Earticle

The purpose of this study is to explore how elementary English education in Korea has changed since English was introduced as an official elementary school subject in 1997. For this purpose, the study quantitatively analyzed fifteen English class videos using the five categories of COLT Part A—activity, participant organization, content, student modality, and materials—across the 7th, 2007, 2009, and 2015 revised national English curricula. The results are as follows. First, with regard to activity, controlled and guided activities accounted for approximately 50% overall, compared to about 40% for free activities, with no notable differences across the four curriculum periods. Second, for participant organization, whole-class teacher– student interaction occupied about 70–80%, while individual, pair, and group work were relatively low, and again, no notable differences were found among the curricula. Third, regarding content, about 70% of the analyzed classes focused on language functions, with little or no focus on language form, discourse, or sociolinguistics. Fourth, regardless of curriculum period, two or more language skills were integrated in 90–100% of the classes. Finally, concerning materials, aside from the partial use of edutech in recent lessons, similar instructional materials have been consistently used from the past to the present.

유개대부호는 중서부지역과 동남부지역의 무덤에서 출토하는 원삼국시대의 토기 중 하나로 반구형 또는 삿갓모양의 뚜껑을 가지는 나팔상의 대각이 달린 배나 호이다. 유개대부호의 형식은 동체부의 형태, 대각의 접합방법, 뚜껑의 형태를 가지고 분류하였으며, 총 9가지의 형식이 도출되었다. 형식은 동체의 형태에 따라 A식과 B식으로 구분할 수 있으며, 대각 접합방법과, 뚜껑의 형태를 가지고 세부적인 구분이 가능하다. A식은 주로 동남부지역을 중심으로 출토되었으며, B식은 주로 중서부지역을 중심으로 출토되어 지역별로 동체부 선호가 달리함을 확인 하였다. 뚜껑에서도 동남부지역은 반구형의 형태가 주를 이루는 반면, 중서부지역은 삿갓형의 형태가 주를 이루는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 양상은 동남부지역과 중서부지역의 유개대부호가 동일한 변천과정을 보이지 않는다는 것을 의미한다. 형식분류한 내용을 토대로 공반유물을 검토하여 각 지역별 연대를 설정하였다. 그 결과 유개대부호는 동남부지역에서 1세기대에 제작된 후, 2세기대에 중서부지역으로 확산되며, 3세기가 되면 동남부지역과 중서부지역에서 거의 소멸하는 것으로 보인다. 유개대부호는 형태적으로 보았을 때, 특정 지역에서 특정 지역으로의 직접적 전파는 확인되지 않는 것으로 보아, 모티브만 공유하고 소지역별로 자체적으로 제작하여 부장한 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 양상은 동남부지역과 중서부지역에서 모두 확인된다. 또한 유개대부호가 동남부지역에서 중서부지역으로 확산되는 양상을 확인할 수 있었지만, 이러한 결과는 교류적인 양상으로 보이며 특히 중서부지역에서 출토하는 유개대부호는 동남부지역에서 제작되어 수입된 것이 부장된 것이 아니라 모티브만 받아들여 자체적으로 제작한 것으로 판단된다.

The lidded leg jars are one of earthenwares that were excavated from the graves in Midwest and Southeast regions. They have hemispherical or Satgat-shaped lids with horn-shaped legs. The form of the lidded leg jars are classified into the shape of body portion, the jointing method of leg, and the shape of lid. As a result, total 9 formats were classified. According to the shape of body portion, the jars may be further distinguished with format A and format B. Specific classification of the jars is possible with the jointing method of leg and the shape of lid. Format A jars were often excavated around the Southeast region, while format B jars were found around the Midwest region. Therefore, preference on the shape of body portion varied by regional groups. Similarly, the Southeast region mainly had hemispherical lids while the Midwest region had Satgat-shaped lids. This means that the lidded leg jars have not gone through an identical changes over the time in the Southeast and Midwest regions. Based on the classification above, the writer examined artifacts and substituted rationalistic chronology of grey pottery chronology of Lee Sung-ju and Iron spearhead chronology of Shin Dong-jo. After, each region’s timeline for the chronology of the lidded leg jars was developed. As a result, the lidded leg jars appeared in the first century and expanded to the Midwest region during the second century. At the time of the thrid century, the lidded leg jars became mostly extinct in the Southeast and Midwest regions. The lidded leg jars were not spread from one specific to another. Instead, the study concludes that small regions shared motif of the pottery to each other and manufactured their own. The lidded leg jars’ expansion to the Southeast and Midwest regions seemed to be due to the regional exchange. In the Southeast region, people manufactured those jars buried in graves by themselves instead of importing them.

