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PURPOSE : The purpose of this study was to know of difference in incerase the cardiopulmonary function between smokers and non-smokers when performing cycle exercise for adult male and female smokers and non-smokers. We tried to find out effect on increase in cardiopulmonary function about smoking METHOD : We experimented for 4 weeks and, this study was performed on normal 19 males and 11 females. They were divided into 2 groups which 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers subjects. They performed cycle exercise three times a week for 15minutes. RESULT : There was no significant difference in FVC, FEV-1, FEV-1/FVC%, oxygen saturation in smokers. There was a significant difference in PEF and eats per minute in smokers. There was a significant difference FVC in non-smokers. There was no significant difference FEV-1, FEV-1/FVC%, PEF, oxygen saturation and beats per minute in non-smokers. CONCLUSION : Cardiopulmonary function increased in all smokers and nonsmokers, but there was no significant difference in cardiopulmonary function according to smokers and nonsmokers. However, since the training period is short, more accurate and effective research results can be derived if a sufficient training period is secured and measurement is carried out next time.

Background The way the body is positioned during recumbent cycle exercise has a significant impact on exercise performance. This type of exercise not only improves cardiovascular endurance but also strengthens the lower limbs. Purpose This study aimed to investigate the impact of body posture during recumbent cycle exercise on the Peak Systolic Flow Velocity (PSV), Pulsatility Index (PI), and rate of perceived exertion (Borg scale) of the common carotid artery. Study design A pre-post cross-sectional design Methods The participants comprised 15 adults without a history of hyperlipidemia or coronary artery disease, who had not previously engaged in recumbent cycle exercise (mean age 22.9±2.0). Doppler ultrasonography was utilized to measure PSV and PI. Data analysis involved one-way repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05), with post-hoc testing conducted using Bonferroni post hoc analysis (α=0.017). Results Three distinct body postures were assumed during the recumbent cycle exercise: sitting at a hip joint angle of 100° (100° Trunk posture; TP), leaning against the backrest at a hip joint angle of 130° (130° TP), and leaning against the backrest at a hip joint angle of 160° (160° TP). Statistically significant differences were observed in the mean values of PSV and Borg scale among the three postures (p<0.05), while no significant difference was noted in the mean PI values (p=0.533). Bonferroni post hoc analysis indicated significant differences in PSV between 100° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001) and between 130° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001), with no significant difference between 100° TP and 130° TP (p=0.729). Borg scale demonstrated significant differences between 100° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001) and between 130° TP and 160° TP (p=0.001), but no significant difference between 100° TP and 130° TP (p=0.626). Conclusions In conclusion, recumbent cycle exercise to enhance cerebral blood flow is recommended in the order of 160° TP, followed by 130° TP.

This research is composed of one preliminary test and three primary tests targeting 8 high school cycle players, and aims at investigating an influence of carbohydrate mouth rinse on aerobic exercise performance ability of Heart Rate (HR), Distance and Rating of Perceived exertion(RPE) and presenting an effective solution to it. For this research, 8 high school cycle players are selected. Then the preliminary test and the three primary tests of Normal race (NO) group, Maltodextrin mouth rinse race(MA) group, and Saccharin mouth rinse race (SA) group are fulfilled. The preliminary test takes fulfills the check of the basic body composition component of stature, weight, body fat, etc., and checks the maximum oxygen consumption using gas analyzer. The primary test arranges 70% strength of Wmax value measured by the preliminary test, and carries out one-hour time trial staying over 80rpm. When it can't stay over 80 rpm, the race is supposed to be quit. The primary test is proceeded in the respectively different ways. NO group proceeds a general race of routeway strength without doing anything. MA group proceeds a race of the same strength after mouth rinse of 7% maltodextrin liquid 25 ml of 70 g/1L for 15 seconds before exercise, and SA group proceeds a race of the same strength after mouth rinse of 0.1% saccharin liquid 25ml of 1g/1L for 15 seconds before exercise. Every 15 minutes during exercise, using RPE scale, the test checks on aerobic exercise performance ability and individual exercise intensity which each student feels. To put the research finding together, the primary test of carbohydrate mouth rinse shows the increase in aerobic exercise performance ability of HR, Distance and the affirmative results in RPE of individual subjective feels of exercise intensity. This shows that carbohydrate mouth rinse before exercise may induce an affirmative physiological change from the players. This result seems to make sure of an improvement effect in exercise performance and fatigue. However, in consideration of personal difference, it is thought that it would be necessary to continually study on metabolic test at various exercise type and strength through carbohydrate mouth rinse in long-term, on the basis of this research finding.

