Earticle

Objective To investigate the global functional reorganization of the brain following spinal cord injury with graph theory based approach by creating whole brain functional connectivity networks from resting state-functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), characterizing the reorganization of these networks using graph theoretical metrics and to compare these metrics between patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and age-matched controls.Methods Twenty patients with incomplete cervical SCI (14 males, 6 females; age, 55±14.1 years) and 20 healthy subjects (10 males, 10 females; age, 52.9±13.6 years) participated in this study. To analyze the characteristics of the whole brain network constructed with functional connectivity using rs-fMRI, graph theoretical measures were calculated including clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, global efficiency and small-worldness. Results Clustering coefficient, global efficiency and small-worldness did not show any difference between controls and SCIs in all density ranges. The normalized characteristic path length to random network was higher in SCI patients than in controls and reached statistical significance at 12%?13% of density (p<0.05, uncorrected).Conclusion The graph theoretical approach in brain functional connectivity might be helpful to reveal the information processing after SCI. These findings imply that patients with SCI can build on preserved competent brain control. Further analyses, such as topological rearrangement and hub region identification, will be needed for better understanding of neuroplasticity in patients with SCI.

Objective To identify the normal range, distribution, and age-dependent differences in the cephalic index (CI) of Korean children with normal brain development and develop a classification of the current CI for Korean children up to 7 years of age. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 1,389 children who visited our hospital in the emergency room between October 2015 and September 2020 because of suspected head injuries. Finally, 1,248 children (741 male and 507 female) were enrolled after excluding abnormal medical or familial history and divided into 10 groups by age. The CI was measured using brain computed tomography and calculated according to the following equation: cephalic width/cephalic length×100. Results The averages of CI by age groups were as follows: 89.29 (0?3 months group, n=44); 91.41 (4?6 months group, n=63); 89.68 (7?9 months group, n=62); 87.52 (10?12 months group, n=41); 87.64 (≥2 years group, n=243); 86.63 (≥3 years group, n=178); 85.62 (≥4 years group, n=232); 85.77 (≥5 years group, n=201); 85.15 (≥6 years group, n=75); and 85.34 (≥7 years group, n=109). The CI of Korean children in normal brain development was confirmed to be large, showing a notable difference compared to that of Caucasians. Conclusion The current CI of Korean children will provide a valuable reference for diagnosing and treating cranial deformities, especially dolichocephaly and brachycephaly as well as to monitor the morphology of the cranium in clinics.

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of virtual reality-based activities of daily living (ADL) training on ADL and rehabilitative motivation in patients with traumatic brain injury. Methods : This study was performed using a pre-post design with seven traumatically brain injured patients. Subjects were subjected to virtual reality-based ADL training for 30 minutes a day, 2 to 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Evaluation was conducted before and after the intervention using the Korean Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI), Cognitive Functional Independence Measure (C-FIM), and Volitional Questionnaire (VQ). Changes before and after intervention were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and correlations were analyzed using Spearman’s coefficient. Results : After intervention, patients with traumatic brain injury showed significant improvements in K-MBI (p<.05). There was no significant change in total C-FIM score and VQ score (p>.05). Total C-FIM score correlated significantly with VQ score (p<.05, r=.755). The social cognition domain of C-FIM had a significant correlation with VQ score (p<.05, r=826). Conclusions : Virtual reality-based ADL training can improve ADL performance, but further research is needed to determine whether improvements in social cognition and rehabilitative motivation are possible.

Objective To describe inpatient course and length of hospital stay (LOS) for people who sustain brain disorders nationwide. Method We interviewed 1,903 randomly selected community-dwelling patients registered as ‘disabled by brain disorders’ in 28 regions of South Korea. Results Seventy-seven percent were initially admitted to a Western medicine hospital, and 18% were admitted to a traditional Oriental medicine hospital. Forty-three percent were admitted to two or more hospitals. Mean LOS was 192 days. Most patients stayed in one hospital for more than 4 weeks. The transfer rate to other hospitals was 30-40%. Repeated admissions and increased LOS were related to younger onset age, higher education, non-family caregiver employment, smaller families, and more severe disability. Conclusion Korean patients with brain disorders showed significantly prolonged LOS and repeated admissions. Factors increasing burden of care influenced LOS significantly.

