s part of speech’, ‘meaning of headword’, ‘the first example in literature’, ‘interpretation summary’, ‘comprehensive description’ and ‘reference’ although there could be various versions by different editors. Among them, the most important part is ‘comprehensive description’ and the summary of the description can be ‘interpretation summary’. The ‘interpretation summary’ is an additional part for enhancing people’s understanding. Lastly, the ‘contents’ can be made of ‘the first word form and the time of first appearance’, ‘evidence of borrowing’, ‘examination of existing research results’, ‘morpheme-analysis and meaning interpretation’, ‘change of word form and meaning’ and ‘the time and cause of vocabulary disappearance’. Among them, ‘morpheme-analysis and meaning interpretation’ and ‘change of word form and meaning’ are most important. For the morpheme-analysis and meaning interpretation’, ‘word family’ and ‘regional dialects’ are collected and used and, furthermore, ‘knowledge outside the language’ and ‘imaginative power and intuition’ can be applied. The styles of ‘contents’ description can be roughly two different styles: ‘style of division’ and ‘style of integration’. The ‘style of division’ shows every part of ‘contents’ separately and the ‘style of integration’ gives a unified description in a certain order. The former style has the advantage in presenting ‘contents’ so neatly and the latter style is good for unified description of the ‘contents’.

판소리의 중요한 음악요소의 하나로 악조를 꼽는다. 학계에서도 판소리의 악조론은 매우 중요한 분야 가운데 하나이다. 그런데 최근에는 악조론의 논의가 더 이상 나아가지 않고 있다. 따라서 본고에서는 판소리 악조에 대한 인식과 범주에 대해 살펴보고 악조론의 쟁점을 찾아 이론을 비교한 후, 악조론의 보완과 확장을 위해 어떤 연구가 필요할 것인지 살펴보았다. 본 고에서 제안한 내용을 간단히 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 그동안 악조론에서 다루지 못한 악상과 시김새가 더욱 객관적인 분석방법을 통해 추가적으로 연구되어야 한다. 둘째, ‘레미솔라도’로 된 악조가 분명하게 사용되는 사례가 있으니 채보와 해석에 주의가 필요하다. 언제나 현상이 가장 실증적 증거이니 이를 객관적으로 바라보려는 노력이 선행되어야 한다고 본다. 셋째, 우조와 평조의 지시 대상이 학자마다 달라서 용어의 혼란이 생기고 있다. 어느 쪽이 옳다고 보기 어렵지만 기존의 실기인들과 학자들의 인식들이 100여년 넘게 자리잡아온 부분에 대해 고려했으면 한다. 넷째, 설렁제와 같은 일부 악조는 선법의 문제보다는 선율론적 접근이 필요하다고 보았다. 또 기타 악조를 우조나 계면조와 동일한 층위로 다루는 것의 효용성에 대해 생각해 볼 필요가 있다. 일곱째, 판소리 악조론의 보완과 확장을 위해서는 선율론적 연구, 활용론적 연구, 형식론의 연구로 연계해서 확장해 나가야 한다고 제언하였다. 이를 통해 악조론의 문제들도 한층 심화될 수 있을 것으로 보았다.

Musical tone is considered to be one of the most important musical elements of pansori. In the academic circle, pansori musical tone theory is one of major areas. However, recently, there has not been much discussion on musical tone theory. Therefore, this paper examined the recognition and category of pansori musical tone theory; found some issues with regard to musical tone theory; compared theories; and finally proposed what kind of research is needed to supplement and expand musical tone theory. The following are the summary of the proposition of this research. Firstly, themes and sigimsae, which have not been treated in musical tone theory, need to be studied additionally through a more objective analysis method. Second, since there are clear cases of using ‘re, mi, sol, la, do’ scale, caution is needed for writing and interpreting such pieces. Thirdly, the referents for Ujo and Pyeongjo vary from scholar to scholar that there is confusion in the use of terms. Though it is hard to say which side is correct, it would be wise to take into account the fact that existing personnel and the awareness of scholars go back more than 100 years. Fourthly, some tones such as Sullungjae need melodical approach rather than dealing with scale or modal issues. In addition, consideration needs to be made about the usefulness of considering other tones as eqaul to Ujo and Gyemyeonjo. Finally, for supplementation and expansion of pansori musical tone theory, melodical study, practical study, and formal study must come along and join in the effort. Through this, the issues in musical tone theory can be reinforced.

