Earticle

One of the most famous misconceptions about Korean food history is the claim that “Red peppers (chilies) were introduced to the country through the Japanese invasions of 1592?1599.” This misinformation distorts the history of Korean food and downplays its value, serving as a significant obstacle to the development of the Korean food industry on the global stage. Genetically, it would take several millions of years for an introduced species of chili (red pepper) to evolve into the Korean variety that we know today. Agriculturally, it would take several hundreds of years for this variety to be grown throughout the country. In food science terms, it would also take a thousand years for kochujang (red pepper paste) and kimchi to be discovered and spread across the country to become some of Korea's most iconic foods. There is not a single reference in ancient documents to red peppers being introduced to Korea through the Japanese invasions, while chili (red peppers, kochu), kimchi, and kochujang (red pepper paste) are mentioned numerous times in documents written prior to those invasions. The theory in question claims that Latin American chili (aji) passed through India and Japan before being introduced to Korea through the 1592 Japanese invasions. However, when we examine the origin, propagation, and evolution of chili through the lens of modern science, genetic and life science analysis based on old documents shows that this claim has no scientific basis. The theory that Korean chili (kochu) comes from Japan is the biggest culprit responsible for distorting the history and value of Korean chili and kimchi. It has also spawned a number of other idle theories. This paper aims to correct this misconception through scientific analysis and ultimately restore the truth about the history and culture of Korean fermented foods.

Background : Interprofessional education (IPE) has gained significant traction in developed countries as a vital strategy for preparing healthcare professionals equipped for collaborative practice. It has also become an essential component of pharmacy education accreditation. Although there is ample evidence highlighting its positive impact on learners’ competencies and patient care, a comprehensive synthesis of the dominant contributors, thematic structures, promising trends, and milestone-driven evolution of IPE in pharmacy education is lacking. Methods : We conducted a bibliometric analysis of IPE in pharmacy education using the Web of Science (WoS), employing the Biblioshiny web-based app and VOSviewer software. To identify turning points in yearly production trends and key milestones in the USA, we selected 2009, 2016, and 2020 as critical cut-off points for developing a thematic evolution map. Results : As of May 23, 2024, there are 3,795 peer-reviewed articles on WoS related to IPE in pharmacy education, with the United States leading in production, citations, and growth rate. It is at the center of the collaboration network, with the most influential author and four of the top five relevant affiliations also based in the USA. The term “community pharmacy” is the most frequently mentioned and relates to various themes across different time periods. Analysis of trend topics and factorial themes reveals promising future areas, including emergency departments (ED), artificial intelligence (AI), escape rooms, pharmacogenomics, simulation, and experiential learning. Conclusion : Education practitioners in developing countries can learn from the milestones achieved in the USA, such as the establishment of IPE organizations and the integration of IPE into pharmacy accreditation guidelines, which can help accelerate the evolution of IPE. Community pharmacy presents a well-established environment for implementing IPE activities. Promising future hotspots include pharmacogenomics and ED as practice sites, along with escape rooms and AI as innovative learning strategies, and simulation and experiential learning as comprehensive educational approaches.

본 연구는 2019–2024년에 출판된 Web of Science Core Collection 논문 948편을 대상으로, KW_Merged(Author Keywords ∪ Keywords Plus)에 기반한 단일 파이프라인(association-strength 정규화, Louvain 군집, Fruchterman– Reingold 레이아웃)에서 키워드 공출현 네트워크, 중심성–밀도 전략도, 2기 테마 진화(2019–2021 → 2022–2024)를 일관되게 산출하였다. 분석 결과, 지적 구조는 방법–시스템/설계–응용의 세 블록으로 응집되며 convergence가 이들 간을 매개한다. 전략 도는 핵심 허브의 지속성과 함께 주변부 마이크로 테마의 AI·지속가능성 축을 따른 재배치를 보여 주며, 계산 중심 주제(모델링· 시뮬레이션·최적화)에서 데이터 집약적 지능 및 지속가능 시스템(머신러닝·컴퓨터 비전·딥러닝·에너지 효율·스마트 그리드)으로 의 점진적 이동을 시사한다. 테마 진화는 algorithm–convergence–design 축의 직접적 지속(포함지수 ≥ 0.30), consensus protocol과 multi-objective optimization의 유입(응용 확장 경로), finite element와 voltage control 계열의 주변화 경향을 확인한다. 해석은 임계값을 달리한 간단한 점검(min occurrence 3/5/7; 포함지수 경계 조정)에서도 안정적으로 유지되었다.