Event-related potential (ERP) has been widely utilized to detect cognitive behaviors. Recently, second language (L2) processing has been proven to detect brain responses similar to native (L1) from language-related ERP components such as N400/P600. In this study, we aim to detect syntactic violations from individual differences based on ERP components. To this end, we conduct experiments to discriminate detected ERP components using machine learning by proficiency levels. We recorded EEG signals from 22 participants, German L2 as Korean, while reading sentences, some of which included syntactically anomalous sentences. After data preprocessing, we evaluate the individual differences in discriminating the syntactic violation: ERP component analysis, classifying syntactic violations and comparing proficiency levels. As a result, we confirm the detection of the P600 component from advanced learners but not beginners. Performance evaluation shows that the Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) based on a subject-independent approach has the highest accuracy of 68.85% for beginners and 69.99% for advanced learners, respectively. Additionally, we also achieve the best accuracy of 76.66% using the LSTM regarding the proficiency levels. In conclusion, we confirm that L2 learners are more similar to natives as their proficiency levels increase. Furthermore, we will closely investigate the brain responses between L1 and L2 to determine whether achieving the same brain response as a native when language comprehension is possible.

Electroencephalogram (EEG) research has gained widespread use in various research domains due to its valuable insights into human body movements. In this study, we investigated the optimization of motion discrimination prediction by employing an artificial intelligence deep learning recurrent neural network (gated recurrent unit, GRU) on unique EEG data generated from specific movement types among EEG signals. The experiment involved participants categorized into five difficulty lev-els of postural control, targeting gymnasts in their twenties and college students majoring in physical education (n=10). Machine learning tech-niques were applied to extract brain-motor patterns from the collected EEG data, which consisted of 32 channels. The EEG data underwent spectrum analysis using fast Fourier transform conversion, and the GRU model network was utilized for machine learning on each EEG frequen-cy domain, thereby improving the performance index of the learning operation process. Through the development of the GRU network algo-rithm, the performance index achieved up to a 15.92% improvement com-pared to the accuracy of existing models, resulting in motion recognition accuracy ranging from a minimum of 94.67% to a maximum of 99.15% between actual and predicted values. These optimization outcomes are attributed to the enhanced accuracy and cost function of the GRU net-work algorithm’s hidden layers. By implementing motion identification optimization based on artificial intelligence machine learning results from EEG signals, this study contributes to the emerging field of exercise re-habilitation, presenting an innovative paradigm that reveals the inter-connectedness between the brain and the science of exercise.

본 연구는 선진국에서 앞장서서 선포하고 있는 세계적인 추세인 뇌발달에 대한 관심을 바탕으로 한다. 특 히 뇌발달의 기초가 되는 영아기 뇌발달에 대한 애착기반 부모교육의 중요성을 제안하였다. 현대의 부모가 편리하고 개별적으로 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 M-러닝 프로그램을 제안하였다. 뇌의 발달은 영아기에 급속도로 이루어진다. 두미발달의 원칙에 의해 출생 시에 머리와 뇌의 크기는 신체의 다른 어떤 부위보다 성인에 가깝 다. 영아기 뇌의 발달은 전적으로 생물학적 프로그램에 따른 것이 아니고 환경의 영향에 의해 민감하게 작용 한다. 안정된 애착으로 인한 효과적인 우뇌 기능의 발달은 영아가 성장하는 단계에서 최적의 발달을 위한 회 복요인이다. 안정된 애착에 의한 양육경험은 영아의 정서적 표현과 두뇌의 신경 화학적 물질에 영향을 주어 사회적, 정서적 행동조절에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 결국 두뇌발달의 유발요인은 안정된 애착형성이라고 할 수 있다.

This study is based on the interest in brain development, a global trend proclaimed in advanced countries. In particular, we proposed the importance of attachment-based parenting education for infants' brain development, which is the basis of brain development. We have proposed a mobile learning program that modern parents can access easily and individually. Brain development is rapid and rapid in infancy. Parenting experience by stable attachment affects the emotional expression of infants and the neurochemicals in the infant's brain, positively affecting social and emotional behavior control. Eventually, the cause of brain development may be called stable attachment formation. Lack of time was the leading cause of adult learners such as parents not attending education. M-learning is useful in addressing these shortages in the development of teaching-learning methods for higher education. Smartphone applications are designed to be self-directed learning, but there is a lack of interaction between learners and learners-teachers. The parent education application is proposed to be developed according to Seels & Richey's ADDIE model.