Interpreting is a complex skill, involving many sub-skills. For students to acquire the skills and develop from a novice to a journeyman, feedback is one important component of the training process. This presentation hopes to explore the relationship of feedback and skill development, the various forms of feedback and how they can be effectively used to contribute to students’ learning process.

The purpose of this research is to demonstrate the acquisition process of the ellipsis at the end of sentences for Koreans who learn Japanese through the contrast of Chinese and English native speakers. The sample of analysis comes from OPI data. The two results below are described in detail: First, Koreans who learn Japanese use more frequently the ellipsis at the end of sentences under the “Existing-Verb-Clauses” than Chinese and English native speakers. However, the acquisition level goes up, the frequency of usage is getting higher to the point where the acquisition process is inclined to be equal at both side (Koreans who learn Japanese vs Chinese and English native speaker). Second, the formality varies more than Chinese and English native speakers, as well as it appears at the beginning level. The formality includes “「けど」,「から」,「て」,「ので」”.The formality of Chinese and English native speakers is similar to Koreans who learn Japanese at the end of the learning stage.

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We tested the heuristic processing of online advertisements embedded in a mobile news site. Based on the bias hypothesis of the heuristic-systematic model (HSM) of information processing, we investigated whether the advertisement format (i.e., banner vs. pop-up) and sexual content serve as heuristic cues. Specifically, we looked for heuristic cues negatively associated with the evaluations of online news readers, including the credibility of the news agency and the news content, their perceived importance of and interest in news stories, and their intention to revisit the news website. The results of online experiments indicated that participants’ perceived credibility of news articles, perceived news importance and interest in news stories were negatively associated with the appearance of online advertisements showing sexually provocative content in the news stories. However, we found no association among the advertisement format, perceived credibility of the news agency and intention to revisit a news website. Our fifindings suggest that an advertisement featuring sexual appeals in mobile environments can function as a negative heuristic cue.

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Purpose: This study was performed to explore the effect of the delivery format on teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes in distance learning of nursing students. Methods: A descriptive survey was conducted to understand teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes depending on the delivery format of distance learning. Quota sampling methodology was used to recruit 295 nursing students from all over the country, and data collection was done from July 27 to September 10, 2020. The first delivery format for distance learning was synchronous learning in which communication between the instructor and students occurred simultaneously. The second delivery format was asynchronous learning in which prerecorded videos were provided and communication did not occur simultaneously. Results: In synchronous learning, teaching presence (especially direct facilitation) and learning presence (especially emotional expression) had a statistical significance that was higher than in asynchronous learning. However, in learning outcomes, there was no statistically significant difference. There were significant positive correlations between teaching presence, learning presence, and learning outcomes, and there were significant positive correlations. Conclusion: It can be suggested that learning outcomes can be improved if presence is improved in the distance learning environment based on the results of this study. It is necessary to add contact with nursing students and instructors to improve teaching presence in the asynchronous learning, and it is necessary to help students express their emotions to improve learning presence.

Library communities face many problems and limitations in describing alternative format materials based on the traditional MAchine Readable Cataloging (MARC) structure. To address these problems, this research proposes an XML-based descriptive metadata framework that establishes general but fundamental bibliographic aspects of various alternative format materials by providing core elements that are essential in describing these materials. Different from existing bibliographic structures, the proposed metadata framework can represent a fundamental descriptive structure by establishing four upper-level categories, 17 core elements, and 10 sub-elements in a hierarchical structure optimized to alternative format materials. By using this principal descriptive structure, the proposed metadata framework can guide different institutions in the creation of bibliographic records for these materials in a consistent way. It is also expected to address the difficulties in describing alternative format materials in library communities and enhance the information accessibility of individuals with various types of disabilities. In addition, the proposed metadata framework is an alternative approach which functions as a mediator between heterogeneous characteristics of alternative format materials and the existing bibliographic structures in library communities.

Recently, the magnitude of electronic data interchange (EDI) document processing for the handling of port logistics is abruptly being increased. The existing system processes EDI documents in a script mode, but due to a complicated script preparation procedure and low document processing efficiency, it cannot meet the demand as the usage flow of documents increases. In this paper, an EDI electronic document processing system was designed and implemented in a document scanner and mapper, which are binary form electronic document processing tools and do not require script files during the conversion of extensible markup language (XML)-based electronic documents. This new system has the merits of XML features during reading and writing with improved speed, usage convenience, and good portability on systems when compared to the conventional ones.