한국과 일본에 불교가 가장 왕성하던 시기에 종교의식으로 정착한 ‘우란분절’ 은 시대의 흐름에 따라 점차 그 의미와 의식의 내용이 변화되어 한국에서는 백중(百中)으로, 일본 에서는 오봉(お盆)으로 명칭이 전변하였다. 이러한 사실을 바탕으로 한국과 일본에 외래 절일인 우란분절이 어떻게 수용되고 변용되 어 지금의 고유 민속명절로 자리를 잡게 된 것인지 살펴보고, 이를 바탕으로 한·일 민속 의 변화양상에 대한 비교 고찰을 해 보았다. 그 결과, 우란분절의 원래 목적이나 내용과 달리, 백중과 오봉은 각 나라의 역사와 환경 에 따른 차이가 두드러지는가 하면, 또 차이로 보였던 부분의 이면에 공통적인 흐름이 발 견되기도 하였다. 이러한 특징들을 통해, ‘향유주체의 계층변화’, ‘기존 문화와의 습합(習 合)’, ‘축제로의 발전’과 같은 민속 문화의 변화양상에 대한 비교를 할 수 있었다. 이러한 비교연구를 통해 양국의 민속에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓히는 데 기 여할 수 있을 것이며, 나아가 우리 민속에 대한 비판과 반성을 넘어 발전 의 동력이 제공되길 바란다.

Ullambana, a religious ritual performed when Buddhism was most popular in Korea and Japan, underwent many changes over time and came to be known as Baekjung in Korea and as Obon in Japan. Against this backdrop, this study examines how the foreign Ullambana was introduced in Korea and Japan, and how it was adapted into unique folk festivals. Based on this example, the two countries are compared in terms of changes in folk culture. Baekjung and Obon were found to be significantly different when compared to Ullambana, deviating from the original purpose due to historical and environmental influences. At the same time, some similarities were also observed. Changes in folk culture were compared under several themes: “social class of spectators,” “acculturation with existing cultures,” and “advancement to festival status.” This comparison is expected to contribute to an enhanced understanding of folk cultures in the two countries. Moreover, it will serve as a driving force in generating constructive criticism and stimulating the further development of Korean folk culture.

이 글은 고대 산성 내 석축집수지의 구조와 축조공정, 단계별 변화양상을 파악하기 위해 작성되었다. 집수 지는 산성 내에서 계곡, 구릉 사면 또는 능선, 구릉 정상에위치하며, 계곡에 입지하는 집수지가 전체에서 가 장 높은 85％의 비율을 차지한다. 집수지 구조에 있어서 속성은 평면형태, 단면형태, 바닥시설, 규모 등으로 분류된다. 분석된 구조별 특징은 방형 집수지는 단면형태-직선형, 바닥시설-생토면 이용,규모-500~750cm에서 우세한 비율을 보인다. 장방 형 집수지는 단면형태-직선형,바닥시설-생토면 이용, 규모-1500cm이상에서 우세한 비율을 보인다. 원형 집수지는 단면형태-사선형과 계단형, 바닥시설-점토 다짐, 규모-500~750cm에서 우세한 비율을 보인다. 타 원형 집수지는 단면형태-직선형과 사선형, 바닥시설-생토면 이용과 점토 다짐, 규모-750~1000cm와 1000~1500cm에서 우세한 비율을 보인다. 또한 분석된 결과와 축조과정을 파악할 수 있는 양호한 발굴자료 를 통하여 축조공정은 총 8단계로 구분된다. 집수지의 변천과정은 크게 4단계로 구분하여 설명할 수 있다. 1단계는 산성 내에서석축집수지가 축조되기 시작하는 시기이며, 5세기 전반~6세기 전반에 해당한다. 2단계는 석축집수지의 축조가 구조적으로 다양하 고 넓게 확산되는 시기이며, 6세기 중반~7세기 전반에 해당한다. 3단계는 석축집수지의 평면형태-원형, 단 면형태-계단형으로 축조되는 구조가 남해안지역에 집중 분포하는 시기이며, 7세 중반~8세기 중반에해당한 다. 4단계는 석축집수지의 축조가 급격히 줄어드는 시기이며, 8세기 후반~9세기 중반에 해당한다. 변천과 정을 통해 집수지의 평면형태는 방형→장방형→원형→장방형, 단면형태는 직선형→직선형→계단형→사선 형, 바닥시설은 생토면(기반암) 이용→생토면(기반암) 이용→판석 설치→점토 다짐으로의 비율 변화를 확 인할 수 있다. 한편단계별 집수지가 분포하는 양상은 1단계는 중부지방을 중심으로 밀집 분포하며, 2단계는 중부지방과 남부지방으로 양분되어 나타난다. 3단계는 남해안지역을 중심으로 밀집분포하는 특징을 보인다. 4단계는 남부지방에 분포하는 것으로 나타난다.

