Earticle

This thesis considers structure characteristics of Sasetemorau in the art of expression used by causers. Especially it is knew as permission meanings when the basic meanings of Sasetemorau change ｢∼ga∼ni∼sasetemorau｣. But, the structure is unnatural. In other words, in this thesis, causers in Sasetemorau structure analyze for causative morphology. It may be summarized as follows. Sasetemorau structure combines causative sentence with temorau sentence. so it is complicated. Also, I can know a variety of method of causers and causers of Sasetemorau structure don’t express ニcase because the causers don’t avoid a duplication of role and transmit correct meaning.

一般に「因果性もしくは因果関係」を表すとされる使役構文に関しては、「使役者の被使役者への積極的か つ能動的な働きかけ」および「事態への能動的なかかわり」が、使役状況をなす一つの成立条件として働くとい われている。その一方で、他動詞構文と呼ばれるものについても、使役構文の場合と同様、「主体」(使役者に 相当)の「対象」(被使役者に相当)への積極的な働きかけが行われた結果、その対象に位置変化ないし状態変 化が起こるのであって、「主体の対象への働きかけ」とそれによって引き起こされる「対象の変化」」との間には 一種の「因果関係」が成立するといえる。これをもって西村(1998)は、他動詞構文を使役構文の範疇に入れて 考察すべきだと主張しており、本稿でも、このような西村(1998)の知見に従い、他動詞構文をも広義の使役構文と みなし議論していくこととする。こうすることによってはじめて、以下に示すような構文類が、「使役者の被使役者 への積極的な働きかけ」や「事態への能動的なかかわり」が認められないのに、なぜ受身的な解釈が受けられ るのかに対する有意義な答えが得られることと考えられる。 (例）私たちは空襲で家財道具を焼かせた。 　 　 勇二は教師に殴られて前歯を折った。 私たちは空襲で家財道具を焼いた。 ジョンは（事故で）息子を死なせた。 とりわけ本稿では、上記のような構文類が使役構文の形をしているにもかかわらず、受身的な意味解釈に傾く ことに影響するとされる諸要因として、「使役者と使役行為の関係」や「使役者と被使役者との関係」や「使役 動詞の性質」といった三つの項目を設定し、各方面からの多角的な分析を試みることとする。

日本語の使役受身文｢Vさせられる｣は、實例を分析してみると積極的に迷惑を表す≪强制≫や消極的に迷惑をあらわす≪ありがた迷惑≫、また文脈によって迷惑に搖れの見られる≪中立≫、さらには≪心理的壓迫≫や≪自發≫表現まで多樣である。 本稿では、動詞の意志性だけでなく關与者の關係、そして動作の利益性のありか（述部動作を行うことによって誰に利益性が生じるか）、さらに關与者間の働きかけ（間接的・直接的）を分析要素としてタイプ化することで使役受身文全体像の体系化を試み、意味的分類における典型と周辺を位置づけることを目的として考察を進めた。 動作の利益性のありかが使役主にある≪强制≫と≪義務≫を典型とし、それ以外のものを周辺として位置づけをした。典型は、關与者名詞句が<私的>であるか<公的> であるかという差によって下位分類される。意志動詞による使役受身文には≪强制≫≪義務≫のほかに≪不本意≫≪中立≫≪ありがた迷惑≫≪心的負担≫がある。≪ありがた迷惑≫は、動作の利益性のありかが動作主にあるものである。文脈の支えによって迷惑感が消えることもあるが、動作主の氣持を無視したものである限り、迷惑 感が完全に消えることは稀であるということを述べた。≪不本意≫と≪中立≫は、動作の利益性が曖昧であるという共通点を持つが、使役主からの指令が非意図的であるか≪不本意≫意図的であるか≪中立≫で分かれる。≪心的負担≫は、意志動詞にも關わらず心理描寫をするという点で、意志動詞による使役受身文と無意志動詞による使役自發文をつなぐものであるといえる。≪使役自發≫は、表現自体が、｢させられる｣を除いたもとの形でも文が成り立つという点やニ格表示性の高さという点で使役 受身文において最も典型から離れたところに位置するという見解をのべた。