This study maps convergence in engineering using a reproducible single-parameter pipeline applied to 948 Web of Science Core Collection records published between 2019 and 2024. The analysis relies on the KW_Merged field (Author Keywords ∪ Keywords Plus) and jointly estimates a keyword co-occurrence network, a centrality–density strategic map, and a two-period thematic evolution (2019–2021 → 2022–2024) under association-strength normalization, Louvain community detection, and a Fruchterman–Reingold layout. The intellectual structure consolidates into three blocks—method, system/design, and applications—with convergence brokering across them. Strategic-map evidence shows persistent core hubs, while peripheral micro-themes emerge and reposition along an AI- and sustainability-oriented axis, indicating a gradual shift from computation-centric topics (modeling, simulation, optimization) toward data-intensive intelligence and sustainable systems (machine learning, computer vision, deep learning, energy efficiency, smart grids). Thematic evolution highlights the direct continuity of the algorithm–convergence–design axis (inclusion ≥ 0.30), the inflow of consensus protocol and multi-objective optimization as routes of application-level expansion, and a relative decline of finite-element and voltage-control families toward the margins. Interpretations remain stable under compact threshold checks (minimum occurrence 3/5/7; adjusted inclusion cutoffs), supporting robustness.

Electronic business (e-business) has become an integral part of global economic activity. This study aims to identify the current stages of e-business evolution in South Korea and Ukraine using a quantitative research design. Data were collected through a survey questionnaire distributed to individuals involved in e-business activities in both countries. The assessment was based on social, economic, political, and technical factors and their corresponding subfactors. The results indicate that South Korea is currently positioned at the Transformation Stage, whereas Ukraine is at the Growth Stage. South Korea demonstrates relatively high performance across all assessed factors, while Ukraine exhibits moderate levels of development. An understanding of the nuances of each stage and the specific results for each country can help government authorities, corporate decision-makers, and interested parties develop targeted strategies to further advance e-business development in Ukraine, using South Korea as a benchmark.

Hong Kong cinema has undergone significant changes, shifting from an actor-driven, story-rich industry to one influenced by large-scale productions and global trends. This study applies topic modeling to analyze audience reviews of Hong Kong films from two periods: pre-2000 and post-2000. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), it identifies key thematic changes, highlighting a decline in acting quality and storytelling depth. Findings indicate that pre-2000 films were praised for strong performances and engaging narratives, while post-2000 films prioritized large-scale productions and high-budget visuals but faced criticism for weaker storytelling and predictable plots. The study suggests that Hong Kong cinema has struggled to retain its distinct identity amid globalization and competition from Hollywood and mainland Chinese productions. To regain its prominence, a balance between high production values and compelling storytelling is necessary. Future research should explore cross-cultural comparisons and industry perspectives to further understand audience engagement trends.

The analytics lens of big data is very popular in both industry press and academic literature where big data is often discussed in the contexts of volume, velocity, and variety. This study offered an innovation lens of big data as digital service innovation. An evolutionary, ecosystem-based framework is adopted for digital service innovation. Digital trace data from Twitter provides the opportunity to see glimpses of big data ecosystems and the elements of big data services at two stages in the evolutionary process. Also, co-hashtag network analysis and community structure detection are used to understand the structure and dynamics of the big data ecosystem and its elements, over time. Finally, discussions and implications are presented.

