Earticle

Zeolite NaP1 was successfully synthesized using coal bottom ash which was separated by difference in floating solution density using sink-float separation technique. Depending on the density of floating solution, dense phases such as quartz or mullite can be effectively separated from amorphous glassy material which consists of mainly amorphous SiO2 and Al2O3. The results suggest that the higher the amorphous glassy material exists within coal bottom ash separated, the higher the crystallinity can be obtained. The cation exchange capacity test shows 1400 meq/kg for as-synthesized NaP1 from coal bottom ash separated under 1.8 S of floating solution density which is 35 times and 3 times higher than of commercial activated carbon and natural zeolite, respectively. Adsorption kinetic study shows very rapid equilibrium on uptake of Pb, Cd and Cr within 300 seconds which would provide highly efficient tool to remove heavy metals from contaminated waste water.

In alignment with South Korea's “3020 Renewable Energy Expansion Plan,” this study focuses on the developing large-scale floating wind turbines. It addresses the challenges of increased size and cost in floating structures for wind turbines over 10MW. This paper details the preliminary design of a novel floating substructure utilizing composite materials(ie, EVA). Structural analysis was performed using ABAQUS, accounting for both typical and extreme wind conditions. Results from the analysis validate that the substructure design is adequately feasible for implementation.

본 연구에서는 해양플랜트의 플로트오버 설치작업을 위해 개발된 능동형 갑판 지지 프레임 (Deck support frame, DSF)의 구조설계에 대해 다양한 실험계획법을 이용한 민감도해석의 비교연구를 수행하였다. 능동형 DSF의 주요 구조부재의 두께 치수 변수는 설계인자로 고려하였고, 응답치는 중량과 강도성능으로부터 선정하였다. 민감도해석의 비교연구에 사용한 실험계획법은 직교배열설계법, Box-Behnken 설계법 그리고 Latin hypercube 설계법이다. 실험계획법의 설계공간 탐색의 근사화 성능을 평가하기 위해 반응표면법을 각 실험계획법 별로 생성하여 근사화 정확도 특성을 검토하였다. 또한 최상설계안 의 결과로부터 실험계획법의 특성에 따른 수치계산 비용, 중량감소 효과 등과 같은 설계향상 효과를 비교하였다. 능동형 DSF의 구조설계에 대해 직교배열설계법이 가장 향상된 결과를 나타내었다.

The paper deals with comparative study on sensitivity analysis using various methods regarding to design of experiments for structure design of an active type DSF (Deck support frame) that was developed for float-over installation of offshore plant. The thickness sizing variables of structure member of the active type DSF were considered the design factors. The output responses were defined from the weight and the strength performances. Various methods such as orthogonal array design, Box-Behnken design, and Latin hypercube design were applied to the comparative study. In order to evaluate the approximation performance of the design space exploration according to the design of experiments, response surface method was generated for each design of experiment, and the accuracy characteristics of the approximation were reviewed. The design enhancement results such as numerical costs, weight minimization, etc. via the design of experiment methods were compared to the results of the best design. The orthogonal array design method represented the most improved results for the structure design of the active type DSF.

근대국가 일본은 우생사상에 기초에 국민의 신체와 정신을 관리해 장악하려 했다. 그 실현을 위해 우생정책이 시행되었고, 한센병정책 또한 그 일환으로 집행되었다. 표적 한센 병정책은 한센병자의 요양소 ‘격리’와 ‘단종’이다. 식민지 조선의 우생정책과 한센병정책은 다소의 시차를 두고 일본을 좇아가는 형태로 시행되었다. 그래서 식민지 조선의 지식인들이 민족개량을 지향하는 방책으로 잡지 『우생』에 대거 참여한 것은 의미심장하다. 한센병문학은 한센병자의 고통과 불굴의 생의 기록이다. 호조 다미오와 한하운은 일본과 한국을 표하는 한센병문학자다. 그들의 신체는 제국과 식민지의 경계를 넘어 동아시아를 부유한다. 호조 다미오 문학의 궁극의 자기응시와 한하운 문학의 자기소외는 대비된 다. 그 차이야말로 제국 일본과 식민지 조선의 메울 수 없는 간극이라 할 수 있다. 그 간극 을 일본 한센병소설에 묘사된 이중의 마이너리티, 조선인 한센병자의 실상을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 그 속에서 조선인 등장인물은 다양하면서도 전형성을 띠는 양면가치적 성격의 캐 릭터로 조형된다. 피식민자로서 조선인의 가혹한 삶의 현실이 조선인 한센병자의 고난을 통해 표상된다. 이렇게 해협을 넘은 우생학과 한센병문학의 내실은 뒤틀어진 근대의 본질을 한센병자의 신체에 담아 여실히 폭로한다.