This study aimed to compare the changes in muscle strength of the hip, knee, and ankle joints by conducting the recumbent cycle (RC) in high intensity interval training (HIIT) mode for four weeks. Thirty-six healthy subjects participated in this study. The subjects were trained for 24 sessions, 40 minutes per session, and three times a week. The hip flexor strength (HFS), hip extensor strength (HES), hip abductor strength (HAS), knee flexor strength (KFS), knee extensor strength (KES), ankle dorsiflexor strength (ADS), and ankle plantar flexor strength (APS) were measured using Micro FET. Paired t-tests were used to clarify significant differences in lower extremity strength before and after training. The statistical significance level was set at α=0.05. All subjects completed all exercise sessions. The values of HFS, HES, HAS, KFS, KES, ADS, and APS were significantly greater than the muscle strengths before exercise (p<0.001). These findings suggest that training using RC in HIIT mode increases the HFS, HES, KFS, KES, ADS, and APS of the lower extremity joints.

The purpose of this study was conducted to identify the difference that formation of exercise intensity and metabolic fatigue level which of conventional stationary cycle exercise and cycle game exercise in children. Twenty participants(ten males and ten females) were examined during two separated sessions: 1) incremental cycle ergometer exercise for the assessment of maximal aerobic power, heart rate and post exercise blood lactate level on two posture that standing position cycling and sitting position cycling. 2) conventional stationary cycle and cycle for game exercise(traffic light game and touch pannel game) using 6-min constant exercise through self-selected exercise intensity. Heart rate and post-exercise blood lactate level were measured. During cycle game exercise, heart rate were significantly higher than conventional stationary cycle exercise. Especially, traffic light game exercise was higher than the other. Blood lactate level appear different significantly according to game type and exercise type. In male children, blood lactate level of traffic light cycle game exercise(3.65±0.96) were higher than that of conventional stationary cycle exercise(2.40±0.60) and touch pannel cycle game exercise(2.34±0.56). In female children blood lactate level of traffic light cycle game exercise(3.47±0.69) and standing position maximal cycle exercise(3.31±0.88) were higher than that of touch pannel cycle game exercise(2.26±0.66). During cycle game exercise heart rate results in greater than conventional cycling. But, metabolic fatigue level and exercise intensity was different according to game type and recruitment exercise type.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise with recumbent cycle on pulmonary function and strength of respiratory muscle in university students. Fifteen subjects (an average age of 24.2±1.7 years) were asked to perform aerobic exercise with recumbent cycle. The aerobic exercise was performed for 40 minutes 3 times a week for 4 weeks. This study measured Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV). In addition, maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) were measured as a pulmonary strength before and after each 8-weeks exercise. Pony FX was used for measuring the pulmonary functions. The participants showed a significant increase in MVV, MIP and MEP (p<.05), but no significant different in FVC was shown. Based on the research results, the recumbent cycle exercise can be recommended to improve pulmonary function and strength of respiratory muscle of University students.

본 연구의 목적은 월경주기의 규칙성에 따라 분류한 중국인 유학생을 대상으로 6주간의 규칙적인 중강도 운동이 스트레스 관련 인자에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 분석하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 G도에 거주하는 중국인 유학 여대생 중에서 선별하였으며, 최근 6개월 중 3개월 이상 월경이 불규칙한 그룹(NRME; n=9), 월경주기가 규칙적인 그룹(RME; n=10)을 대상으로 하였다. 도출된 연구결과를 통한 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 6주간의 규칙적인 운동 후 신체조성의 분석결 과 두 그룹에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 6주간의 규칙적인 운동 후 기초체력 분석결과 두 그룹 에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 6주간의 규칙적인 운동 후 스트레스 관련 호르몬(Cortisol, ACTH) 분석결과 RME 그룹에서 혈청 Cortisol의 수치가 통계적으로 유의하게 감소(p<.05)하였으며, ACTH는 감소하 는 추세를 보였으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 반면, NRME 그룹에서는 혈청 Cortisol 과 ACTH의 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 6주간의 규칙적인 운동은 월경주기가 규칙적인 유학 여대생의 스트레스 해소에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 유학 생활로 겪을 수 있는 심리적/생리적인 부정적인 변화를 개선할 수 있음을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of 6 weeks of regular moderate-intensity exercise on stress-related factors in Chinese international students classified according to whether they had regular menstrual cycles. The subjects were Chinese international female college students living in G province and dividing them into groups with irregular menstruation (NRME; n=9) and groups with regular menstrual cycles (RME; n=10) for more than 3 months out of the past 6 months. The main conclusions from the study are as follows. First, the analysis of body composition after 6 weeks of regular exercise showed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Second, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of basic fitness after 6 weeks of regular exercise. Third, as a result of stress-related hormone (Cortisol, ACTH) analysis after 6 weeks of regular exercise, serum cortisol levels decreased statistically significantly (p<.05) in the RME group, and ACTH showed a decreasing tend, but there was no statistically significant difference.In contrast, there was no difference in serum cortisol and ACTH in the NRME group. These results suggest that 6 weeks of regular exercise can be expected to reduce stress in female international students with regular menstrual cycles and can improve negative psychological and physiological changes they may be experience as a result of studying abroad.