This paper uses the visual analysis software-CiteSpace to analyze the 2, 076 related papers of “Key words=new media or new medium” in the CSSCI database from 1998 to 2017. It analyzes the research status and research hotspots of new media in China, and predicts the future development trend of new media, and provides reference for new media research and development in China. This research adopts the scientific metrology research methods, mainly including word frequency analysis, co-occurrence analysis, co-citation analysis and clustering analysis. The specific technical method is using CiteSpace to visualize the Science Mapping of paper datas, drawing up the Science Mapping of Chinese new media research from 1998 to 2017. The Science Mapping intuitively shows the law of paper growth, the source of paper, the contribution of authors and the characteristics of institutional distribution of Chinese new media research. It also analyses the research status, research hotspots and research frontiers of new media in China. There are seven main findings in this paper. First, papers of Chinese new media research increased slowly from 1998 to 2006, and began to flourish in 2007, reaching its peak in 2015. The index curve as a whole showed a straight upward trend, and it will continue to show a thriving development trend in the future. Second, new media research papers are mainly concentrated in news and communication journals, editing & publishing journals and educational comprehensive journals are also published. It has become an important part of the new media research field to study the influence of new media from the perspectives of journalism and communication, library and information science, pedagogy, sociology, art and other disciplines. Third, there are many High-yielding authors on new media research, such as Wang Xiwei, Huang Mingfen, Ji Haiju, Deng Xianglian and Kuang Wenbo. But they are widely distributed and have few cooperative networks. It can form a systematic and highly influential core research. Four, Yu Guoming, Penglan, Chen Lidan, Kuang Wenbo, Guo Qingguang and Ouyang Youquan are High-impact authors and high-cited authors in this field，Yu Guoming is an authoritative expert in new media. Five, the institutions with the highest papers of publications are Communication University of China, Renmin University of China, Fudan University and Jilin University in turn. There is a lack of cooperation and exchanges among institutions, which has not formed a large-scale cooperation network. Six, new media research mainly focuses on media convergence, network public opinion, the Internet, new media art, digital publishing, social media, WeChat, Weibo and other hot spots; media integration is the biggest research hotspot, betweenness centrality=0.62. Last，with the development of media technology, under the background of “Internet +”, “Artificial intelligence”, “Big data”, new media technology innovation, content innovation, government media image reshaping, network comsensus management，and educational information application will become the research frontiers of new media in the future.

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source is an essential component of heavy-ion accelerator. For a given design, the intensities of the highly charged ion beams extracted from the source can be increased by enlarging the physical volume of ECR zone [1]. Several models for ECR ion source were and will be constructed depending on their operating conditions [2-4]. In this paper three simulation models with 3, 4 and 6 solenoid system were built, but it’s not considered anything else except the number of coils. Two groups of optimization analysis are presented, and the evolution strategy (ES) is adopted as an optimization tool which is a technique based on the ideas of mutation, adaptation and annealing [5]. In this research, the volume of ECR zone was calculated approximately, and optimized designs for ECR solenoid magnet system were presented. Firstly it is better to make the volume of ECR zone large to increase the intensity of ion beam under the specific confinement field conditions. At the same time the total volume of superconducting solenoids must be decreased to save material. By considering the volume of ECR zone and the total length of solenoids in each model with different number of coils, the 6 solenoid system represented the highest coil performance. By the way, a certain case, ECR zone volume itself can be essential than the cost. So the maximum ECR zone volume for each solenoid magnet system was calculated respectively with the same size of the plasma chamber and the total magnet space. By comparing the volume of ECR zone, the 6 solenoid system can be also made with the maximum ECR zone volume.

본 연구는 텍스트 마이닝 기법을 활용하여 2000년부터 2025년까지 발표된 한국 댄스스포츠 분야의 연 구 동향을 체계적으로 분석하였다. RISS 데이터베이스에 수록된 총 152편의 학술 논문을 대상으로, TF-IDF 분석, 단어 빈도 분석, 의미 네트워크 분석 및 CONCOR(반복 상관 수렴) 군집화 기법을 결합하여 주요 연구 주제와 구조적 변화를 도출하였다. 분석 결과, 초기 연구는 주로 ‘참여 동기’, ‘심리적 특 성’ 등 개인 수준의 주제를 다루었으나, 최근에는 ‘교육 개입’, ‘노인 건강’, ‘심리 조절’ 등 사 회 지향적 주제로 확장되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 주제 전환은 고령화, 교육 수요의 변화, 문화 정책의 진화와 같은 한국 사회의 구조적 변화와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 의미 네트워크 분석을 통해 이경숙 와 성재 형(2009)이 제안한 구조적 가설이 확인되었으며, 단순 주제 분류에서 통합적이고 상호 연결된 연구 구조 로의 진화를 보여주었다. ‘노인’, ‘교육’, ‘건강’, ‘참여’와 같은 고 중 심성 키워드는 댄스스포 츠 연구가 고령화, 정신 건강, 교육 형평성과 같은 사회적 과제와 점점 더 밀접하게 연관되고 있음을 시 사한다. 본 연구는 향후 스포츠과학, 공공보건, 사회교육 분야에서의 학제 간 연구 및 정책 수립에 실증 적 기초 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