본고는 매장문화재조사비용 원인자책임원칙의 문제는 고고학과 법학 두 분야가함께 고민해야 한다는 문제인식에서 출발한 학제간 공동연구의 결과물이다. 헌재의판례에서도 원인자책임원칙은 합헌으로 판결되고 있지만, 매장문화재조사비용에 대한수인가능 범위와 그 초과가능성이 전혀 고려되지 않고 있는 점은 문제가 있다. 원인자책임원칙은 위험방지법의 원칙에 따를 때 , 보호이익으로서 ‘공공의안녕·질서’에 대한 위험의 존재, 그 보호이익에 대한 ‘위험’의 존재, 그 위험발생에대한 ‘책임’이 인정되어야 한다. 매장문화재에 대한 보호는 공공의 안녕과 질서에포함되며, 건설공사를 위한 발굴조사의 경우 해당 매장문화재의 훼손이나 파괴 가능성이있어 위험 요건도 충족될 것이다. 원인자책임원칙이 더욱 정당화되기 위해서는 가장핵심적인 ‘책임’ 요건이 충족되어야 한다. 위험방지법에서 말하는 원인자로서의 책임에는‘행위책임’·‘상태책임’·‘공법상 위험책임’이 있다. 행위책임 법리는 사업시행자의매장문화재조사비용을 정당화하기 어려운데 비해, 상태책임과 공법상 위험책임 법리는지표조사 및 발굴조사 비용을 개발사업 시행자에게 전적으로 부담시키는 법률조항의이론적 근거로서 적합성이 있다. 이와 관련하여 독일연방헌법재판소의 판결에서 수인한도의 범위를 밝히고 있는점에 주의할 필요가 있다. 이것은 사업시행자에게 무제한의 비용책임을 지우는것은 불합리하다는 것인데, 근래에는 한국의 헌법재판소에서도 토양환경보전법과관련하여 과잉금지원칙 위반을 판시한 사례가 있다. 독일의 문화재보호법에 있는원인자비용책임규정들에는 예외 없이 “수인한도의 범위 내에서”라는 점을 명시함으로써, 과도한 비용책임으로 인한 희생이 발생하지 않도록 하는 형평규정을 두고 있다. 이제는한국에서도 매장문화재조사비용의 원인자책임원칙에 대해 무제한적 상태책임이아니라 수인한도 초과의 문제를 고려한 법 개정이 필요하다. (매장)문화재의 보호와보존은 우선시되어야 할 헌법적 책무이지만, 개발에 따른 매장문화재조사비용의원인자책임원칙이 일방적으로 강요되는 측면도 있다. 또 이것이 사회적 갈등의 요인이된다면, 현 시점에 맞는 근원적이고 합리적인 해결책을 모색하여야 한다.

This paper is the result of interdisciplinary joint research that started from recognition of the problem that both archeology and law should be considered together. In the case of the Constitutional Court, the causer-pays-principle is ruled as constitutional, but there is a problem that no consideration is given to the limit of tolerability of the buried cultural property investigation cost and possibility of exceeding it. The causer-pays-principle is that, in accordance with the principle of risk prevention law, the existence of a risk to 'public safety and order' as protection interests, the existence of 'risk' and ‘liability’ to the risk must be admitted. The protection of buried cultural properties is included in the concept public safety. In the case of excavation survey for construction work, the buried cultural property could be damaged or destroyed, and the risk requirements will be satisfied. In order to justify the causer-pays-principle, the most important 'liability' requirement must be met. Liability to burden as a causer in the risk prevention law is divided into 'the behavior-liability-theory', 'the liability theory of state of things like lands' and 'the risk liability theory in public law'. While the behavior-liabilitytheory is difficult to justify the cost of investigating buried cultural properties, the liability theory of state of things like lands and the risk liability theory in public law is appropriate as a rationale for the legal provisions that levies the costs of land survey and excavation investigation entirely to a builders and developers. In this regard, it is necessary to note that the scope of the limit of tolerability is revealed in the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is unreasonable to charge unlimited liability for the builders and developers. In recent years, the Constitutional Court of Korea has also ruled that it has violated the principle of excessive prohibition or of proportion in relation to the Soil Environmental Conservation Act. The provisions of liability under the German Cultural Properties Protection Act stipulates that "within the scope of the limit of tolerability", without exception, there is an equitable provision to avoid sacrifices due to excessive liability. Now, also in Korea, the unlimited state liability theory should not be recognized as a theory for the causer-pays-principle that causes excessive burden of cultural property investigation, and it is necessary to amend the law to take into consideration the problem of excess. Of 128 제32호course, the preservation and preservation of (buried) cultural properties is a constitutional obligation that should be given priority. However, if the burden of over-exploitation of buried cultural assets due to development is unilaterally imposed and these situations become a risk factor for social conflicts and cultural property itself, a fundamental and reasonable solution should be sought.