본 연구는 다양한 운동 강도 중 VO2max 60%의 강도로 각각 300kcal를 소비하는 운동시간을 산출하여 8주간 유산소 운동을 실시하였으며 운동 전(월경 2주 전, 월경 첫 날), 유산소 운동 4주 후(월경 첫 날), 유산소 운동 8주 후(월경 첫 날)에 면역글로불린 IgA, IgG, IgM의 변화를 분석함으로써 여성의 월경 시 신체능력 및 면역저하를 예방하고자 하였다. 면역글로불린을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 운동기간 효과에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이(IgA: p<.05, IgG: p<.001, IgM: p<.001)를 보였다. 하지만 그룹에 따른 변화 및 상호작용에서는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 운동그룹에서 운동처치 4주 후 월경 시의 변화는 IgA, IgG, IgM 모두 향상되는 경향을 보였고, 8주 후에는 4주의 운동처치보다 더 높은 향상을 보였다. 월경주기 지속적인 VO2max 60% 300kcal 소모의 운동 강도에 해당하는 유산소 운동이 통제그룹과 비교하였을 때, 월경 시 면역글로불린에 분명한 영향을 미친 것으로 사료된다.

The purpose of this study VO2max 60% of various strength to strength each of 300kcal by calculating the time-consuming exercise for eight weeks of aerobic exercise was performed before exercise(around two weeks ago, the first day of menstruation) and aerobic exercise after 4 weeks(the first day of menstruation) after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise(the first day of menstruation) in the immuneglobulin IgA, IgG, IgM by analyzing the changes in the physical abilities of women during menstruation and the prevention of immune deficiency. The different effects on immuneglobulin were analyzed, and the results were as follows. The exercise duration (IgA: p<.05, IgG: p<.001, IgM: p<.001) showed statistically significant differences in the effects. But according to the change in group and there was no significant difference in the interaction. At 4 weeks after exercise, changes in menstrual period showed a tendency to increase in both IgA, IgG, and IgM. After 8 weeks, the menstrual cycle showed a higher improvement than the 4-week exercise. Menstrual cycles consisted of continuous VO2max 60% When the intensity of aerobic exercise was compared with the control group, it seemed to have a clear influence on immunoglobulin during menstruation.

빅데이터 시대가 본격화가 되어 개인정보의 오남용, 인터넷저작권의 침해 등 이슈가 확산되고 있다. 현재 인터넷 상의 데이터주권은 인터넷거대기업과 기업이 속한 국가의 규제에 국한되어 있는 형편이다. 이에 거버넌스 차원에서 인터넷의 데이터주권에 관한 사례를 분석하였다. 사례분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 인터넷저작물은 생성, 저장, 사용, 폐기 네 단계의 생애주기에 따라 각각 저작권, 소유권, 사용권, 망각권 등 주요 권리와 위험을 가지고 있다. 둘째, 인터넷저작물의 데이터주권에 대한 거버넌스는 공공, 시장, 민간 영역에서 계층제, 시장제, 자율제 형태로 행사되고 있다. 셋째, 계층제는 법적 강제성, 시장제는 기술적 통제성, 자율제는 사회운동 실천의 장점을 갖추었으나 세 가지 모두 실효성은 미흡하다. 따라서 인터넷저작물에 대한 데이터주권의 정당성을 부여하고 실효성을 높이기 위해서는 디지털시민의 권리보장을 기본으로 공공기구와 인터넷기업의 협력적인 거버넌스 실현이 선행되어야 할 것으로 본다.