This writing was prepared to figure out structure, constructing processes and stagespecificchange shape appearance on stony collecting basin in ancient mountain fortress. Collecting basin was located on valley, slope or ridge and hill top in mountain fortress, thebasin on valley counts for the highest percentage(85%) of all. Characters on structure of collecting basin are classified by plan/cross section shape,floor facilities, scale etc. Anaylzed character with different structure is as follows; Squarecollecting basin is linear in cross section shape. There’re floor facilities by using untouchedground, superior rate in the 500~750cm range on the scale. Rectangular collecting basinhas straight line type & reverse-trapezoid shape in cross section shape, floor facilitiesby using untouched ground and superior rate at more than 1500cm on the scale. Circlecollecting basin has reverse-trapezoid shape & steps in cross section shape, floor facilitiesby using rammed clay earth and superior rate in the 500~750cm range on the scale. Ovalcollecting basin has straight line type & reverse-trapezoid shape in cross section shape,floor facilities by using untouched ground & using rammed clay earth and superior at the750~1000cm & 1000~1500cm range on the scale. There’re so much adjuvant archaeologicaldata we can grasp anaylzed result and constructing processes. And so the processes aredivided into 8 steps. The change process of collecting basin is explained to divide into 4 steps. The firststep, it’s time to start constructing stony collecting basin in ancient mountain fortressfrom the beginning of the 5th to the beginning of the 6th century. At the second stage,it’s construction structurally spread in a wide variety from the middle of the 6th to thebeginning of the 7th century. Step number three is the constructing structure that it’s circlein plan shape, steps in cross section to range focuse on the Southern coast from the middleof the 7th to the middle of the 8th century. And fourth and last stage, the construction wasrapidly slumping from the latter of the 8th to the middle of the 9th century. The changeprocess of collecting basin is as follows; The square is first, followed by the rectangle, thecircle and the rectangle in plan shape, the linear type is followed by followed, steps andreverse-trapezoid type in cross section. And it’s confirmed changing proportion of followingthe using untouched ground(bed rock), the using untouched ground(bed rock), the settingof flagged floor and the ramming clay earth in floor facilities. Meanwhile, step distribution aspect of the basin is distributed over focusing on the Central district in the 1st step, beingdivided into the Central and Southern district in the 2nd step and focusing on the Southerncoast in the 3rd step. It’s sure that the last 4th step is spread to Southern district.

이 논문은 인간과 밀접하게 관련이 있는 의복을 통해 초등학교 교직문화를 탐색했다. 문화를 정의하고 설명하기 위한 물질문화, 사회적 조직, 가치 신념체계의 3가지 범주 모두와 연관이 있으며, 교사의 외면과 내면을 동시에 반영하는 의복행동을 통해 그것의 실제와 인식을 분석하였다. 또한 이를 종합하여 초등학교 교직문화의 특징을 탐색하였다. 연구를 위해 초등학교 담임교사 5인을 연구 참여자로 선정하여, 총 10주간 자기보고서를 수집하고 심층면담을 실시하였다. 교사 의복행동의 실제를 분석하기 위해 의복 이미지를 유행성, 품위성, 활동성으로 유형화한 분석틀을 활용하였고, 교사 의복행동의 인식을 분석하기 위해 질적 내용분석을 활용하였다. 연구 결과, 교사들은 활동성 이미지를 강화시키는 의복 품목과 품위성 이미지를 강화시키는 색상을 착용하는 것으로 나타났다. 교사는 상황에 맞추어 학교 내에서는 품위성 이미지를 강화시키는 의복 스타일을, 학교 외에서는 활동성 이미지를 강화시키는 의복 스타일을 착용하고 있었다. 또한, 담당하는 학급과 관련 있는 상황에서 교사의 의복 스타일은 일정한 경향성을 보이고 있었다. 의복행동에 대한 교사의 인식에 관한 분석 결과, 교사는 개인적 차원, 대인관계인 사회적 차원, 환경적 차원으로 구성된 10가지 범주, 70개의 핵심내용으로 의복행동을 인식하고 있었다. 교사 의복행동의 실제와 인식에 관한 분석에 기초해서 파악한 초등학교 교직문화는 다음과 같이 4가지였다. ‘개인을 중요시하여 외부와 거리를 두는 문화’, ‘외부의 영향을 받는 품위성 위주의 문화’, ‘현상에 대해 순응하고 수용하는 문화’, ‘자율성, 다양성을 원하고 활동성을 강조하는 문화’ 이다. 이러한 초등학교 교직문화의 특징은 기존 교직문화와 연관성을 보이는 한편 새로운 교직문화의 생성 조짐을 보여주고 있다. 앞의 3가지 특징은 ‘개인주의’, ‘외부 영향에 취약함’, ‘보수주의’, ‘형식주의’와 밀접한 연관이 있다. 그러나 ‘자율성, 다양성을 원하고 활동성을 강조하는 문화’는 새로운 경향성으로 교직문화의 변화 양상과 변화 가능성을 동시에 보여주고 있다.

