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The study analyzes the use of English by native speakers ofThe study analyzes the use of English by native speakers of French in French newspaper articles and on the French radio and television fifty years after Etiemble’s study, published in 1964under the title Parlez-vous franglais?, revealed to the Frenchpublic the negative impact of English on the French language andlead the French government to launch in 1966 a language policybased, inter alia, on the enrichment of the French lexicon. Examples of code switching and code mixing in the French mediawere collected between January and April 2014. Among the mostcommon forms of code switching, the speaker/writer uses Englishwords, phrases or sentences, respecting English word order andEnglish grammar, followed or not by free explanations in Frenchor occasionally by the official equivalents that the English wordshave received from Ministerial Terminology Commissions with theapproval of the French Academy. Code mixing is using Englishwords in French sentences according to French grammar rules. Despite the official policy of promoting the French language andlaws on the use of the French language, French governmentofficials started in the 1990s to openly use English and promoteEnglish in France and abroad. This behavioural pattern was alsoobserved in many French companies where English replacedFrench in official interactions between managers and managersand workers. The impact of English on the French language andsociety is today manyfold: the official French terms to use insteadof English ones are often ignored; English terms are perceived ashaving a richer meaning than their equivalents in French; the needto show that one knows English in France is quite common evenamong Government officials; linguistic insecurity among Frenchspeakers is evidenced by their need to mention English terms,occasionally with their official French equivalents, or to useEnglish words when French words are available; linguisticinsecurity is also evidenced by errors made by French speakers inEnglish; new phonemes have been incorporated into the Frenchlanguage that not all French speakers have mastered; currentsocial discontent is also rooted in linguistic alienation. Contrary tostudies of languages in contact, which differentiate status andcorpus interferences, the evidence provided in this paper showsthat the status of English in French society does impact the corpusof the French language.

The purposes of this study were (a) to identify how ESL learners make phonological changes in English words in a code-mixing context; and (b) to examine ESL learners’ attitudes toward Cantonese-accented English and code-mixing in the classroom setting. Two groups of learners with high proficiency (HP) and mid-level proficiency (MP) were recruited to participate in the research. A specially designed codemixed script, an English translated version, and a list of isolated English words served as the tasks for collecting phonological data. A questionnaire survey was then used to examine participants’ opinions on code-mixing and its effects on pronunciation learning. The results showed that HP and MP learners pronounced numerous words similarly in a Cantonese-accented manner; however, MP learners were less likely to switch back to the correct pronunciation when the context of code-mixing was changed to pure English or when given a list of isolated English words. The survey results found that MP learners tended to be slightly more positive toward Cantonese-accented English and the use of a mixed code in English as a medium of instruction classrooms. Nonetheless, the use of code-mixing was less preferred in English lessons for learners of both groups. More HP learners considered Cantonese-accented English as a symbol of identity as Hongkongers than MP learners.

Kim, Bo-Hyang. 2014. Code Mixing by Jeju People Residing in Japan: Mixed Use of Jeju Dialect and Japanese. Journal of Linguistic Studies 19(2), 1-19. Most of Jeju people residing in Japan are bilingual speakers, who can speak both the Jeju dialect acquired back in Jeju early in their childhood, and the Japanese language acquired while living in Japan. They either speak in Japanese or Jeju dialect depending on the linguistic capacity of the person they are speaking to. Otherwise, they use a mixture of the two languages. The Jeju dialect they use maintains its early form before standard Korean was distributed, while showing a considerable code-mixing with the Japanese language. The code-mixing occurs in a different manner for each part of speech, which often forms a language structure deviated from the grammar or structure of the Korean and Japanese languages. The transformed language has linguistic characteristics shared by only the first generation Jeju people residing in Japan, which are incomprehensible not only to those whose native language is Korean, but also to those who use Japanese as their first language. (Jeju National University)

Baek, Seung Ik. 2014. The Mass Media Effects on Text and Coinage: Focusing on Mediation Divergence. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-1, 67-108. Divergence is a linguistic phenomenon that the meaning and function of a lexeme is split while a lexical form is nearly fixed. The main purpose of this study is to introduce two kinds of the modern divergence which are mediated by mass media: Image Transfer Divergence (ITD) and Media Acceleration Divergence (MAD). ITD is based on the effect from morphophonological language transfer, mainly cross-linguistic oronyms between English and Korean. In ITD, image mediation makes language B, speaker's intended meaning, split from language A, the ambiguous text connected with cross-linguistic oronyms. In detail, ITD can be explained by sorting into lexeme, syllable and phoneme unit. On the other hand, MAD is the process that the influential media like popular TV shows boost the mainstreaming of the split meaning in the early diverging level of a certain coinage. In this study, both ITD and MAD are commonly applied to Weimann's model but show the different intersubjectivity in each different flowing stage. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