As big data has been utilized braodly, the issues has been increasing such as abuse of internet contents, privacy invasion and theft of copyright. Data sovereignty is mainly exercised by global internet companies based on each national regulation. This paper carried out the case study on data sovereignty of internet contents from governance perspective. First, there are major rights over Internet contents such as the copyright, the ownership, the use and the right of oblivion according to the life cycle through four steps to create, save, use and discard. Second, the governance of data sovereignty over internet contents has been conducted in three types: hierarchy in public sector, market in business sector, and network in civic area. Third, each governance has major strength like legal compulsion in hierarchy governance, technical control in market governance, and social movement in network governance. Each type of governance is weak in both effectiveness and legitimacy separately. Therefore this paper argues that public organizations and internet companies need to establish cooperative governance for enhancing rights of digital citizen

[서론] 본 연구는 140km 장거리 사이클 도로 운동 후 지질과산화물(MDA), 산화질소(NO) 및 신(腎)기능 성분과 관련된 단백뇨, 크레아티닌, 혈중 요소 질소, 그리고 뇨 칼슘 생성에 어떠한 차이가 있는지를 알아보기 위한 것이다. [방법] 연구대상자는 C 대학교에 재학 중인 사이클 선수(n=10)들을 대상으로 35km 도로 구간을 왕복 2회, 총 140km 도로 주행을 실시한 후 안정시, 운동 직후, 운동 후 24시간, 그리고 운동 후 48시간에 각각 MDA, NO, 단백뇨, 크레아티닌, 혈중 요소 질소 및 뇨 칼슘 농도 변화를 비교, 분석하였다. [결과] 첫째, MDA는 안정시와 운동후 시점별로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, NO는 안정시와 운동후 시점별로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 신(腎)기능 성분인 단백뇨, 크레아티닌, 혈중 요소 질소, 뇨 칼슘 은 안정시와 운동후 시점별로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. [결론] 트레이닝으로 적응된 도로 사이클 운동선수의 경우 장시간의 사이클 운동은 MDA, NO, 단백뇨, 크레아티닌, 혈중 요소 질소, 그리고 뇨 칼슘 농도에 크게 영향을 주지 않은 것으로 보아 지질의 산화적 변형, 산화질소 활성 및 신(腎)기능 성분에 크게 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 보인다.

[INTRODUCTION} The purpose of study was to investigate the change of malondialdehydenitric, oxide and kidney function component of cycle athlete after long distance cycle exercise on road. [METHODS] 10 male cycle elite athletes of C university were selected as the subject of this study. They had exercised cycle exercise on the road of 140km. Their blood and urine drawn four times, when rest, immediately after exercise, 24 hours after exercise, and 48 hours after exercise. [RESULTS] First, there was no significant difference among rest, immediately after exercise, 24 hours after exercise, and 48 hour after exercise in the malondialdehydenitric concentrations. Second, there was no significant difference among rest, immediately after exercise, 24 hours after exercise, and 48 hour after exercise in the nitric oxide concentrations. Third, there was no significant difference among rest, immediately after exercise, 24 hours after exercise, and 48 hour after exercise in the proteinuria, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urinary calcium concentrations respectively. [CONCLUSION] The long distance cycle exercise of the trained athletes did not affect the concentration of malondialdehydenitric, nitric oxide, proteinuria, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and urinary calcium respectively.

This study tested the hypothesis that effects of the menstrual cycle on resting blood pressure carry over to dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy females were studied during the early (EP; low estrogen, low progesterone) and late follicular (LP; high estrogen, low progesterone) menstrual phases. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and total vascular conductance (TVC) were assessed at rest and in response to mild and moderate cycling exercise during EP and LP. During EP, compared to LP, baseline SBP ($111{\pm}1$ vs. $103{\pm}2$ mmHg), DBP ($71{\pm}2$ vs. $65{\pm}2$ mmHg) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) ($84{\pm}2$ vs. $78{\pm}1$ mmHg) were higher and TVC ($47.0{\pm}1.5$ vs. $54.9{\pm}4.2$ ml/min/mmHg) was lower (p<0.05). During exercise, absolute values of SBP (Mild: $142{\pm}4$ vs. $127{\pm}5$ mmHg; Moderate: $157{\pm}4$ vs. $144{\pm}5$ mmHg) and MAP (Mild: $100{\pm}3$ vs. $91{\pm}3$ mmHg; Moderate: $110{\pm}3$ vs. $101{\pm}3$ mmHg) were also higher, while TVC was lower (Mild: $90.9{\pm}5.1$ vs. $105.4{\pm}5.2$ ml/min/mmHg; Moderate: $105.4{\pm}5.3$ vs. $123.9{\pm}8.1$ ml/min/mmHg) during EP (p<0.05). However, exercise-induced increases in SBP, MAP and TVC at both work intensities were similar between the two menstrual phases, even though norepinephrine concentrations were higher during LP. Results indicate that blood pressure during dynamic exercise fluctuates during the menstrual cycle. It is higher during EP than LP and appears to be due to additive effects of simultaneous increases in baseline blood pressure and reductions in baseline TVC.