This paper explored a teaching culture of an elementary school through the clothing closely related with human beings. This research analyzed the reality and recognition of it through the clothing behavior which is both closely bound up with the categories of material culture, social structure, value belief ideology and concurrently reflects the outer and inner of a teacher. Furthermore, synthesizing the reality and recognition of teacher’s clothing behavior, this research made a search for the characteristics a teaching culture of an elementary school. In favor of this research, selecting 5 elementary school homeroom teachers in Seoul as research participants, this research collected self-reports for 10 weeks and conducted in-depth interviews. In order to analyze the reality of teacher’s clothing behavior, this research made use of clothing image, utilizing the analysis framework typified by fashion, dignity, and active and in order to analyze the recognition of teacher’s clothing behavior this research made use of qualitative content analysis. As a result of this analysis, it seemed that teachers normally have on clothing items that enhance active images and clothing color that enhances dignity image. Depending on the specific situation, teachers have on clothing styles that enhance dignity image in schools and have on clothing styles that enhance active image out of schools. Depending on their classroom situations, teachers also have a tendency to show a clothing style. In consequence of the analysis of the teacher’s recognition of clothing behavior, teachers were aware of clothing behaviors in terms of 10 categories and 70 core contents consisting of personal dimension, interpersonal social dimension, and environmental dimension. Based on the analysis of the reality and recognition of teacher’s clothing behavior, there are 4 characteristics in elementary school teaching culture as follows. It follows that there are ‘A culture which cares about the individual and places it at a distance from the outside’, 'an external-influenced dignity-oriented culture', ‘A culture which adapts the phenomenon and accepts', and 'A culture which wants autonomy, diversity and emphasizes active'. The characteristics of this school teaching culture show relevance to an existing teaching culture and show signs of creating a new culture. The former 3 characteristics are closely connected with 'individualism', 'vulnerable to external influences', 'conservatism', 'formalism'. However, ‘a culture which wants autonomy, diversity and emphasizes active' shows, as a new tendency, both a change trend and a change possibility of a teaching culture at the same time.

이 논문은 동북아시아 샤머니즘의 성격과 특징을 전체적으로 이해하는데 있어 필요한 몇 가지 관점을 거론한 것이다. 그 내용은 다음과 같다. 1. 종족성과 지역성 : 전통사회의 샤머니즘은 에스닉(ethnic) 단위 사람들의 자연 환경과 사회 조직을 배경으로 생성된 종교 관념과 의례, 생활 방식이 특정 양식으로 형성된 것이다. 이는 에스닉의 이동이나 환경의 변화, 타문화와의 교류를 통해 변해왔다. 따라서 동북아시아 샤머니즘은 동북아시아의 다양한 자연 환경에서 개별적 인간 집단이 역사적으로 변화를 거치며 형성해온 결과이다. 2. 중국 샤머니즘과 중국 문화의 허브(hub) 역할 : 중국을 통해 유교 ․ 불교 ․ 도교 등이 주변 지역으로 확산되는데 이것은 해당 지역의 샤머니즘에 큰 영향을 주었다. 중국의 지정학적 위치와 문화, 종족 이동 등이 역사적 상황과 결합하여 동북아시아 샤머니즘의 성격을 형성하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다. 3. 중층성(重層性) : 문화의 교류 과정에서 나타나는 중층적 복합 현상은 주의를 요한다. 예를 들어 인도 힌두 사회의 토양에서 성립된 불교가 중국으로 넘어와 새롭게 탈바꿈하고, 이 와중에 도교와 서로 영향을 주고받는다. 이러한 복합적인 불교는 한국에서 거듭 토착화를 거쳐 한국 샤머니즘 안에 수용된다. 4. 변화하는 전통 : 현대 동북아시아 사회는 전통문화의 전승이라는 측면에서 종족성이 강화되기도 하고, 한편으로는 공동체의 해체와 종족성의 약화가 진행되는 상반된 상황을 포함하고 있다. 또한 현대화 ․ 도시화 ․ 환경 변화와 함께 변화의 여정에 있다. 이러한 상황에서 샤머니즘이 어떻게 대처해 나가고, 연구자들은 이러한 샤머니즘의 변화를 어떻게 이해하여야 할지는 중요한 문제이다.