This study aims to describe the code mixing events in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in a talk show program at 106.6 FM of V Radio and describes the contributing factors of code mixing in the language used by the broadcasters and the guest stars in the talk show program in 106.6 FM of V Radio. The design of this research is a descriptive qualitative. This research data is sourced from 106.6 FM of V Radio station. This research data is in the form of broadcasters and guest speakers that contains mixing elements of English into the structure of the Indonesian language. The data collection method used in this research is the method of listening not participating. The results showed that the mixing code that occurs during the talk show program is the code mixing that is the insertion of elements of English into the Indonesian language. The code mixings found are in the form of words, phrases, and clauses. The causal factors that cause the code mixings are the factors of (1) habit, (2) informal situation and topic of conversation, and (3) background of the speaker and the language.Some code mixings in the dialogue using Indonesia and English language found in conversation between Guest and Broadcaster are: booming, memorable, virgin, view, listener, next time, wish, etc.

In the context of globalization, the popularity of English in Vietnam is inevitable. One of the clearest evidences is that English expressions are produced and mixed with Vietnamese in both written and spoken forms by Vietnamese. This phenomenon is considered as code mixing and has become a hotly debated issue for linguists, educators and English learners. Also inspired by this interesting trend, the researcher conducted a study on English mixed with Vietnamese reflected in the online newspaper VNexpress with the aim of indicating the frequency and particular patterns of English code-mixed items used in articles. At the same time, this study also attempted to give reasons for English penetration into the Vietnamese language based on socio-cultural perspectives. 1880 English items were recognized in five volumes of the targeted newspaper. Among them, Education was observed to have the largest number of English code-mixed items while Entertainment was the column with the least quantity of English terms. These significant findings reclaimed the key role of English as an international language in Vietnam and showed that the influence of culture, social-economic movement apparently contributes to the widespread use of English code-mixing in written speeches.

This paper investigates the issues related to code-switching/codemixing in an ESL context. Some preliminary data on Bangla-English code-switching/code-mixing has been analyzed in order to determine which structural pattern of code-switching/code-mixing is predominant in different social strata. This study also explores the relationship of language use to the socioeconomic class of the language user. The redefined concept of modernization, the increased number of crosscultural contact and the need for language innovation play a dominant role in the language user``s application of code-switching/mixing that determine the socioeconomic rank. Out of four major types of codeswitching/ mixing, our focus of interest is on "inter-sentential mixing`` and ``intra-sentential mixing`` i.e. where elements are mixed from both languages that are used in the same sentence and/or in the same conversation. The context and factors that lead to the motivation of using L1 and L2 in a social milieu are also explored in this paper. Our findings suggest that the users are concerned about the language during their speech in order to establish and/or to realize social function, pragmatic function, and meta-linguistic function.

本文以≪新民晚报≫汉外语码混编为例, 采用功能语言学理论和社会语言学的研究方法,说明其汉外语码混编的修辞动因和读者接受情况｡ 分析表明, 普通读者最容易接受的是引文类和注释类混编｡ 没有明确释义, 外语词语的概念功能､ 语篇功能难以实现, 大批读者将逐渐被“信息边缘化”, 最终要么习惯于似懂非懂地阅读, 要么放弃订阅｡ 目前, 报章汉外语码混编已对读者的言语时尚理念产生一定影响, 但其作用主要在社会言语层面, 汉语本体的变化并不像人们想象的那样显著｡

This paper examines the rhetorical motivations and the reader’s reactions of Chinese / English code-mixing by drawing on examples in XINMIN WANBAO. It illustrates the functions of Chinese / English code-mixing with the Hallidayan principle of metafunction as the analytical framework, and analyzes the reader’s reactions base on a survey of the subscribers. It is found that the code-switches have some effects on readers’ general view of speech fashion, as well as the social language life, however there is no convincing evidence that the code-mixing have substantial influences on Chinese language. It is shown that, code-mixing only with the function of quotation or explanation can be easily accepted by ordinary Chinese readers. Without necessary translations,the experiential or textual functions of foreign words (abbreviations) cropping up in Chinese newspapers can hardly be realized, and newspaper readers are at risk of going to be information marginalized, gradually getting used to reading without full understanding, or going to give up subscription at last.

This paper examines the complexities of cultural and linguistic diversity in Indian English literature, suggesting the ways in which it can be better translated into the Korean language. Focusing on the dynamics of code-mixing and code-switching, it stresses the importance of cultural translation in terms of the relations of power between the hegemonic language of English and the vernacular languages of India in a postcolonial context. As an example, the paper takes the Korean-language translation of Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things in order to examine the effect of translation in conjunction with the shifting relationship between the English language and the vernacular Malayalam. Ultimately, it proposes the strategic use of demestication and foreignization for the practice of translation by appropriating Lawrence Venuti’s concept of the translator’s invisibility. The limits and possibilities of cultural translation are explored in the context of ideas by Raja Rao, Mulk Raj Anand, and Salman Rushdie, while the paper draws on the theories of Susan Bassnett and Lawrence Venuti, among others. This paper demonstrates that Indian English literature is a subject of constant negotiations for cultural translation whereby it is possible to counter the homogenization of difference, the minimization of alterity, and the hegemonic ownership of language.