연구배경: 최대 산소 섭취량 ($VO_2$ max) 은 답차 운동시 자전거시 보다 높게 측정이 되는데, Hassen과 Wasserman 등에 의하면 답차 시 약 1.11배 정도 높게 측정된다고 하였다. $VO_2$ max는 나이, 성별, 키, 체중 등 뿐만 아니라 인종, 사회문화적 배경 및 운동 습관에 따라서도 영향을 받을 수 있음이 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국 대학생 연령의 성인을 대상으로 답차와 자전거 운동시 $VO_2$ max와 무산소 역치에서의 산소 섭취량 (AT)을 측정, 비교하였다. 방법: 1998 년 6월부터 9월까지 연세대학교 의과대학에 재학중인 남학생 44명을 대상 으로 하였다. 이들을 무작위로 2군으로 나누어 24명은 답차를 우선 시행 후 1주일 후 자전거로 운동을 시행하였고 20명은 자전거를 우선 시행 후 답차를 시행하였다. 증상 제한적 최대 운동 시행토록 하였으며, 최소한 호흡 교환비(RER) 가 1.1을 초과한 경우, 최대 산소 섭취량이 30초 이상 평점을 이룬 경우, 최대 운동시 심박 예비율이 15% 미만이거나 또는 호흡 예비율이 30% 미만일 경우를 최대 운동으로 정의하였고 이들 중 한가지라도 충족시키지 못한 경우에는 최대운동을 하지 않은 것으로 (submaximal exercise) 간주하여 연구에서 제외하였다. AT는 V-slope method로 구하였다. 결과: 답차 운동시의 $VO_2$ max와 AT 의 값은 각각 $45.1{\pm}6.66 m\ell$/kg/min, $26.0{\pm}6.78 m\ell$/kg/min 이었으며, 자전거 운동시에는 각각 $34.9{\pm}5.89 m\ell$/kg/min, $19.5{\pm}4.77 m\ell$/kg/min 이었다. 측정-$VO_2$ max/예측 $VO_2$ max 의 값은 답차 운동시 $98.8{\pm}13.24 %$ 이었으며, 자전거 운동시 $84.4{\pm}13.42 %$ 이었다. 자전거의 결과로 답차 운동시 $VO_2$ max 의 예측치를 구할 때 쓰이는 Hassen등의 공식을 이용하여 이를 실제 답차 운동시 얻어진 $VO_2$ max값과 비교해 보았을 때 두 값 사이의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하였다 (p<0.01). 최대 운동시 심박 예비율, 산소/맥, 호흡 예비율, $V_E$/MVV, $V_E/VCO_2$는 (답차 운동과 자전거 운동사이에 차이가 있었다 ). 그러나 $V_E/VO_2$, Vd/Vt, Ti/Ttot는 차이가 없었다. AT에서는 산소/맥, 호흡 예비율, $V_E$/MVV, Ti/Ttot값은 차이가 있었으나 나머지 값들은 그렇지 못하였다. 결론: 본 연구에서 보았듯이 답차와 자전거 사이의 차이가 크므로 결과의 해석에 이용시 유의해야 할 것이며, 향후 한국인에서 적용할 수 있는 참고치를 구하려는 노력이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

Background : Generally $VO_2$ max is higher in treadmill exercise than cycle ergometer exercise. According to Hassen and Wasserman, $VO_2$ max with treadmill exercise is higher at ratio of 1.11 than that with cycle ergometer. $VO_2$ max also is influenced by race, sociocultural background, exercise habit In this study, $VO_2$ max and AT were evaluated between Treadmill and cycle exercise in male Korean college students. Method: Study subjects were 44 male college students. We randomized them into 2 groups; 24 students did treadmill exercise at first and 1 week later did cycle ergometer. Another 20 students did in opposite method. They made symptom limited maximal exercise. Author defined maximal exercise as followings: 1) respiratory exchange ratio(RER)> 1.1, 2) plateau>30 sec, 3) heart rate reserve(HRR) <15%, or 4) breathing reserve (BR)<30%. Otherwise their results are excluded as submaximal exercise. Anaerobic threshold(AT) was estimated by V-slope method. Results: $VO_2$ max and AT was $45.1{\pm}6.66m\ell$/kg/min and $26.0{\pm}6.78m\ell$/kg/min in treadmill and $34.9{\pm}5.89m\ell$/kg/min, $19.5{\pm}4.77m\ell$/kg/min in Cycle Ergometer. The measured-$VO_2max$/pred-$VO_2max$ was $98.8{\pm}13.24%$ in treadmill; $84.4{\pm}13.42%$ in cycle ergometer. Comparing $VO_2$ max in treadmill with that obtained by Hassen's method, there were significant differences.(p<0.01). At maximal exercise there were differences in HRR, $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, $V_E/VCO_2$ between treadmill and cycle but not in $V_E/VO_2$, Vd/Vt, Ti/Ttot. At AT there were differences in $O_2$/pulse, BR, $V_E$/MVV, Ti/Ttot between treadmill and cycle, otherwise not. Conclusion: According to the result of this study, there are larger gap between treadmill and cycle ergometer in normal Korean adults than foreign data, and it needs further study to obtain reference value of Korea.