This paper analyzes and describes the correlation between the specificity of the action and the scene by examining the sentence in which the source of the situation among the various causative sentences found in modern Japanese and Korean. Summarize the main points of contention as follows. First, in the case of Korean, it was possible to detect the aspect of involvement through morphological characteristics first. In the case of Japanese, only the morphological characteristics of the causative predicate did not capture the action, and they could be confirmed mainly from a semantic perspective. Based on these differences, as a result of focusing on the specifics of the causer’s action to establish the situation, it was confirmed that it was classified as the viewpoint of ≪Instructor≫, ≪Actor≫, ≪Responsible person≫ Second, as a result of analyzing the correlation with the scene of how the above-described action appears in specific scenes, it was considered that in the case of Korean language, which corresponds to its form and meaning, there are some examples that have to be explained from a scene analysis perspective rather than a constant one. In the case of Japanese, it was confirmed that it was necessary to specify the situation in which the operator was placed in a discourse background in order to distinguish the action against the establishment of the situation.

본 논문은 주어경험자 심리동사와 목적어경험자 심리동사는 다른 의미기능을 가지고 있는 것을 제시하였다. 주어논항의 의미가 목적어경험자 심리동사의 내부 차이점을 결정 하는 주요 기능임을 파악하고 “겁먹게 하다”와 같은 목적어경험자 심리동사의 동작주, 사건성, 상태성 검출을 위하여 두 가지 속성이 기능함을 알게 되었다. 즉 경험자의 심리상태를 유발하기 위하여 동작주가 억지로 무엇인가를 하는 여부와 경험자에게 심리상태의 변화가 존재 여부. 이와 같은 기능은 상태성 검출에서 자극은 심리상태에 내재된 고유성분의 일부이며 이것이 상태의 존재에 결정적인 역할을 한다는 것을 제시하였다. 유형학적인 검증을 통하여 사역형태소를 통한 심리동사가 사역의미를 나타내고, 이런 심리동사는 또한 사동화에 놓여 있다는 것을 알게 되었다.

This paper argues that subject-experienced psychological verbs and object-experienced psychological verbs have different meaning functions. The meaning of the subject argument is proved the main function of interpreting the internal differences of the object experienced psychological verbs and that the two properties of the object psychological verbs such as “fightened”s agentive, eventive, stative reading. In other words, whether there is an Agent, which deliberately does something in order to bring a mental state in the experiencer; whether there exists a change of (mental) state in the experiencer. This function, on the stative reading the stimulus is an inherent part of the event of mental state and that it plays a crucial role in the existence of the state. Through typological examination, psychological verbs through the morphological causative showed the meaning of causative meanings, and these psychological verbs can undergo passivization.