본고는 최근에 모바일 메신저 상에서 이루어진 조선족 단체 대화방의 대화를 바탕으로 이들의 대화에서 나타난 코드 전환과 코드 혼용 양상을 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 오늘날 조선족은 문자면에서는 한자와 한글을 사용하고, 구어로는 중국어, 조선어, 한국어를 사용하는 ‘二文三語’의 언어 환경에서 살고 있다. 조선족의 단체 대화는 이 언어 환경에서의 코드 전환과 혼용을 극명하게 보여준다. 본고는 화용론적 원리에 입각해 참여자, 화제, 장면에 따라 조선족들의 의사소통 전략을 분석하고자 한다. 나아가 이들의 코드 전환과 혼용 양상을 통해 조선족 언어의 미래를 예측해 보고 이에 대한 적절한 대응방안을 마련해 본다.

This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of the code-switching and code-mixing reflected in the dialogue of group chats between Korean-Chinese people on mobile messenger. In recent years, Korean-Chinese have been living in a language environment of ‘two written languages and three spoken languages’. Korean-Chinese communicate in Chinese and Korean as written languages, but in Chinese, Joseoneo and Korean as spoken languages. The group chatting of Korean-Chinese reflects the characteristic(s) of code-switching and code-mixing occurring in the language environment. This paper attempts to analyze the communication strategy through three elements ? economic feasibility, relationship and normativity - from the point of view of pragmatics. This paper attempts to forecast the future of Joseoneo through analysis of the phenomenon of code-switching and code-mixing, and provide the most appropriate solutions.

This article analyses the language phenomenon of Korean and Chinese Code-mixing on the basis of modern social linguistic theories. This article discusses the cause of Code-mixing phenomenon from internal and external aspects. The final formation patterns of Code-mixing are analyzed with the methods of strait reading, transliterating in the unit of a word and in the unit of a phrase. In the final part, the article focuses on the features of restriction, non-normalization and non-education of Code-mixing.

The purpose of this study is to examine the types and the cognitive process of Chinese-English code-mixing newly coined words. For the study it analyzed the usage pattern and investigated the cognitive process. On the basis of the corpus collected, it analyzed the Chinese-English code-mixing newly coined words by dividing them into content and function word alternants. In addition, it investigated the cognitive process in which such newly coined words are crated and understood around ‘hold-zhu (住)’ and ‘X-ing’, by using the conceptual blending theory as the ground of interpretation. From the findings, it could found that counterparts of input space are connected by vital relations such as analogy and role, that the conceptual integration network is established as it is mapped and projected in the input space, and that the meanings of newly coined words are interpreted, as cognitive ability such as people’s background knowledge acts on the semantic embodiment of newly coined words in specific contexts. The cognitive process of various code-mixing newly coined words is expected to be proved based on the conceptual blending, by analyzing more cases.

本研究は異文化接触空間であるソウルに滞在している第二言語併用者(L1日本語、L2韓国語)を対象にし、アニメーション伝達課題を用いて韓国語で発話する際、非言語行動(ジェスチャー)および言語混用(フィラー)にいかなる特徴があるのかを、先行研究(呉、2007)と比較しながら調査した。本研究ではソウルに滞在している日本人韓国語併用者の発話行為の特徴を調べるために、5つのレベルにおいて分析を行った。まず第一に、日本人韓国語併用者のジェスチャー産出頻度を韓国語母語話者(呉美京、2007)と比較した結果、韓国語母語話者(釜山)よりも日本人韓国語併用者(ソウル)において低かったが、特に発話の意味内容を表す表象的ジェスチャーの産出量が少なかった。第二に、日本人韓国語併用者のジェスチャー産出量をソウルに滞在した期間ごと(短期群、長期群)に二分して比較した結果、ソウル短期群よりも長期群の方で多かった。しかしながら第三段階の発話量の分析においては、両群間で差が認められなかった。これらの結果は第二言語併用者の発話行為の同化には言語形式のみならず、非言語形式においても存在することを示唆する。そして第四に、日本人韓国語併用者の中間言語にはいかなる言語混用の特徴があるのかをフィラー(fillers)を通じて分析した。その結果、フィラーの産出量はソウル長期群よりも短期群でやや多かったが、大きな差ではなかった。また、フィラーの変異形も両群間で類似した傾向が見られた。これらの結果から、日本人韓国語併用者のフィラーを用いる発話様式には異文化接触経験の及ぼす影響が弱いと考えられる。最後に、それぞれの両群でフィラーが最も多かった話者の発話を分析した結果、長期群話者の場合は特に“解説的説明”の特徴が見られ、短期群話者の場合には“外来語使用”の特徴が見られた。