Objectives This study aims to examine research trends in Korean Dance Sports from 2000 to 2025, focusing on thematic developments and structural changes in response to social and policy shifts. Methods A total of 152 academic papers from the RISS database were analyzed using text mining techniques, including TF-IDF, word frequency analysis, semantic network analysis, and CONCOR clustering. Results Early studies centered on individual-level topics like participation motivation and psychological traits. More recent research has shifted to themes such as educational interventions, elderly health, and psychological well-being, reflecting Korea’s demographic and educational changes. Semantic network analysis supported Lee and Sung’s (2009) hypothesis, revealing a move toward a more integrated research structure. High-centrality keywords such as “elderly,” “education,” and “participation” highlight the field’s growing relevance to societal challenges. Conclusions The findings suggest that Dance Sports research increasingly intersects with public health, education, and aging policy. This study offers a foundation for future interdisciplinary research and evidence-based policy design.

본 연구는 도로교통 분야 R&D 과제 정보 분석을 통해 기술 패러다임 변화가 기술 자체의 진보뿐만 아니라 정부 정책 기조의 변화에 영향을 받는다는 사실을 실증적으로 밝히고 정책과 기술 간의 공진화 관계를 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 분석 자료는 2003년부터 2022년까지 국토교통부가 추진한 R&D 과제 2,174개를 활용하였으며 분석 방법은 키워드 분석, N-gram 분 석, 단어 유사도 기반 클러스터링 분석 등을 실시하여 한국 도로교통 기술 패러다임의 변화를 체계적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과 R&D 과제는 각 정권의 정책 기조에 따라 중점 영역이 유의 미하게 변화하였으며 이는 정책이 도로교통 기술 개발의 주제와 성격을 결정하는 중요한 요인 으로 작용하였음을 실증적으로 보여준다. 본 연구는 교통공학 연구에서 정책과 기술 간 상호 작용을 분석할 수 있는 학문적이고 실무적인 분석 틀을 제공했다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 나아 가 정책적 선택이 기술 패러다임 변화 방향을 규정할 수 있음을 보임으로써 향후 교통 분야 R&D의 전략적 기획 및 정책 수립에 중요한 시사점을 제공한다.

Technological paradigm shifts in the road transportation sector arise from intrinsic technological progress, yet they are also substantially shaped by government policy. This study examines this co-evolutionary relationship by analyzing 2,174 Research and Development (R&D) projects funded by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport between 2003 and 2022. Using keyword analysis, N-gram analysis, and word similarity–based clustering, we identify distinct shifts in R&D priorities that align with the policy orientations of successive administrations. The findings indicate that government policy is a decisive driver influencing the thematic direction and developmental trajectory of road-transport technologies. This study contributes an empirical framework for analyzing technology–policy interactions and offers practical implications for strategic R&D planning and policy formulation in the transportation sector. Our results highlight that policy choices can actively shape, accelerate, or redirect technological paradigm transitions.

미래전의 전투 양상 변화에 따라 우리군은 다계층‧다차원의 통신체계 구축을 추진하고 있으며, 특히 공중계층을 통 해 무선전송 중계를 지원하는 릴레이망 확보를 위해 노력하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 공중 릴레이 구조 및 각 구성 요 소들을 설명하고, 릴레이 구조에 따른 중계기 특징을 살펴보았다. 또한 공중 릴레이 망의 최신 연구사례를 단일, 다 중, 다체계, 게이트웨이의 4가지로 사례로 분류/분석하고, 공중 릴레이 망에서 발생할 수 있는 통신기술 이슈를 OSI 계층별로 나누어 정리하였다. 배포된 공중 릴레이망의 운영간 발생 가능한 시스템 운영 이슈를 통합관리와 서 비스 측면에서 분석하고, 분석 내용을 바탕으로 최근 연구가 활발히 논의 되고 있는 6G 기술 발전 방향과 더불어 공중 릴레이망 진화방향과 도전과제를 정리하였다.