Lee, Eun-Ji. 2014. Ergativity in Korean. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 39-4, 945-969. In this paper I investigate the ergativity in Korean. I argue that the nal-li- type verb is the ergative verb, claiming that the causative suffix is the same as the passive suffix in Korean. The agent can never be the subject of an ergative verb. The differences between Korean ergative verbs and English ones are i) that the former have the (passive) suffixes, whereas the latter have no suffixes at all; ii) the causer can show up overtly with the former, whereas it cannot with the latter. Next, I argue that nal- type verbs are middle verbs, showing that they are very similar to nal-li- type ergative verbs in nature so that the former can be an alternative if the latter are not available. The causer is less likely to show up with the middle verb than the ergative verb, given that the former has no passive suffix added. The nal- type middle verb in Korean is quite different from that in English in i) that it does not describe a property of its subject; ii) it does not need a modifier nor allow only the present tense. Finally I investigate the matter of derivation in ergative constructions, concluding that the ergative/middle constructions are not derived from the causative, or vice versa, with the supporting evidence that the nal-li- type causative and ergative/passive constructions in Korean derived from nal- type middle constructions (or some transitive constructions). (Sehan University)

There are the transitive verbs being causative in its meaning. The transitive morphemes such as -as- , -os- , -s- , -se- contain continuity with the causative morphemes of (sa)seru on the formal characteristics. The transitive morpheme [-as-] is seen as a turning point converting a transitive meaning into a causative meaning. The morphemes such as [-os-, -s-, -se-] are categorized as direct and indirect factor by the influence on objects of a subject, which are the transitive or the causative meaning through the process of the middle stage. As a result, the morpheme [-(sa)seru-] is typically expressed as the causative meaning. We categorize the transitive verbs into three types: typically direct meaning, direct and indirect meaning, indirect meaning as to the intention and the activity of the subject. In summary, we try to induce them to typically be a causative meaning, which is to be realized by ordering, commanding, requesting objects as to the intention of the subject.

본 연구의 목적은 제노사이드를 전 세계적인 관심사가 되게 만든 1994년 르완다 제노사이드에 초점을 맞추어 증오언어의 파괴적인 영향력과 그 결과로 일어난 참상을 공적 기억인 다큐멘터리와 영화 속에 담긴 개인적인 내러티브를 통해 화해와 용서 그리고 새로운 사회화가 이루어지는 모습을 살펴보는 것이다. 2장에서는 제노사이드를 촉발한 중요 요인 중 하나인 증오언어가 얼마나 신속하게 사건을 극단으로 몰고 갈 수 있었는지를 추적한다. 3장에서는 공적 기억인 르완다 관련 다큐멘터리 및 영화와 그 속에서 제시된 개인의 다양한 내러티브가 어떻게 피해자와 가해자 사이의 치유와 화해의 가능성을 넘어 예방 교육의 기능까지 할 수 있는지를 살펴본다. 개인이 겪은 일의 재진술은 개인적인 내러티브를 집단화하여 집단적 기억이 되게 하는 동시에 가해자에 대한 적대감을 극복하는 방향으로 나아가게 한다. 내러티브로 하는 증언은 인정에 대한 감정적인 호소를 통해 매우 즉각적이고 직접적인 권유를 하여 청자에게 도덕적으로 반응하게 만들어 나눔의 윤리를 구현하게 해준다. 더 나아가 개인의 내러티브는 타인을 사회화할 뿐 아니라, 스스로 자신이 어떤 삶을 살아가야겠다는 자각과 더불어 새로운 사회화의 결단을 내리게 만든다.

This paper focuses on the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994, which has attracted the world’s attention to ‘genocide.’ The purpose here is to examine how reconciliation, forgiveness, and new socialization can be accomplished through investigating the devastating impact of hate language that has resulted in the misery and individual narratives in public memory in the forms of documentaries and movies. In Chapter 2, I trace how hate language, one of the major triggers of the Rwandan genocide, could drive the circumstance to the extreme so rapidly. In Chapter 3, I look into how the genocide-related films and various individual narratives depicted in them could function as preventative education beyond helping both aggressors and victims in the process of healing and reconciliation. Re-narrating what one went through collectivizes personal narratives, making them collective memories; at the same time, it helps overcome feelings of hostility towards assailants. Testimony by narrating, which is an emotional appeal, immediately and directly invites the audience to embody the ethics of sharing. Furthermore, individual narratives not only socialize others, but also newly socialize the narrators themselves with the recognition that they should live a certain life.