The modern nation Japan tried to control the body and spirit of the people based on eugenics. To achieve the goal, eugenic policy was implemented and enforced leprosy(Hansen's disease) policy. A typical policy is isolation and sterilization. Eugenics policy and leprosy policy in the Colonial Chosun was strongly influenced by Japan's policy a little later. Therefore, it is meaningful that many intellectuals in the Colonial Chosun aimed to improve the nation by participating in the magazine Eugenics. Leprosy literature is the record of the pain and indomitable life of leprosy's disease. Hojo Tamio and Han Haun are writers who represent Japan and Korea in leprosy literature. The image of their body was wandering in the Asia beyond the boundaries of empire and colonialism. Feature of Hojo Tamio's work is self-contemplation. Han Haun's work is self-alienation. These differences mean that there is a huge and unbridgeable gap between the Empire of Japan and the Colonial Chosun. We can identify this gap through Japanese leprosy novels which show the reality of Chosun's leprosy patient, who had double minority. In the novels, the character of the Korean people is various and typical and ambivalent. As a colonist, Korean people's life was harsh, and their suffering was expressed in leprosy literary works. Eugenics and leprosy literature in Japan and the Colonial Chosun revealed distortion which was the essence of modernity.

본 연구에서는 해양플랜트의 플로트오버 설치 작업을 위해 개발된 능동형 갑판지지 프레임(Deck support frame, DSF)의 구조설계에 대해 직교배열실험 방법을 이용한 민감도해석과 다양한 근사모델의 적용에 따른 설계공간 의 근사화 특성에 관한 비교연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구의 목적은 효율적인 최적설계안 탐색과 높은 정확도의 근사모델 을 생성할 수 있는 직교배열실험 기반의 설계 방법론을 제안하는 것이다. 설계인자는 주요 구조부재의 두께 치수를 적용 하였고, 응답함수는 중량과 강도성능을 선정하였다. 직교배열실험을 이용하여 설계인자 별 응답함수에 대해 정량적인 영향도가 분석되었고, 최소중량설계를 실현할 수 있는 최상 설계조건이 탐색되었다. 직교배열실험 결과로부터 반응표면 모델, 크리깅 모델, 체비쇼프 직교 다항식 모델, 그리고 방사기저함수 신경망 모델과 같은 다양한 근사모델이 생성되었 다. 근사모델의 결과를 통해 직교배열실험 결과의 타당성을 검증하였으며, 능동형 DSF의 설계공간에 대해 방사기저함 수 신경망 모델이 가장 높은 정확도로 근사화할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

The paper deals with comparative study for characteristics of approximation of design space according to various approximate models and sensitivity analysis using orthogonal array experiments in structure design of active type DSF which was developed for float-over installation of offshore plant. This study aims to propose the orthogonal array experiments based design methodology which is able to efficiently explore an optimum design case and to generate the accurate approximate model. Thickness sizes of main structure member were applied to the design factors, and output responses were considered structure weight and strength performances. Quantitative effects on the output responses for each design factor were evaluated using the orthogonal array experiment. Best design case was also identified to improve the structure design with weight minimization. From the orthogonal array experiment results, various approximate models such as response surface model, Kriging model, Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial model, and radial basis function based neural network model were generated. The experiment results from orthogonal array method were validated by the approximate modeling results. It was found that the radial basis function based neural network model among the approximate models was able to approximate the design space of the active type DSF with the highest accuracy.