The Korean military is promoting the establishment of a multi-layer and multi-tier communication system to meet the changes in combat patterns of future warfare, and in particular, is striving to achieve a relay network that supports wireless transmission and broadcasting through airwaves. In this paper, we explained the structure of the airborne relay and its components. The characteristics of the relay nodes according to the relay structure are examined. In addition, the latest research cases of airborne relay networks are classified into four cases: single, multiple, multi-system, and gateway, and communication technology issues that may occur in airborne relay networks are classified by OSI layer. The possible system operation issues between the operations of the deployed airborne relay network were analyzed in terms of integrated management and service. Based on the analysis, the direction of development of 6G technology, which has been actively discussed recently, and the direction of evolution and challenges of the airborne relay network were summarized.

Amid the deepening of globalization and China’s sustained opening-up drive, the resident foreign population in China has witnessed a steady expansion in scale and an increasing diversification in demographic composition. Their cultural adaptation exerts a profound impact on China’s cross-cultural exchanges and the overall course of the country’s internationalization. This study seeks to systematically delineate the academic evolution, core research themes, and developmental patterns of studies on foreigners’ cultural adaptation in China, thereby addressing a critical research gap in the existing literature: the absence of a systematic quantitative synthesis of relevant research findings. To this end, this study retrieved academic articles from core Chinese journals, including those indexed in Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index (CSSCI), from three major Chinese academic databases - China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, and Chongqing VIP (CQVIP). The research then conducted a visual bibliometric analysis using CiteSpace 6.4.R1, adopting core analytical methods such as keyword clustering, burst detection, centrality measurement, and timeline mapping. The findings demonstrate that this research field has undergone three distinct developmental stages: conceptual introduction and preliminary exploration, theoretical framework construction and rapid research expansion, and thematic deepening and targeted empirical investigation. Further analysis indicates that the field’s evolution is driven by the synergistic interaction of three core factors: the adjustments of China’s relevant policy frameworks, the shifts in societal demands, and advances in technological innovation. This study makes several contributions to the field. By employing CiteSpace-based bibliometric analysis, it clarifies the evolutionary features of research on foreigners’ cross-cultural adaptation in China, thus filling the methodological gaps in the existing literature. By focusing on the diverse groups of foreign residents in China, it mitigates potential research biases in relevant studies. Moreover, it bridges academic research and practical applications, providing targeted insights to inform policy formulation and service optimization for foreign residents, and it also offers valuable implications for Sino-Korean academic exchanges and people-to-people connectivity.

본 논문은 전자신문이 창간되고 성장, 발전해 온 과정을 정리하고 이를 통해 전자신문의 경영성과와 더불어 전자신문이 IT대중화 및 IT 저널리즘의 발전에 기여한 측면이 무엇인지 정리하고자 했다. 이를 위해 필자들은 전자 신문 20년사와 전자신문 감사보고서, 우리나라 전자‧정보통신 산업 관련 지표, 한국 ABC협회의 감사보고서 등 관련 자료들을 조사‧연구 하는 한편 전‧현직 전자신문 기자들에 대한 심층 인터뷰를 실시했다. 이를 통해 본 연구는 지난 2000년 매출 500억 원을 돌파하기도 했던 전자신문이 2000년대 중반 이후에는 연간 300억 원 안팎의 안정적인 매출 을 달성하는 등 외형적인 성장을 이룩한 동시에 대중성을 확보한 산업전문지로 자리매김할 수 있었던 배경에는 비단 전자‧정보통신산업의 성장이라는 외적인 변수 외에 우수한 기자인력의 확보와 편집권 독립, 신문지면의 대중성 확보 를 위한 전자신문 내부의 혁신적이고 지속적인 노력이 있었음을 확인할 수 있었다.

The Electronic Times, starting in 1982 as a weekly newspaper, has become an influential daily newspaper specializing in Information Technology(IT) since the mid 1990s in Korea. Particularly, it has shown significant and impressive financial achievements in the past thirty years since it was established. Also, it has contributed to the development in the field of IT journalism as well as the popularization of Information Technology. The primary purpose of this study is to provide useful lessons and implications to those who are interested in the evolution of The Electronic Times by investigating the financial performance of The Electronic Times and its contributions to the popularization of IT in our society.