지리 정보 시스템(GIS; Geographical Information System)은 하드웨어, 소프트웨어, 데이터, 사람, 그리고 메소드로 구성된다. 이중 데이터는 GIS 의 가장 중요한 요소 중 하나이다. 본 논문에서는 GIS 개발자들에 의해 개척되고 있는 최신의 기술인 인터넷 GIS에서 공간 데이터의 효율적 사용을 위한 공간 객체 표현, 저장 및 전송을 위한 파일 포맷인 HVF를 개발하였다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 HVF의 문법을 정의하고, API를 통한 HVF 생성을 위해 헤드섹션 생성모듈과 메인섹션 생성모듈을 구현하였다. 그리고 HVF를 여러 응용 분야에서 데이터의 공유가 가능한 자료 구조의 형태로 변환하기 위해 HVF를 위한 공간객체 변환기를 개발하였다. 이를 위해 변환기를 구성하는 3개의 단위 모듈인 파일 처리 모듈, HVF 수입 모듈, 그리고 HVF 수출 모듈들을 설계 및 구현하였다. 특히, 인터넷 GIS를 위해 개발된 HVF는 네트워크의 트래픽을 감소하기 위한 공간 데이터의 크기와 이용 효율을 위한 한글 처리에 대해 고려 하였다.

Geographical Information System (GIS) is composed of hardware, software, data, and methods. Among the components, data is considered to be the most important factor in GIS. In this paper, we describes HVF, the most recent technology pioneered by GIS researchers. HVF is a format for efficient usage of spatial object in order to express, save and transform in Internet GIS. Fist, we describe the definition of HVF syntax, then the implementation of Header Section Generation Module and Main Section Generation Module through the API. Second, we develop a spatial object converter for HVF to transform figures into data structures, which are compatible among different GIS applications. For this purpose, we design and implement three units of modules, which are File Manipulation, HVF Import and HVF Export Module. Since the issues of network traffic and Hangul processing in Internet GIS are important, we expecially consider development of HVF in terms of spatial data size.

Nigeria's non-government organization (NGO) libraries for the visually impaired has over the years been at the forefront of information services provision to persons with visual impairment. This study adopted a survey research design to investigate use of alternative formats and perceptions of information services to the visually impaired, focusing on two purposively chosen NGO libraries for the visually impaired in Nigeria. Using a complete enumeration approach, data were gathered from 180 users of the libraries through the use of a structured questionnaire with a reliability score (${\alpha}=0.74$). Data from 112 (62.2%) of the 180 administered copies of a questionnaire that were retrieved were analysed. The study found that Braille materials had a high level of utilization ($\bar{x}=4.46$) and were the most frequently utilized (90.9%). Perception of information services by the visually impaired was positive while use of alternative formats was significantly and positively related to users' perception of information services (r = .041; p < 0.05). The study recommends improved transcription and investment in alternative formats and in e-resources. It also recommends collaborations to widen access as well as constant evaluation of services.

In order to advance the scientific basis for message design, theories of belief, attitude, and intention change focusing on the importance of arguments must be joined with theories that deal more with a message’s executional (or format) features. Previous summaries of the literature on message effectiveness are reviewed. They provide the fact base needing explanation. They are therefore useful but fail to provide an explanatory mechanism for integrating message content and format elements. This paper takes steps in this direction arguing that processing and resource allocation theories (Lang, 2006; Stephenson & Southwell, 2006) can be integrated with theories of belief change (Petty & Cacioppo, 1986) to advance message effects theory and research. The mechanism employed generalizes from the mediational processes of the elaboration likelihood model, namely ability and motivation, arguing that message formatting features themselves affect ability and motivation. Specific predictions for the interaction of message format features and argument strength are derived through their impact on ability and motivation. Recent research reporting interaction between format features and argument strength is described in the context of the model’s predictions. Implications of the model for cumulating knowledge about message effects and guiding future research are explored.

In this paper, we consider the delay partial differential equation of three dimensions with constant coefficients. We established the alternating direction difference scheme by the standard finite difference method, gave the order of convergence of the format and the expression of the difference scheme truncation errors.

VR (Virtual Reality) 콘텐츠 획득과 소비가 가능한 사 용자 디바이스들이 널리 보급되고 있는 가운데, MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)에서는 전방향 미디 어 (omnidirectional media)의 획득, 공유 및 전송을 위한 OMAF (Omnidirectional MediA Format)와, 몰입형 미디 어 전송 기술 표준화를 활발히 진행하고 있다. 본고에서는 OMAF와 몰입형 미디어 전송 표준의 기술 전반과 표준 동향, 그리고 향후 전망에 대해 소개하고자 한다.