Objective: This study aimed to identify how various applications of weight bearing on the affected side of hemiplegia patients affect the ability of balance keeping of the affected leg and the gait parameters. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Eighteen patients with hemiplegia participated in this study. There were twelve males and six females. This study investigated the effects of the single-leg stance exercise on dynamic balance, weight bearing, and gait ability compared with four conditions. Dynamic balance and weight bearing were measured using the step test (ST) of the affected side in stroke patients. In addition, gait parameters were measured using the optogait system for analysis of the spatial and temporal parameters of walking in stroke patients. Results: This study investigated the effect of the single leg stance exercise on the paralysis side. The ST showed significant findings for all conditions (p<0.05). Therefore, knee extension and flexion exercise on the affected side single-leg stance (condition 4) significantly improved dynamic balance and weight bearing on the affected side (p<0.05). In the condition of moving the knee joint in a single-leg stance was discovered that the stance phase time significantly increased more than in the condition of supporting the maximal voluntary weight on the affected side (p<0.05). Conclusions: Single-leg stance on the paralysis side with knee flexion and extension increased symmetry in weight bearing during stance phase time. This study suggests that single-leg stance exercises augments improved gait function through sufficient weight bearing in the stance phase of the affected side.

본 연구의 목적은 21%농도의 산소와 비교하여 30%의 고농도 산소 흡입이 사이클 등속 운동 중에 심박동률(heart rate)과 혈중 산소 포화도($SPO_2$)에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이다. 21%와 30% 농도의 산소를 각각 8liter/min의 양으로 일정하게 공급할 수 있는 산소 공급 장치를 이용하였다. 신체 건강한 10명의 남자 대학생($25.2{\pm}2.2$세)이 21%와 30%의 두 종류의 산소 농도를 대상으로 각각 두 번의 실험에 참여하였다. 실험은 안정(2분), $20{\pm}1km/h$의 사이클 등속 운동(10분), 회복(6분)의 세 구간(총 18분)으로 구성되어 있고, 21%또는 30%의 산소는 등속 운동과 회복 구간에만 공급되었다. 21%에 비해 30%산소를 흡입했을 때 사이클 등속 운동과 회복 기간 중에 심박동률은 감소하였고, 혈중 산소 포화도는 .차이가 없었다. 21%와 30% 두 그룹 사이에 동일한 운동부하가 주어졌기 때문에 혈중 산소 포화도는 차이가 없는 것으로 판단되고, 30%의 고농도 산소 흡입으로 동일운동 부하에 필요한 산소 요구량이 원활히 공급되고 있기 때문에 심박동률은 감소한 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the inhalation of 30% oxygen on heart rate and oxygen saturation ($SPO_2$) during cycle isokinetic exercise, in comparison with the inhalation of 21% oxygen. This study used oxygen supply equipment that can supply each of 21% and 30% oxygen constantly at a rate of 8 liter/min. Ten healthy male college students ($25.2{\pm}2.2$ years) participated in the experiment twice, one for 21% oxygen and the other for 30% oxygen. Each experiment was composed of three sections (a total of 18 minutes), which were composure (2 minutes), cycle isokinetic exercise at a speed of $20{\pm}1km/h$ (10 minutes) and recovery (6 minutes). 21% or 30% oxygen was supplied only during the sections of isokinetic exercise and restoration. Heart rate during isokinetic exercise and recovery was lower with the inhalation of 30% oxygen than with that of 20% oxygen but no difference was observed in $SPO_2$. $SPO_2$ was not different possibly because the same work load was applied to the group of 21% oxygen and that of 30% oxygen. Heart rate was reduced with the inhalation of 30% oxygen possibly because a larger quantity of oxygen was supplied at the same work load.