Cultural and tourism integration is widely viewed as an approach to improving public cultural and tourism services, supporting high-quality economic development, and reinforcing cultural confidence. Given the symbolic significance of the Grand Canal within Chinese culture, this study proposes a comprehensive evaluation framework aligned with the core dimensions of high-quality development. A linear weighted model, a coupling coordination degree model, kernel density estimation, and standard deviational ellipse analysis are employed to measure the level and spatiotemporal evolution of high-quality cultural and tourism integration across eight provinces and municipalities along the Grand Canal Cultural Belt from 2012 to 2023. The geographical detector method is then applied to identify key driving factors. The results indicate the following. (1) From a temporal perspective, the high-quality development of cultural and tourism integration has generally exhibited a fluctuating upward trend. However, inter-provincial disparities have widened, attributable to differences in inherent resource endowments and the combined effect of policy resource allocation and market self-reinforcement mechanisms. (2) From a spatial perspective, the high-quality development of regional cultural and tourism integration demonstrates dual characteristics of gradient differentiation and axial stability. While Beijing and Zhejiang have achieved upward shifts in coordination levels, most areas such as Tianjin, Hebei, and Anhui remain in the initial stage, reflecting imbalances between institutional support and development momentum as well as threshold constraints. (3) Driving mechanism analysis suggests that openness, market supply, and technological innovation form a composite model that is state-led and locally implemented within the multilayered institutional context of China. Infrastructure also serves as a foundational platform that supports this model. The results of this study not only provide a reference for regional planning of the Grand Canal Cultural Belt but also reveal the evolutionary mechanisms and implementation pathways for the deep integration of the cultural and tourism industries within the Chinese context, thus offering insights for achieving high-quality integrated development in similar cultural corridors and regions.

This study systematically analyzes the evolution of spatial patterns and driving factors of county-level economies in Jilin Province from 2013 to 2022, applying the standard deviation ellipse method and the Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression (GTWR) model for panel data analysis. The results provide a scientific basis for understanding spatial economic pattern changes in Jilin Province, offering data-driven insights and theoretical foundations to promote more balanced regional economic development. The findings reveal a distinct "core-periphery" differentiation in Jilin's county economies, with economic activities gradually concentrated in the southeast direction and the degree of spatial agglomeration increased significantly. Spatial patterns of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries show marked divergence: while the primary industry remains clustered in the northern black soil region, secondary and tertiary industries have gradually expanded southward. Analysis of economic imbalance and dynamic indices highlights evolving disparities among counties. Notably, high dynamic indices in primary and tertiary industries reflect inter-county growth disparities, where remote counties experienced negative economic growth contrasted with southeastern counties' economic dominance. The study identifies a transitional phase in Jilin's county economic development: initial resource dependence has gradually shifted toward market-driven mechanisms and industrial restructuring under policy interventions and market forces. Overall, Jilin's county economies demonstrate spatial agglomeration and differentiated development shaped by multiple drivers. Persistent challenges include: (1) conflicts between resource endowment advantages and modern industrial system development, (2) tensions between central cities' polarization effects and county-level synergistic development, and (3) transitional friction between traditional factor-driven growth and innovation-driven strategies. To address these, the study proposes three coordinated strategies: (1) "industrial renewal + emerging sector cultivation", (2) "spatial optimization + equitable resource allocation", (3) "digital transformation + policy innovation", providing actionable references for building a modernized, sustainable economic framework in Jilin Province.

당송시기 절강지역의 청자 가마는 대부분 龍窯(登窯)이다. 총체적으로 보면 그 구조는 窯頭·窯身·窯尾의 세 부분을 포함하고, 각 부분은 또 다시 몇 개의 하부구조로 구성되며, 요업 발전과 함께 이들 구조도 부단히 개선되었다. 관련 자료에 근거하면 절강지역 청자 가마의 발전과정은 唐代 早期와 당대 中晩期~五代時期, 南宋時期의 세 단계로 나눌 수 있다. 가마 구조 가운데 排煙室은 이전의 排烟坑에 비해 더욱 성숙된 것으로 이의 출현은 비단 배연의 기능뿐만 아니라 가마의 불길을 정확히 통제하는 데도 유리하게 작용하였고, 이는 가마의 경사도에서도 더욱 융통성 있는 변화를 가져왔다. 또한 절강지역의 청자 窯場 가운데 饅頭窯가 출현한 사례는 戰國時期 蕭山地域에서만 보이고, 그 후 南宋官窯 이전까지는 전혀 발견할 수 없으며, 南宋官窯 이후 또다시 소멸하여 보이지 않는다. 그러므로 南宋官窯 시기에 출현한 만두요는 결코 해당지역 가마의 발전 맥락을 따라 형성된 것이 아니며, 초벌 가마로 출현하였다는 점은 매우 주목할 만하다. 이 만두요 초벌구이 가마는 北宋官窯 또는 北宋 宮廷用 자기의 공납을 담당하던 요장에 기원하고 있다. 이런 특징으로 볼 때 만두요 초벌 가마는 궁정용 자기를 번조했던 南宋官窯를 일반적 보통 자기를 번조하던 龍泉窯와 구별하는 특징의 하나로 추정되며, 이는 향후 심도 있게 토론할 가치가 있는 문제이다.