This study aims to address several issues in understanding shamanism in Northeast Asia as a whole. The main issues are as follows: 1. Ethnicity and locality: The shamanism in a traditional society has developed to include a particular mode of religious thoughts, rituals, and the ways of life. It is the outcome of an ethnic group adapting to the surrounding environment, social and natural. And it has evolved through the ethnic migrations, environmental changes, and cultural exchanges with neighboring communities. The Northeast Asian Shamanism is a result of historical and cultural changes as individual groups adapt to diverse natural environment. 2. Chinese shamanism and its role as the hub of Chinese culture: The spread of Confucianism. Buddhism. Taoism of China has greatly influenced the shamanism of diverse ethnic groups. China's geopolitical importance, culture, and ethnic migrations, combined with historical circumstances, have all played a significant role in creating the Northeast Asia shamanism. 3. Multi-leveled accumulation : Multi-leveled accumulation in the process of cultural exchange is a complex phenomenon and it requires a special attention. For example, Buddhism, originally established by the Hindu society of India, transforms itself once introduced to China. In this process, Buddhism exchanges influences with Taoism as well. This transformed Buddhism is indigenized and incorporated to the Korean shamanism. 4. Changing Tradition: We are witnessing both strengthening and weakening of ethnic awareness among contemporary Northeast Asian Societies. Modernization, Urbanization, and Environmental changes all contribute to this ongoing social and cultural transformation of traditional societies. In this context, it is very critical how we understand the changes of traditional shamanism.

『大辭林第二版』・『デイリー新語辭典+α』と『廣辭苑』第一版～第五版での家族に關わる見出し語を中心に日本における＜親子＞に對する基本認識及び意識変化を分析した結果、次のような內容がまとめられた。 一、基本的な家族構成員は｢夫婦｣｢親子｣｢兄弟｣、<血緣關係>における法定血族などの血族範囲の変化、＜血族關係>から<姻族>をも含む＜親族關係＞への家族成立條件の変化など、語釋からは＜血緣關係>は家族成立條件の一つであり、＜血緣關係＞ だけで家族が成立するのではないという家族の成立條件と家族構成員に關するものがまとめられる。 一、｢親子｣の語釋と子見出しでは親子關係の成立や仮想の親子關係など、＜親子關係の認定＞に關する說明が主であり、家族構成員としての親子は示されていない。家族構成員として親子は｢家族｣の語釋にて示される。｢親子｣及び｢家族｣の語釋における人間の親子關係には、＜血緣關係>という從來の成立條件がそのまま提示されており、いわゆる<生殖醫療>の發達から現われた非配偶者間の体外受精や代理母などこれまでになかったタイプの出産の類型は反映されていない。 一、｢親｣は親子關係、根源、大きいもの、中心(的な役割)、發起人、祖先などの意味特徵を持つ。人間の親子關係の場合、｢親｣は｢實父母・養父母の總称｣であり、｢親子｣とは異なり、<非血緣關係>が含まれている。｢親+@｣では親・子・祖先・親子・仮想の親など多樣な主体による親子關係が見られ、その內＜子＞が主体になる場合は<子が@している(していない)樣＞＜子が@する)しない)こと＞という意味を表わす。 ｢@+親｣は＜仮想の親＞を表わすものが大部分を占めているが、これは｢親代わり｣｢親子成り といういわゆる 擬制親族 を命名 成人式 結婚式など人間の成長とともに行われる＜行事＞、出産・授乳などの＜出生＞、＜養育＞などに關わる仮想の親を具体的に提示するものである。 一、｢子｣は親子關係、年少、派生・從屬、若さ、愛称、女性などの意味特徵を持ち、接尾語としても用いられる。｢子+@｣では親・子・祖先・親子・仮想の親・仮想の子など多樣な主体による親子關係が見られ、その內＜親＞が主体になる場合は<姙娠․出産><育兒><子との關係><子の有無>などの意味を表わす。｢@+子｣は<人>と意味が擴大し<@している人><@狀態の人><@に当たる人>などの意味を表わす見出 し語が多く、その主体が女性の場合は＜若さ>、子供や小さなものの場合は＜愛称>の意味を帶びることもある。

Background: A mold strain thought to be suitable for dry-aging process was isolated. The information about the scientific aspects of molds related to dry-aging beef is scarce. We, therefore, conducted aging trials to determine the characteristics of the isolated mold strain associated with dry-aging process. Specifically, during the dry-aging of beef with the mold strain, the changes in the free amino acid content, hardness, productive loss, drip and cooking loss were analyzed. These characteristics were compared with those obtained while dry-aging in the absence of a mold. Results: The isolated mold strain was identified as Mucor flavus. The free amino acid content in the mold-aging beef decreased or remained constant during the aging process. However, that in the trimming sections of the beef dramatically increased in the presence of mold. In addition, hardness of mold-aging beef gradually decreased during the aging process and finally decreased significantly. Conclusion: Amino acids such as GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), proline, and aspartic acid were produced by our mold strain, M. flavus during its growth on beef meat, and the mold conferred savory odors to the dry-aged beef.