본 연구는 뇌병변 장애 성인을 대상으로 장애 정도에 따른 보행 및 이동 지원 요구와 보조기기 사용의 차이를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 2023년 장애인 실태조사 자료를 활용하였으며, 총 167,094명을 분석하고 중증군과 경증군으로 분류하였다. 카이제곱 검정 결과, 중증군은 보행 및 이동 지원에 대한 의존도가 유의하게 높았으며, 휠체어, 전동 휠체어, 하지 보조기기의 사용률 또한 더 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 장애 정도가 높을 수록 보조기기 필요성이 증가하며, 기능적 의존성이 경직과 불수의 운동과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 시사한다. 본 연구를 통해 개인의 기능 상태에 기반한 맞춤형 재활 전략과 보조기기 제공의 필요성이 확인되었다.

This study aimed to examine differences in mobility support needs and assistive device use according to disability severity among adults with brain lesion-related impairments. Using data from the 2023 National Survey on Persons with Disabilities in Korea, 167,094 individuals were included and classified into severe and mild groups. Chi-square test revealed that those in the severe group showed significantly higher reliance on walking and mobility assistance, as well as greater use of wheelchairs, electric wheelchairs, and lower limb orthoses. These findings indicate that assistive device needs increase with severity, and that functional dependence is strongly associated with spasticity and involuntary movement. Results support the need for individualized rehabilitation strategies and device provision based on functional status.

본 연구는 뇌기반교육에 기초한 신체활동 프로그램이 유아의 학습관련 사회적 기술에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 경기도 S시에 소재한 A유치원과 H유치원의 만 5세 유아 49명(실험집단: 24명, 비교집단: 25명)이다. 연구절차는 11주간 총 24차시에 걸쳐 실험이 진행되었으며, 실험집단은 뇌기반 유아신체활동 프로그램을 실시하였고, 비교집단에는유치원 교육과정 운영에 따른 일반적인 신체활동을 실시하였다. 검사도구는 곽아정(2006)의 한국판 학습관련 사회적 기술 측정도구(K-LRSS)를 사용하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 19.0 프로그램을 이용하여 공변량분석(ANCOVA)을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 실험집단과 비교집단 유아 간에 학습관련 사회적 기술의 4가지 하위영역인 숙달, 자기주장, 자기조절, 순응에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 뇌기반교육에 기초한 유아신체활동이 유아의 학습관련사회적 기술 향상에 도움이 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

The purposes of this study were to develop the young children physical activity program on the basis of brain-based education on learning-Related social skills. A total of 49 5-year-old children at A and H kindergartens in Gyeonggi-Do(24 children in the experimental group, and 25 children in the comparative group) was selected. 24 lessons of the preschooler’s physical activity program were applied to the experimental group, and a general physical activities were applied to the comparative group for 11 weeks. Kwak, A-Jung(2006)’s Korean version of K-LRSS was used for the effects of the program on young children learning-related social skills. Data were analyzed by utilizing SPSS WIN 19. 0 Program for running ANCOVA to figure out the differences between the experimental group and the comparative group. The main results of the research on the effects of the program on preschooler’s learning-related social skills. There were significant differences between the experimental group and the comparative group in four sub-areas of the young children learning-related social skills, proficiency, self-regulation, selfassertiveness, and adaptation. This program had influences on their learning-related social skills.

Purpose: This study aimed to development and test the effects of patient safety/infection control simulation program based on a brain-based learning framework for nursing students. Methods: This pilot study used a one group pre-post test design. The study was conducted in one university in Korea. Participants were recruited using a convenience sample. Fifteen nursing students participated in this study. Results: The levels of perception of importance of patient safety management (Z=3.41, p=.001), confidence on patient safety (Z=3.30, p=.001), attitude toward personal protective equipment (Z=3.10, p=.002), and efficacy of personal protective equipment (Z=3.35, p=.001) were significantly increased. Conclusion: The application of brain-based learning framework in nursing simulation could be an effective education for nursing students.