This article is a follow-up paper of introduction to materials about drifting foreign ship handling in modern Ryukyu <進貢 ‧接貢船, 唐人通船, 朝鮮人乘船, 日本他領人乘船, 各漂着并破船之時, 八重山島在番役々勤職帳> and review about its historical material characteristics (1) which is not dealt with due to lack of space. In the paper, historical materials regarding the duty guideline for when foreign ship no other than Japanese drift over, guideline for when Southern Barbarian ship passes, drifts or is shipwrecked, guideline for when Dutch ship passes, guideline for when Dutch ship drifts or is shipwrecked, equipment that Christians have, how to preserve with salt, examples of meal provision in case of shipwreck or drifting are translated and introduce, and tried to review the characteristics. As confirmed on the historical materials, the crews from the drifting or shipwrecked ship were transferred to Ishigaki Island, transferred again to Okinawa, and repatriated to Satsuma after investigation. This process consumes quiet a lot of time and energy when considering the ship condition and weather. The alignment of administrative system taken in this process is a factor marking Ryukyu kingdom, the archipelago country. Also, there are detailed regulations regarding the food provision to drifters which gives an opportunity to take a look at the administrative system of Ryukyu regarding drifting of foreign ship.

This writing reviewed characteristics of a historical record 󰡔comings and goings of Chinese vessels and Chinese, management of Yaeyama island of Korean or Japanese when ships with foreigners on board were on the float󰡕 related to the measures of foreign vessels of modern Japan. The case is shedding new light on the history of Yaeyama, formation history of Ryukyu Kingdom which was referred to as the sea kingdom, and moreover, it is providing a vital clue for understanding the historical position of Yaeyama. Also, the case above is a valuable historical material that signifies a glimpse of how foreign policy of Ryukyu was enforced. The content is on the work know-hows of Yaeyama local officials about Ryukyu vessels visiting China under investiture system as well as how they were asked to issue specific guidelines of various cases according to the traffic of Chinese and Korean vessels or visit and drift of Korean vessels and foreign vessels other than Japanese and to report work conditions at the same time. At the time, Ryukyu was under a situation where they could not carry out independent foreign policies because they belonged to both China and Japan by invasion of Satsuma-Han in 1609, and it was identified that they were under the dual control from diplomatic policy of Edo Bakuhu to colonization of Satsuma.

本文以“뜨다”所包含的一系列表达为中心，考察了英语、汉语、韩国语表征动作、移动等复合语 义信息的运动事件结构表达类型，比较了三门语言的不同语言类型模式特征。本文认为运动事件 的词汇化模式分类，在Talmy(1985,2000)的二分法基础上，应进一步细化。Slovin(2004)提出了 属于第三种语言类型的“[方式]”“[路径]（PATH）”型的“等分框架语言”（equipollently-framed language），即“等分框架语言”中，“[方式]”和“[路径]”分别编码在联动结构中的不同动词当中 ，而编码方式和编码路径的动词具有同等的语法地位。依据本文的考察结果，英语、汉语、韩国 语的语言类型特征总结如下：英语“float into the cave”中，“[路径]”表达由“卫星词”“into”充当 ，“[方式]”动词由动词中心（main verb）“float”充当，以二者的“共同合成”体现“移动”这一普遍 的“附加语构架语”的特征。与之相反，韩国语词语“뜨다”，如与指示方向的论元结合，则异于“ 共同合成”以表示移动语义的英语词语“float”，必须同“가다”等移动动词结合使用构成连续动词 结构，并且不一定具有到达终点的语义。以泰语为例，Slovin(2004)揭示出，有些语言可以用限 制为第三种类型的连续动词来表现。韩国语在表达动作、移动复合语义信息时，路径表达和方式 表达以连续动词的形态出现，地位同等，可以视为此类语言，即“[方式]”“[路径]”型“等分框架 语言”。一方面，汉语中的运动事件均可以通过使用趋向补语和结果补语的方式表达。此时，两 类表达所体现的事件类型分属不同的类型。首先，与趋向补语结合时，为了表达移动语义，必须 同表达移动的趋向补语“去”结合，这与韩国语类似，但与英语中动词“float”与表示方向的介词结 合，用整个短语结构来表示移动形成对比。同时，汉语趋向补语只具有表示方向的单一语义，并 不能指明动作到达某一处所的状态，路径和方式地位同等的动词连续结构，带有同韩国语相同的 特征，即与趋向补语组合的汉语运动事件语言可以视为“[方式]”“[路径]”型“等分框架语言”。另 一方面，汉语与结果补语“到”的结合，带有[路径]由独立的句法成分充当，[方式]由动词中心语 （main verb）充当的特征，这属于“附加语构架语”的特征。并且，汉语中的结果补语“到”与动 词的结合，引起“共同合成”，产生移动语义，这又同“附加语构架语”英语的短语“float into the cave”中所体现的“共同合成”一致。总而言之，汉语动词带趋向补语时，带有类似于“[方式]”“[ 路径]”型“等分框架语言”的特征；汉语动词带结果补语时，带有类似于“附加语构架语”的特征。 因此，我们认为汉语是一种兼有双重时间类型特征的较为特殊的语言。