In this study, considering the difficulties for all farms to convert farm styles to animal welfare- based housing, an experiment was performed to observe the changes in the behavior and welfare of sows when the slat floor was changed to a collective breeding ground. Twenty- eight sows used in this study were between the second and fifth parities to minimize the influence of parity. Using a flats floor cover, the flattening rates were treated as 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Data collection was the behavior of sows visually observed using a camera (e.g., standing, lying, fighting and excessive biting behaviors, and abnormal behaviors) and the animal welfare level measured through field visits. Lying behavior was found to be higher (p < 0.01) as the flattening rate increased, and sows lying on the slatted cover also increased as the flattening rate increased (p < 0.01). Fighting behavior wasincreased when the flattening rate was increased to 20%, and chewing behavior was increased (p < 0.05) as the flattening rate increased. The animal welfare level of sows, ‘good feeding’, it was found that all treatment groups for body condition score and water were good at 100 (p < 0.05). ‘Good housing’ was the maximum value (100) in each treatment group. As the percentage of floor increased, the minimum good housing was increased from 78 in 0% flattening rate to 96 in 50% flattening rate. The maximum (100) ‘good health’ was achieved in the 0% and 20% flattening rates, and it was 98, 98, and 99 in the 30%, 50%, and 40% flattening rate, respectively. ‘Appropriate behavior’ score was significantly lower than that of other paremeters, but when the flattening ratio was 0% and 20%, the maximum and minimum values were 10. At 40% and 50%, the maximum values were 39 and 49, respectively, and the minimum values were analyzed as 19 for both 40% and 50%. These results will be used as basic data about sow welfare for farmers to successfully transition to group housing and flat floors.

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of progressive resistance training (PRT) using elastic bands on the lower-extremity muscle structure, balance, and cognitive function in children with spastic diplegia. METHODS: Sixteen children were assigned to a progressive resistance training group (PRT, n = 8) or a control group (n = 8). Each group participated in 30-minute physical therapy sessions, three times per week for eight weeks. The PRT group received elastic band-based progressive resistance training, whereas the control group received conventional physical therapy. The lower-extremity muscle structure was assessed using ultrasonography by measuring the muscle thickness of the rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius. The balance ability was evaluated from the plantar pressure and the rectangular area of sway. The cognitive function was assessed using the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the Mann-Whitney U test in SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: The muscle structure and balance ability improved in the PRT and control groups following treatment, with statistically significant differences observed between the two groups (p < .05). Nevertheless, no meaningful alterations in cognitive function were detected (p > .05). CONCLUSION: Lower-extremity strengthening training in children with diplegia may extend beyond improvements in muscle structure and contribute to balance. Such improvements are expected to support the gait performance in children with spastic diplegia.

Objective: To investigate the effects of various cueing strategies on three-dimensional pelvic mobility (tilt, obliquity, and rotation) during walking, and assess their potential for gait optimization in rehabilitation and wearable robotics. Design: A pilot study involving a within-subject design was conducted to compare baseline walking patterns with walking patterns influenced by nine different cueing strategies. Methods: Five participants were recruited for two 10-meter walking trials under nine different cueing conditions and a baseline condition. Speed and pelvic motion across tilt, obliquity, and rotation were recorded using a wearable Inertial measurement unit (IMU) device (BTS G-Sensor 2, BTS Bioengineering, Korea) at the sacral level (S1-S2). The data were analyzed to measure changes in pelvic mobility across the three axes under each cueing condition. Results: Cueing strategies elicited distinct changes in pelvic motion. Cues such as "Lift your knees high as you walk", "Swing your arms widely back and forth as you walk" and "Take larger strides as you walk" significantly increased pelvic rotation range compared to baseline, while "Engage your hip as you walk" decreased mobility across all axes. Conclusions: Cueing strategies have a measurable effect on three-axis pelvic mobility during walking, providing foundational data for gait optimization in rehabilitation and wearable robotics. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to validate these findings and explore their application in clinical and robotic interventions in diverse populations.

This study attempted to investigate changes in collaboration structure for each stage of national Research and Development (R&D) in the artificial intelligence (AI) field through analysis of a co-author network for papers written under national R&D projects. For this, author information was extracted from national R&D outcomes in AI from 2014 to 2019. For such R&D outcomes, NTIS (National Science & Technology Information Service) information from the KISTI (Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information) was utilized. In research collaboration in AI, power function structure, in which research efforts are led by some influential researchers, is found. In other words, less than 30 percent is linked to the largest cluster, and a segmented network pattern in which small groups are primarily developed is observed. This means a large research group with high connectivity and a small group are connected with each other, and a sporadic link is found. However, the largest cluster grew larger and denser over time, which means that as research became more intensified, new researchers joined a mainstream network, expanding a scope of collaboration. Such research intensification has expanded the scale of a collaborative researcher group and increased the number of large studies. Instead of maintaining conventional collaborative relationships, in addition, the number of new researchers has risen, forming new relationships over time.