Almost all celadon kilns in Zhengjia Region are dragon kilns during the Tang and Song period. Each Dragon kiln is composed of three parts: kiln head, kiln body and kiln tail. With the development of the ceramics industry, the internal structures in each part had been continuously improved. The development of the Dragon kilns can be divided into three stages: early Tang dynasty, middle-late Tang dynasty to Five dynasties, and Southern Song dynasty. One of the most important processes of dragon kilns is the smoke-emitting room appeared in Southern Song dynasty, which was not only used to emit smoke, but also contributed to the precise control of the kiln flame. The dome-shape biscuit kiln in Guanyao(Official Kiln) ofSouthernSongdynastyoriginatedinGuanyaoorotherkilnsresponsiblefortributeinNorthe rnSongdynasty. The use of biscuit kiln might be a striking feature to distinguish the royal ceramics from those ordinary ceramics.

唐宋時期浙江地區燒造青瓷的窯爐幾乎全爲龍窯, 其結構從總體上看包括窯頭、窯身和窯尾三部分, 具體來說每一部分又包括若干個子結構, 與窯業發展同步, 這些結構也在不斷完善。根據相關窯爐資料, 可將其發展過程分爲三個階段：唐代早期、中晚唐至五代時期和南宋時期。在窯爐結構中, 出烟室較之前的排烟坑更爲成熟, 它的出現不僅用于排烟, 也有助于對窯爐火焰的精確控制, 這也使得窯爐坡度的變化更加靈活。另外, 南宋官窯窯場中所出現的饅頭窯, 之前僅于戰國時期在蕭山地區見過一例, 南宋官窯之後又消失不見, 由此推測該饅頭窯幷非是順著本地區窯爐的發展脉絡形成的。 而且在南宋官窯窯場中, 饅頭窯是作爲素燒爐而出現的, 可能源自于北宋官窯或是負責貢進北宋宮廷用瓷的窯場。而此種饅頭窯素燒爐是否是燒造宮廷用瓷器的南宋官窯區別于燒造普通瓷器的龍泉窯的特徵之一, 則值得進一步探討。

The purpose of this study is to derive city service data that can improve the efficiency of urban management when integrated management and analysis among existing city service data of large cities and to analyze their integration priorities. Through this, we sought ways to evolve existing cities into data-driven smart cities. The case of this study is Goyang city where more than 1 million citizens live. The research methods are case analysis and in-depth interviews. The contents and types of 118 kinds of information systems and city services operated by Goyang City were analyzed, and two-level in-depth interviews were conducted for 36 department officials who operate them. Based on this, the priority of urban service data integration was derived by analyzing the degree of ease and demand for city service data integration. As a result, the high level of priority for integration among city service data was education, crime prevention, living environment, disaster prevention, and public transportation management. Therefore, it is better to consider the integration of city service data by prioritizing education, crime prevention, disaster prevention, living environment, and public transportation management when building infrastructure such as data hub center to build the foundation of data-driven smart cities.

There are many pros and cons for whether smart glasses and watch would be further going technology or not beyond smart phone. What have to do domestically is to find acting ways to catch up with technological gap in short term basis through analyses and investigations in technological issues, patents profile, market forecast. In this paper, firstly we investigate and review technological issues and form factors of smart glasses and HMD, and secondly analyze technological tendency and identify their core technology and intension from global key player's patents analyses connected with smart glasses, and conclusively suggest technological prospects and it's countermeasures.