할로겐 램프를 열원으로 이용하는 결정성장장치인 부유대역융로를 제작하여 고온초전도체 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8의 성장에 이용하였다. 제작된 결정성장장치는 할로겐 램프를 초점에 위치시키기 위한 holder unit, 1kW의 할로겐 램프로서 최대 1800℃까지 사용이 가능한 image furnace, 냉각장치, 원료 물질을 공급하는 feeding unit, 성장된 단결정을 인상하는 pulling unit, 그리고 2mm/hr - 40mm/hr의 속도로 상하 이동 및 15rpm -120rpm의 회전이 가능한 제어부 등으로 구성되었다. 300W의 할로겐 램프를 이용하여 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 fiber를 성장시켰으며 성장된 fiber는 XRD, SEM, EDS 등으로 분석하였다. 성장조건은 공기분위기에서 성장속도 3∼4mm/hr, 상·하부축 회전속도 20∼25 rpm이었으며 성장된 fiber는 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 기지 내에 (Sr,Ca)CuO2 및 (Sr,Ca)2CuO3의 2차상을 포함하고 있었다.

Floating Zone Image furnace with halogen lamps as heat source has been made and applied to the growth of high-Tc superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8. The manufactured crystal growth equipment is composed of holder unit for setting the halogen lamps at the focal point of the elliptical mirror, image furnace with maximum temperature of 1800℃ with 1kW halogen lamps, cooling unit, feeding unit for supplying source material to the molten zone, pulling unit for crystal growth, and the control unit in the range of 2mm/hr -40 mm/hr vertical movement and 15rpm - 12rpm rotation. Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 fibers have been grown with 300W halogen lamps and characterized with XRD, SEM and EDS. The growth condition was air atmosphere, growth speed 3∼4mm/hr, rotation speed of upper and lower part 20∼25 rpm. The fiber was composed of 20∼25 rpm matrix phase and secondary phases such as (Sr,Ca)CuO2 and (Sr,Ca)2CuO3.

본고에서는 최근에 IMO에서 시행될 VDR(Voyage Data Recorder)에 대해 분석하고 특히 통신설비와 결합된 부양형 S-VDR(Simplified -Voyage Data Recoder)에 대한 통신 기술적 측면에 대해서 기술하였다. 이 장비에 결합된 통신 기술은 기존 EPIRB(Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon) 기술을 S-VDR과 결합한 것으로 통신적인 측면에서 기술적인 변화는 없다. VDR의 경우에도 기능을 단순화하여 경제적인 항행장비인 S-VDR로 변화되었으나 기술적인 측면의 변화는 없다. 부양형 S-VDR은 통신 기능을 포함하고 있으므로 통신설비이며 기존익 조난 구조를 위한 EPIRB를 대신할 수 없다. 그러므로 본고에서는 부양형 S-VDR에 대한 국제 표준화기구(IMO, IEC, ITU, COSPAS-SARSAT 등)의 관련 자료를 분석하고 사용 범위 및 용도 등을 명확히 정리했으며 이 결과가 해상통신 관련 규정에 반영되도록 제안하였다.