Objective: Nonspecific low back pain (NS-LBP) causes pain and disability, affecting the neuromuscular system and altering gait patterns. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of improvement of low back pain symptoms through physical therapy on foot pressure and spatiotemporal gait parameters. Design: A pilot study. Methods: Participants received manual therapy and supervised therapeutic exercise, which consisted of 12 sessions for 6 weeks. Participants were assessed for pain intensity (a numeric pain rating scale), disability index (oswestry disability index), and spatiotemporal gait parameters before and after intervention. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze the before-and-after differences in a single group. Results: All seven NS-LBP patients completed the study without dropout. After six weeks of physical therapy, the numeric pain rating scale and oswestry disability index showed significant improvement (Z= -2.388, P=0.017). There was no significant improvement in both static and dynamic conditions in foot pressure (P>0.05). However, in the spatiotemporal gait parameters, there were significant differences in all variables except the right stance phase and left mid stance (P<0.05). Conclusions: In our pilot study, 12 sessions of physical therapy in NS-LBP patients improved gait quilty in spatiotemporal gait parameters. Similarly, it has resulted in clinically positive improvements in pain and disability.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to changes in respiratory function due to differences in mask blocking grade, and effects on cardiovascular function during aerobic exercise. Design: Comparative study using paired t-test and analysis of variance measures. Methods: Male and female subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups according to mask blocking grade and measured respiratory functions before and after wearing the mask using spirometers, and their cardiovascular capabilities were measured using pulse oxygen meters and blood pressure meters before and after running for 10 minutes wearing mask. Used paired t-test, one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test to compare the differences according to the mask blocking grade. Results: The experimental results verified that three groups except for the Non-mask group had a significant reduction in all values of FVC, FEV1, MVV, and PEF after wearing a mask compared to those before wearing a mask(p<0.05). Also a significant difference in cardiovascular functions was also observed after aerobic exercises wearing mask in all groups and there was a significant difference between all four groups(p<0.05). Conclusions: Lung patients with poor breathing, elderly and children with poor lung function, and professional groups who need to wear masks and take high-intensity work or aerobic movements are encouraged to take frequent breaks in advance, wear masks and social distancing at moderate and low levels.

Purpose: This study compared the muscle activity of the lower limb according to the three types of fixed angles of the ankle joint during a lunge exercise. Methods: Twenty healthy subjects performed the lunge motion in a trial including the three types of fixed angle. The lunge motion with a neutral, 20° dorsiflexion, and 20° plantarflexion of the ankle joint were randomized and measured repeatedly. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) was measured by surface electromyography. Results: In the change in ankle joint angle, the RF, VL, BF, and ST muscle activity showed significant differences (p<0.05). In the 20° dorsiflexion position, the muscle activity of VL, BF, and ST showed a significant decrease compared to that in the neutral position (p<0.017). The muscle activity of RF and VL in the neutral position was greater than that in the 20° plantarflexion position (p<0.017). Only the muscle activity of the BF in the 20° plantarflexion position was significantly greater than the 20° dorsiflexion position (p<0.017). Conclusion: These results revealed a difference in the muscle activity of lower extremities in the proximal region according to the angle of the ankle joint during the lunge.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the change in hand grip strength (HGS) for consecutive 6 months in breast cancer survivors (BCS) undergoing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (adjCTX) and to determine the factors relevant to HGS after chemotherapy completion Methods: This study was a retrospective observational cohort study. BCS (N=38) who underwent breast cancer surgery and subsequent adjCTX were enrolled. The HGS of both sides was measured before adjCTX and 3 weeks, 2 months and 6 months after adjCTX. And we also collected body composition, anthropometric measurements, social demographics and clinical data. Then we analyzed the changes in HGS over time, and correlation of collected data with HGS at 6 months. Results: A significant increase in HGS of the unaffected side was observed within the first 3 weeks of adjCTX and maintained up to 6 months. In correlation analysis, HGS of both sides was positively correlated with the ipsilateral HGS at 3 weeks, and contralateral HGS at 6 months. And skeletal muscle mass was also positively correlated with the HGS of the unaffected side. In addition, subjects treated with targeted therapy had lower HGS of the unaffected side. However, HGS of the affected side was significantly lower in subjects with breast reconstruction and treated without radiotherapy. Conclusions: To maintain the early recovery of HGS, active and continuous exercise intervention for strengthening might be necessary.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the activities of the abdominal muscles according to trunk stabilization exercises using Swiss ball in normal individuals. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Ten healthy university students participated in this study. The subjects were required to complete the following three exercise positions: Exercise position 1, sitting on a Swiss ball and lifting the legs; Exercise position 2, pushing to a plank position from an ending position; and Exercise position 3, push-up posture with the legs on a Swiss ball. Changes in the trunk muscle activities were estimated using Biometric electromyography (EMG). Activities of the dominant side internal oblique muscle (IOM) and external oblique muscle (EOM) were estimated in all participants. The maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC %) was measured to standardize the EMG signals for the IOM and EOM during maximum resistance when sitting up with each shoulder pointing towards the contralateral pelvis with knees bent and both arms crossed on the chest for 5 seconds. Results: There was a significant difference in the activity of the internal and external oblique muscles between Exercises 1 and 2 and Exercises 1 and 3 (p<0.05). Furthermore, the IOM/EOM activity ratio was the greatest during Exercise 3 and the smallest during Exercise 1. IOM and EOM activities were the greatest during Exercise 2 with greater EOM activity. Conclusions: In future studies, it will be necessary to investigate muscle activities by supplementing the above-mentioned limitations during the stabilization exercise. The results of this study may be used as a basis for controlling the intensity and frequency of exercise while prescribing trunk stabilization exercises.