특질 충동성은 아동·청소년기의 주의력 결핍, 품행장애, 물질사용 등과 같은 문제를 설명하는 심리적 구성개념으로 알려져 있다. 뇌 영상 기법을 활용하여 청소년기 충동적 행동과 관련된 뇌 구조와 기능에 대한 신경과학적 상관물이 밝혀져 왔으나, 자기보고식 척도를 통해 측정되는 특질 충동성이 어떤 신경생물학적 기반을 반영하는지 알려진 바가 적다. 본 연구에서는 63명의 청소년을 대상으로 다차원적 충동성 척도(UPPS-P)와 휴지기 자기공명영상(resting state fMRI) 자료가 수집되었다. 정준상관분석을 사용하여 각 요인별 문항 반응이 충동성 뇌 연결망과 어떤 다변량적 관계를 맺는지 탐색했다. 분석 결과, 부정 긴급성, 감각추구, 긍정 긴급성 요인 별로 뇌 연결성과의 정준상관이 유의미했다. 특히, UPPS-P의 응답 패턴은 뉴로신스의 메타분석에 기반하여 정의된 충동성-관련 뇌 연결성과 관련이 있었던 반면, 충동성-관련 영역이 아닌 뇌 연결성에서는 이러한 정준상관이 관찰되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 UPPS-P의 특정 문항 조합은 충동성-관련 뇌 연결성의 조합에 기반하고 있음을 나타내며, 자기보고 방법으로 측정되는 특질 충동성 척도의 일부 문항이 청소년의 뇌 기능 개인차를 반영하는 도구임을 시사한다.

Trait impulsivity is known as a psychological construct that explains behavioral problems, including lack of attention, personality disorders, and substance use disorders in children and adolescents. While neurobiological mechanisms of adolescents’ impulsivity measured with behavioral lab tasks have been revealed using functional brain imaging techniques, little has been known whether trait impulsivity measured with self-reporting scales reflects a relevant neurobiological entity. In this study, multi-dimensional trait impulsivity scale (UPPS-P) and resting-state fMRI were acquired from 63 typically developing adolescents. We used a canonical correlation analysis (CCA) to examine whether trait impulsivity reflects the brain connectivities of impulsivity network by targeting the brain regions with the Neurosynth meta-analysis system. We found that the linear combination of UPPS-P item-level responses was associated with the linear combination of impulsivity-relevant brain connectivities in the factor items of negative urgency, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. On the contrary, the brain connectivities that were not based on the meta-analysis of impulsivity did not show a meaningful canonical correlation. These results suggest that specific questionnaires that compose the trait impulsivity scale are reflective of individual differences of adolescents’ neural circuitry of impulsiveness.

Objective: To investigate the effect of driving-simulator based training for the persons with brain injury. Method: Twenty-seven brain injury patients and 19 healthy volunteers were included in this study. Driving simulator program was composed of an aptitude test (which have 4 items) and simulated road driving. The brain injury patients had 4 sessions of driving simulator training with assessment performed during the first and the last session. Healthy volunteers underwent only one driving simulator session for assessment. To evaluate subjective satisfaction in terms of training effect and the sense for the real, a survey was administered after the training. Results: In brain injury patients, there were significant improvements in both aptitude test and simulated road driving test after training (p＜0.01). There were no significant differences between the scores of patients taken at the last session and the scores of healthy volunteers, while the scores of patients taken at the first session were significantly lower than those of healthy volunteers. The patients group reported positively in terms of training effect (81.5%) and the sense for the real (62.9%). Conclusion: A driving-simulator based training was effective for brain injury patients to regain driving skill.