Recently, mega-float offshore structure is studied as one of the effective utilization of the ocean space. And mega-float structure are now being considered for various applications such as floating airports, offshore cities and so on. This mega-float structure is relatively flexible compared with real floating structures like large ships. when we estimate dynamic responses of these structures in waves, the elastic deformation is important, because vertical dimension is small compared with horizontal. The analysis of the dynamic response as it receives regular wave is studied. The finite element method is used in the analysis of structural section of this model. And the analysis is carried out using the boundary element method in the fluid division. In order to know the characteristics of the dynamic response of the mega-float structures, effects of wavelength, water depth, and wave direction on dynamic response of the floating structure are studied by use of numerical calculation.

Float has been just recognized spare time for disposing of unexpected conditions as by-product of CPM(critical-path-method) calculations, in spite of important method for construction period, taking in material, human supply and cost reducation in construction process management. Also float necessary follow method of contract by ownership problem and effect construct management of use. The purpose of this study was to examine current recognition and application grade of float in construction project. In addition, the study proposes improvement strategies of float application for efficient progress plan and control.

The float over method is the most preferred method for installing heavy topside onto a jacket platform. A very complex platform with multiple jacket structures on a specific field requires multiple installation procedures. This study validated the installation of two topsides using a single installation barge to reduce the operation and installation cost. The hydrodynamic properties of the installation barge during the installation of two topsides were calculated. The tension and fender forces during docking were investigated to show the validity of the proposed dual topside installation method. In conclusion, the operational safety of the proposed procedure was validated through the calculation of the motion of the installation vessel and loads on the jacket legs.

본 연구는 인플레이션 시기에 가계가 신용카드 일시불 결제의 무이자 신용공여(credit float)를 활용하여 지급수단 구성을 조정하는지를 분석한다. 기존 연구가 주로 신용카드 이용 확대가 화폐수요, 통화유통속도 및 물가에 미치는 영향을 다룬 데 비해, 본 연구는 물가․금리 충격이 가계의 지급수단 선택을 변화시키는 역방향 경로에 주목한다. 이를 위해 2006년 1월부터 2025년 8월까지 236개월의 월별 자료를 이용하여 개인 신용카드 일시불 비중(CFS, 일시불 결제액을 일시불 및 현금성 지급수단의 합계로 나눈 비율)을 종속변수로 설정하고, 구조변화와 위기․정책 효과를 통제한 2단계 최소자승법(2SLS)과 벡터자기회귀(VAR) 모형을 추정하였다. 분석 결과, 2SLS 추정 결과 인플레이션율이 1%p 상승할 때 CFS는 약 2.53%p 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. VAR 분석에서도 CFS는 인플레이션 충격에 대해 점진적인 양의 반응을 보였으며, 실질금리 충격에는 일정 시차 이후 보다 뚜렷한 양의 반응을 나타냈다. 또한 예측오차 분산분해 결과, 물가․금리 요인의 설명력이 실물경기 요인을 상회하였다. 이는 지급수단 선택이 경기변동의 단순한 부산물에 그치지 않고, 인플레이션과 금융비용 변화에 대응하는 가계의 단기 유동성 관리 및 재무적 의사결정일 수 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구는 한국 신용카드 시장의 일시불 결제 관행을 활용하여 인플레이션과 지급수단 선택 간 관계를 실증적으로 제시함으로써, 화폐수요와 지급수단 선택 논의를 확장하고 통화정책 파급경로 분석에 대한 시사점을 제공한다.