Background: The serratus anterior is one of the most important muscle for maintaining good scapular alignment in the shoulder joint. The pectoralis major and upper trapezius may also compensate for weak serratus anterior muscles. The push-up plus exercise has been identified as the optimal exercise for maximum activation of the serratus anterior. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in surface electromyography (EMG) activity of upper trapezius, pectoralis major, and serratus anterior muscles during push-up plus exercises on variously angled surfaces in subjects with winged scapula. Methods: Sixteen subjects with winged scapula (male=5, female=11) volunteered for this study. The subjects performed push-up plus exercise on four different tilt angles, namely $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, $60^{\circ}$, and $90^{\circ}$. EMG activities in the serratus anterior, upper trapezius, and pectoralis major muscles during performance of push-up plus exercise were measured in all subjects. Data were processed from repeated measures one-way analysis of variance. Results: There was significant difference in the muscle activity of the serratus anterior on the different surface angles (p<.05). The results of the post-hoc analysis showed significantly greater serratus anterior muscle activity on a surface at a $0^{\circ}$ angle than at others tilt angles (p<.05). There was also significant difference in the ratio of serratus anterior to upper trapezius and serratus anterior to pectoralis major across the four surfaces (p<.05), and post-hoc analysis showed significantly greater values on the $0^{\circ}$ surface than on other tilts (p<.05). Conclusion: This study found that performing push-up plus exercises on a flat surface with $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ tilt angle achieves high activation of the serratus anterior muscle for selective strengthening. It can also take into account the sequential application, which is first performed at a $30^{\circ}$ and at a $0^{\circ}$ tilt angle for and effective but not excessive muscle activation.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in postural stability according to ankle fixation in healthy university students. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (15 males and 15 females, 20.13 years, 167.49 cm, 65.87 kg) were recruited on a voluntary basis. The BT4 system (HUR Laps Oy, Tampere, Finland) was used to measure the static (standing posture with eyes open and eyes closed) and dynamic (external perturbation and limits of stability (LOS) in the forward, backward, left, and right side) balance abilities. External perturbation was measured by the subject's postural sway velocity and area for 20 seconds after being impacted by a gym ball. Static and dynamic stabilities were measured with ankle joint fixation and non-fixation conditions. Ankle fixation was provided using Mueller tape on both ankle joints. Results: For static stability under the standing posture, there was no significant difference between standing with ankle joint fixation and non-fixation conditions. However, dynamic stability (external perturbation and LOS in the forward, backward, left, and right side) was significantly higher in the standing with the non-fixation condition compared to the standing with ankle joint fixation condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results reveal that ankle joint fixation can influence dynamic stability during standing. Thus, we believe that this result provides basic information for making improvements in postural control and may be useful in balance training for fall prevention.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle activity ratio of the lower limb according to changes in straight leg raise (SLR) test angles on hamstring muscle shortening during squat exercises. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The subjects were 14 healthy adults who were informed of and agreed to the method and purpose of the study. The participants were classified into SLR groups according to two angles (over $80^{\circ}$ or under $80^{\circ}$) assessed using the SLR tests. After training and practicing the wall squat posture to be applied to the experiment, electromyography (EMG) was used to measure changes in muscle activity during the performance of a wall squat. After stretching, a sequence of pre-stretch tests were performed again, and the active and passive SLR tests were also reconducted; thereafter, a wall squat was performed again by attaching EMG electrodes. The EMG results before and after stretching were compared. Results: The muscle activity of the vastus lateralis oblique muscle increased in both groups. The muscle activity of the vastus medialis oblique muscle decreased in over both group. Rectus femorus activity increased in the under 80-degree groups but decreased in the over 80-degree group. The muscle activity of the biceps femoris muscle decreased after stretching in the over 80-degree group and increased in the under 80-degree group, and the semitendinosus muscle activity after stretching was decreased. The quadriceps-to-hamstring muscle (Q:H) ratio before and after stretching between groups showed that the hamstring muscle ratio decreased after stretching in both groups. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the Q:H ratio before and after stretching between groups was not significantly different.