This study was investigated the positive or negative effects of a newly designed the left and right shakingtypeof belly cycle ergometer exercise equipment. The subjects of the average 21-year-old healthy male were exercisedboth traditional cycle ergometer (Fix group) and shaking-type belly cycle ergometer (Sway group). Variables weremeasured upper body movement range, heart rate, VO2, blood lactate concentration, visual analogue scale (VAS), electromyographyof upper body muscle mobilization, and skin temperature. Physiological exercise intensity of belly cycleergometer exercise was significantly higher (p<.05) than the traditional cycle ergometer exercise. Muscle activities ofexternal oblique, erector spinae muscle, tensor fasciae latae, and gluteus maximus on the similar intensity of the bellycycle ergometer exercise were required the higher levels than the traditional cycle ergometer exercise. Also the heatloss degree of belly cycle ergometer exercise showed a higher level than the traditional cycle ergometer exercise. Therefore, the belly cycle ergometer exercise show the higher level of physiological effects with the increased movementof the waist muscles than traditional ergometer exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compared the changes of iron status criterion parameters according to aerobic exercise on menstrual cycle for female university students. The subjects consisted of Group(n=20) that blood measured before and after the exercise for menstrual phase and luteal phase. Group A(n=10) was exercise 3 times a week and Group B was no exercise group. Aerobic exercise was performed for 2-days(menstrual and luteal phase) and exercise intensity was 60% of HRmax. Exercise was performed during 40min. Iron was statistically changed on luteal phase in groups(p<.05) and no statistically changed on menstrual phase in groups(p<.05). After exercise menstrual phase was lower than luteal phase in Group B. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were group A higher than group B. After exercise, luteal phase higher than menstrual phase. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were statistically changed groups on menstrual phase. But no statistically changed on menstrual phase in groups(p<.05). TIBC was no statistically changed on menstrual phase and luteal phase in groups(p<.05). Therefore, regular aerobic exercise effects of iron status criterion parameters on menstrual cycle.

본 연구의 목적은 치매환자 부양자들에서 측정된 스트레스의 하위 변수들이 부양자들에서의 스트레스 반응과 신체증상 및지각된 건강상태와 어떤 관계가 있는지를 탐색하는 것이다. 연구의 대상자는 서울시 소재 약 60개의 치매주간보호시설을 이용하는 치매환자 가족 166명이었다. 대상자 중에 71.7%(119 명)이 여성이었으며, 평균 연령은 52.84(SD=12.98)세이었다. 대상자들에게는 치매환자 부양스트레스 척도, 스트레스반응 검사, 지각된 건강상태 질문지, 그리고 신체증상 설문지를 주었다. 분석으로는 치매환자와의 관계 여부와 유병기간에 따른 부양 부담 혹은 스트레스의 차이를 검증하였고, 부양 스트레스 하위변수와 스트레스 반응, 신체증상 및 지각된 건강상태와의 관계를적률상관분석으로 검증하였다. 분석 결과, 부양자가 다른 가족이 아닌 배우자였을 경우 부양 부담과 스트레스를 더 느끼고 있었으며, 치매 발병 5년 이상이되었을 때보다 2-5년 사이에 있는 환자의 가족 부양자들이 부담이나 스트레스를 덜 경험하고 있었다. 정서적 부양 스트레스는 긴장, 공격성, 신체화, 분노, 우울, 피로, 좌절 등 모든 스트레스 반응 하위변수들과 유의한 양의 상관이 있었으며, 책임감도 공격성을 제외한 모든 스트레스 반응과 양의 상관이 있었다. 특히 부양 스트레스는 신체화 반응을 변량을 약 34%나 설명할 수 있는 것으로 드러났다. 또한 부양 스트레스와 책임감은 두통, 수면장애, 소화계 증상, 심장 증상과 유의한 양의 상관이있었으며, 지각된 건강상태와는 역상관이 있었다. 한편, 경계심과 지각된 건강상태 간에는 양의 상관관계가 발견되었다. 본 연구가 단면적 상관연구라는 한계가 있지만 본 연구를 통하여 치매환자 부양 스트레스가 부정적인 스트레스 반응으로 나타나고 신체 건강을 위협한다는 것을 암시하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