This study examines whether inflation induces Korean households to reallocate their payment instruments by exploiting credit card float―the interest-free delay between purchase and settlement in lump-sum credit card payments. While previous studies have mainly analyzed how credit card use affects money demand, velocity, and prices, this paper focuses on the reverse channel through which price and interest-rate shocks affect household payment choice. Using 236 monthly observations from January 2006 to August 2025, we construct the credit card float share (CFS)―the share of personal lump-sum credit card payments relative to the sum of those payments and cash or debit card transactions―and estimate two-stage least squares (2SLS) and vector autoregression (VAR) models that control for crisis episodes, policy shocks, and structural breaks. In the preferred 2SLS specification, a 1 percentage point increase in inflation raises CFS by about 2.53 percentage points. VAR results show that CFS responds gradually and positively to inflation shocks and, with a lag, more clearly to real interest-rate shocks. Forecast error variance decomposition also indicates that inflation and interest-rate factors explain more of CFS variation than real activity shocks. These findings suggest that household payment choice is not merely a by-product of business-cycle movements but may reflect short-term liquidity management and financial responses to changes in inflation and financing conditions. By exploiting Korea’s widespread use of lump-sum credit card payments, this study contributes to the literature on money demand, payment choice, and monetary policy transmission by documenting an empirical link between inflation and household payment reallocation.

One recent line of research on exchange rates is the effect of fixed or floating currencies on long-term growth. One difficulty with such studies is that emerging market countries with certain imbalances and potentially hard-to-observe policy distortions are more likely to choose a fixed exchange rate regime, and thus estimates of the effect of exchange rates on growth are likely to be biased upward in magnitude. Results here indicate that when a measure of domestic distortions and macroeconomic imbalances is added to the model the exchange rate regime at most exacerbates existing distortions, and no longer appears to have an independent, significant effect on growth, contrary to some recent findings.

We have developed the novel device that can extract energy from ocean waves utilizing the heaving motion of a floating mass. The major components of the energy converter are: a floater, a counterweight, a cable, a driving pulley, two idler pulleys, a ratchet, and a generator. The device generates power through the tension force in the cable and the weight difference between the floater and the counterweight. When the system is at static free condition, the tension in the cable is equal to the weight of the counterweight which is minimum. Therefore it is desirable to keep the counterweight lighter than the floater. However, experiments show that during the rise of the water level, the torque generated by weight of the counterweight is insufficient to rotate the driving pulley which causes the cable on the floater side to slack. The proposed application of the tension pulley rectifies these problems by preventing the cable from becoming slack when the water level rises. In this paper, the dynamics model is modified to incorporate the dynamics of the tension pulley. This has been achieved by first writing the dynamical equations for the tension pulley and the energy converter separately and combining them later. This paper investigates numerically the effect of the tension pulley on various physical quantities such as the cable tension, the floater displacement, and the floater velocity. Results obtained indicate that this application is successful in suppressing large fluctuations of the cable tension.

In order to examine the working condition of melts in tin bath of float process it was investigated Sn diffusion behavior and solidification rate of melts for alkali-alkaline earth-silica PDP substrate glasses such as commercial CaO rich CS-77 glass, commercial $Al_2O_3$ rich PD-200 glass and self developed $SiO_2$ rich T-series (T-2, T-4, T-6) glasses. In the case of Sn depth and concentration created in glass surface by ion exchange between Sn and alkali, T-series showed lower value than CS-77, especially T-2 is more excellent than PD-200. The solidification rate of melts expressed by cooling time between $log{\eta}=4\;and\;7.6dPa{\cdot}s$ was low for T-series comparing with CS-77 and PD-200. Therefore, it was concluded that T-series is desirable considering forming condition in the tin bath of the float process.

FPSO(FSO)같은 대형 구조물을 육상에서 건조하여 LOAD-OUT 과 FLOAT-OFF 를 수행하기 위해 한 척의 반 잠수바지로는 불가능하였다. 그래서 두 척의 반 잠수 식 바지를 HINGED TYPE 이 아닌 FIXED TYEP 으로 연결하였고 이에 따라 FLOAT OFF 시에 고려하여야 할 사항 중에서 횡강도 및 바지가 잠수 할 시점의 STABILITY 가 중요시되었다. 또한 FSO 가 잠수바지로부터 떨어져 나올 시점에서, STABILITY CASING 과 FSO 와의 충돌가능성도 고려하여야 할 사항이다. 이 논문에서는 안정성 측면에서의 반 잠수식 바지의 BALLASTING과 충돌방지 차원에서 전체적인 OPERATION에 대하여 언급하였다.