본 논문은 '원형적 초래구문’의 ‘초래상황’에 나타나는 개념화 양상에 대해 살펴보았다. 첫째, 개념적 통합망의 구성 원리를 통해 '원형적 초래구문’의 개념적 혼성 인지 과정과 개념적 혼성이 작용하는 토대가 되는 정신공간과 고정화 원소에 대해 설명했다. 둘째, '원형적 초래구문’의 개념적 통합 과정에서 나타난 ‘명제성 초래자’의 개념화 양상에 대해 살펴보고 다양한 문법형태의 고정화 원소를 통해 ‘상세성’ 층위에 따라 나타난 ‘초래상황’에 대해 설명했다. 셋째, '원형적 초래구문’의 개념적 통합 과정에서 나타난 ‘개체성 초래자’의 개념화 인지 과정에 대해 살펴보고, 언어주체자의 ‘전경-배경’, ‘요약 주사’의 해석의 차원에 따른 ‘초래상황’의 개념화 양상에 대해 설명했다.

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the conceptual aspect of "causal situation" in "Prototypical Causative Structure". First, based on the composition principle of conceptual integration network for "Prototypical Causative Structure", conceptual blending recognition process and its operation basis, mental space and fixed elements are explained. Second, this paper identifies the conceptual aspect of the "prepositional causer" in the process of conceptual integration of "Prototypical Causative Structure" and explains the "causal situation" created in detailed stratification with different types of grammatical structures’ fixed elements. Third, this paper examines the conceptual recognition process of the "ndividuality causer", created during conceptual integration of "Prototypical Causative Structure" and elaborates on the language users’ "panorama-background" and the conceptual aspect of "causal situation" depending on the interpretation dimension of “summary scanning”.

본 논문은 현대 중국어 ‘RVC사동구문’의 ‘사동주’ 의미요소를 개념적 혼성이론과 정신공간 이론을 통해 분석했다. 결과, 인과관계로 결합된 ‘RVC사동구문’의 ‘사동주’ 의미요소는 정신공간에서 주관화의 인지과정과 현실 상태에 대한 정보를 제공하는 고정체의 작용에 의해 발현되는 개념구조임을 알 수 있었다. 살펴보면, 첫째, 명제성 사동주의 개념화는 개념적 통합망의 구성 원리를 통해 발현된 후, 의미 도상성의 원칙과 경제성의 원칙, 주관화의 작용으로 인해 나타난 현상이었다. 둘째, ‘개체성 사동주’의 개념화는 개념적 통합망의 구성 원리를 통해 발현된 후, 개념적 환유는 인지적 참조점을 통해 심적 통로를 제공 받는 인지 과정이었고, ‘요약주사’는 사건 상황 속에서 고정체가 참여자를 고정시킴으로써 하나의 통합된 사건으로 구현되는 개념현상이었다. ‘전경-배경’은 지시성 고정체를 통해 대상물을 제한한 후 개념 핵의 참여자는 ‘전경’이 되고, 관계 부분은 ‘배경’이 되는 개념현상이었다. 본 연구는 ‘RVC사동구문’의 ‘사동주’의 개념화 현상에 대해 구체적으로 설명함으로써 ‘사동주’의 개념화가 좀 더 명확하고 정형화 되기를 바란다.

This study examined the conceptual hybridization theory?a theoretical background?to consider the conceptualization pattern of the semantics of “sadongju” in the modern Chinese “RVC Chinese causative sentence” and explained the subjecting recognition process of Mingzheng Shadongju and Individualistic Shadongju. In other words, the semantics of causality in “RVC Chinese causative sentence” combined by causality could be explained through the psychospace theory and fixtures and presented through extension of the principle of the subjective cognitive system. As a result of this consideration, “RVC Chinese causative sentence” was presented based on the principle of the conceptual integration network, and the fixings?a specific element built in the mental space?act on semantic composition to develop causative events. The generative Pluto shares were conceptualized as causative events through the cognitive process of the principle of semantic readiness, the principle of economic feasibility, and the principle of subjectivity; the conceptualization pattern of the characterization of the “summary injection” and “foreground?background” presented as causative events. Therefore, we believe that the findings of this study regarding the conceptualization of the “Causer” semantics of “RVC Chinese causative sentence” based on conceptual hybridism has been clearly explained.