This study aims to investigate the relations of sub-variables of family caregivers' burdens or stresses with demented patients to stress responses, physical symptoms, and perceived health, in order to suggest useful information for health practitioners who help them. Participants were 166 family caregivers of demented patients who were using imbecility shelter center in Seoul, whose mean age was 52.84 (SD=12.98) and 71.7% of them were females. Participants completed questionnaires and psychological tests including: Questionnaire on Resources and Stress for family caregivers of demented adults, Stress Response Inventory, Han & Jang's Perceived Health Questionnaire, and Chon's Physical Symptom Questionnaire. Researches examined the differences on caregivers' burdens or stresses by kinds of family relations and periods of prevalence of the disease with ANOVA, the relations of caregivers' stress to stress responses, physical symptoms, and perceived health with Pearson's Product-Moment. Spouse caregivers felt more stresses than other family member caregivers for demented patients, and caregivers with patients who have had the disease for 2 to 5 years were less experienced stresses than caregivers with patients who have had the disease for more than 5 years. Caregivers' emotional stresses had significant positive relationships with tension, aggression, somatization, anger, depression, fatigue, and frustration. And caregivers' feeling of responsibility to demented patients had significant positive relationships with most of stress responses except aggression. Caregivers' stresses were able to account for almost 34% of variances of somatization responses. And, caregivers' emotional stresses and feeling of responsibility had significant positive relationships with headaches, insomnia, digestive symptoms, and cardiac symptoms, and negative relationships with perceived health, while vigilance showed a positive relationship with perceived health. Although this study is cross-sectional correlational study, researchers found that the relationships between family caregivers' stress with demented patients and negative stress responses or negative effects on physical health.

연구배경 격렬한 신체활동은 인체내에서 자유라디칼과 활성산소종의 생산을 촉진시킬 가능성이 있는것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 본 연구는 다른 월경주기 상태를 지닌 젊은 여자 운동선수들에서 급성운동이 혈중 산화스트레스 지표에 미치는 영향을 조사하는데 목적을 두었다. 방 법 총16명의 여자 운동선수들을 대상으로, 2개월간 기초 체온 측정과 배란 검사를 실시한뒤, 정상 월경군(EA, n=8)과 월경이상군(IMA, n=8)으로 분류하여, 자전거 에르고미터를 이용한 급성운동을 실시하였다. 운동전·후에 채혈한 혈액샘플에서estradiol과 산화스트레스 지표인 TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances), T-SOD (total superoxide dismutase) 활성, CPK (creatine phosphokinase), glutathione 산화-환원 상태를 나타내는 지표들(TGSH, GSSG, GSH, GSSG-TGSH ratio)을 측정하였다. 결 과 초경시작연령은 월경이상군에서 늦은 경향을 나타내었으며, estradiol 농도는 월경이상군에서 유의하게 낮았다. TBARS는 정상월경군에서 급성운동 후에 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. T-SOD 활성은 정상월경군에서 급성운동후 감소되는 경향을 보였고, 월경이상군에서는 유의하게 감소되었다. CPK는 2군 모두 급성운동 후에 통계적으로 유의한 변화를 나타내지 않았다. Glutathione 산화-환원 상태는 급성운동후, GSSG가 정상월경군에서증가되는 경향을 보였으며, 월경이상군에서는 유의하게 증가되었다. GSH는 정상월경군에서 감소되는 경향을 보였다. GSSG/TGSH 비율은 정상월경군에서 증가되는 경향을 보였고, 월경이상군에서는 유의하게 증가되었다. 결 론 다른 월경주기 상태를 지닌 젊은여자 운동선수들에서 급성운동이 혈중 산화스트레스에 영향을 미칠 가능성이 있으며, 특히, 월경이상군에서 산화스트레스가 클것으로 사료된다. 따라서 앞으로는 월경이상을 지닌 여자운동선수들의 산화스트레스 예방에 관련된 연구들이 활발히 이루어질 필요가 있다.

Background Intense physical exercise may promote production of free radicals in the body that may cause various types of oxidative damage. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of acute exercise on blood oxidative stress markers in female athletes with the different menstrual cycle status. Methods Subjects were divided into two groups(eumenorrheic athletes; EA, irregular menstrual athletes; IMA), and they performed acute exercise by bicycle ergometer. Estradiol, TBARS, T-SOD activity, CPK, Glutathione redox status indices (TGSH, GSSG, GSH, GSSG-TGSH ratio) were determined from blood sample of the pre-and post-exercise. Results TBARS of two groups showed no statistically significant changes by acute exercise. T-SOD activity decreased significantly in the IMA group but it tended to decrease during post-exercise period in the EA group. CPK of two groups showed no statistically significant changes by acute exercise. In the glutathione redox status, GSSG increased significantly in the IMA group but it tended to increase during post-exercise period in the EA group. GSSG/TGSH ratio decreased significantly in the IMA group but it tended to decrease by acute exercise in the EA group. Conclusions Acute exercise may influence on blood oxidative stress markers in the female athletes with the different menstrual cycle status, especially, it seems that the oxidative stress is larger in the IMA group. In the future, therefore, the study about the oxidative stress prevention in the female athletes who have irregular menstruation will be needed.