본 연구는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 노인의 인지기능 및 뇌파 고유리듬과 두뇌 영역별 상호작용에 미치 는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 이를위해 ㅇ시 ㅇ구에 소재 노인복지관을 이용하는 65세 이상 노인을 대상으로 실험집단 18명 통제집단 17명에 대하여 분석하였다. 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램 효과 검정을 위하여 MMSE-DS 질문지와 8채널 뇌파검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과, MMSE-DS는 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 평균값이 유의미하게 높아졌고, 통제집단은 유의미하게 낮아졌다. 뇌파 고유리듬(PF)은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단이 Fp1, Fp2영역에서 유의미한 증가를 보였다. 집단 간에는 Fp2, P3영역에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 두뇌 영역별 상호상관관계 맵핑은 사전에 비해 사후에 실험집단은 F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, P3-P4간 상호 상관성이 높아졌으며, 통제집단은 Fp1-Fp2간 상관성이 낮아졌다. 이상 결과는 뇌기반 소근육 협응운동프로그램이 좌·우뇌 협응력과 말초신경의 감각영 역을 자극 생리적 노화의 억제와 치매예방 및 지연에 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

This study aims to investigate the effect of brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program on the cognitive function, brainwave intrinsic rhythm, and brain regions of the elderly. For this purpose, analysis was performed for the results of tests conducted on 18 seniors in the experimental group and 17 seniors in the control group aged 65 years or older who used senior welfare centers located in ㅇ-gu, ㅇ-si of Korea. In order to test the effectiveness of the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program during this research, the MMSE-DS questionnaire was used for the subjects and the 8-channel electroencephalogram test was performed. As a result of the test, the mean value of the MMSE-DS after running the program was significantly higher in the experimental group and significantly lower in the control group compared to the average value before running the program. For the brain wave intrinsic rhythm (PF), the experimental group after running the program showed a significant increase in the Fp1 and Fp2 regions compared to that before running the program. For the inter-correlation mapping for each brain region, the experimental group showed higher inter-correlation between F3-F4, F4-T3, F3-T4, T3-P4, T4-P3, and P3-P4, and the control group showed lower inter-correlation, when comparing before and after the program. Looking at the above results, it is considered that the brain-based small muscle coordination exercise program can help suppress physiological aging and prevent and delay dementia by encouraging left and right brain coordination and stimulating the sensory areas of the peripheral nerves.

최근 딥러닝 기반의 모델이 발전하며, 모델은 점점 커지고 데이터획득의 중요성이 높아지고 있다. 또한, 생성형 모델의 발전으로 많은 생성형 데이터들의 성능이 향상되고 SORA, ChatGPT와 같은 어플리케이션이 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 데이터의 수가 비교적 많이 적은 의료 영상의 경우 커지는 모델을 감당하기 힘들어졌다. 본 논문은 데이터의 획득이 어려운 Brain Tumor MRI 데이터셋을 이용해 딥러닝 기반의 Tumor 분류를 수행했고, 데이터의 양이 많이 필요한 큰 모델에서의 성능 향상을 위해 부족한 데이터를 최근 화제가 되고 있는 Latent Diffusion 모델을 사용해 기존 데이터의 수보다 대략 14.2배의 데이터를 생성했다. 기존의 학 습 데이터보다 14.2배의 많은 데이터로 학습을 한 Brain Tumor분류 모델은 대략 4.9%의 성 능향상을 보였고, 99.6%의 정확도를 보였다.

본 연구의 목적은 뇌기반 인성교육프로그램이 초등학교 저학년 학생의 자아존중감과 또래관계에 미치는 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 먼저 뇌기반 인성교육프로그램에 대해 검토하고, 뇌기반 인성교육과 자아존중감 및 또래관계에 관련된 선행연구를 살펴본 후에 이를 기반으로 가설을 설정하고 연구에 착수하였다. 본 연구는 대전광역시 서구에 소재한 N초등학교 2학년 3반 25명을 대상으로 15회기에 걸친 뇌기반 인성교육프로그램을 처치하였다. 연구에 사용된 검사도구는 최보가와 전귀연(1993)이 연구 개발한 자아존중감 검사와 홍옥순(1984)이 연구 개발한 또래관계 검사이며, 연구 결과를 알아보기 위해서 SPSSWIN(version 12.0) 통계 프로그램을 활용하여 평균과 표준 편차를 산출하고 t-검증을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과 및 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 뇌기반 인성교육프로그램은 초등학교 저학년 학생의 자아존중감 향상에 효과적이다. 둘째, 뇌기반 인성교육프로그램은 초등학교 저학년 학생의 또래관계 개선에 효과적이다.

The purpose of this study is to provide brain-based personality education program for lower grade elementary school children to measure effects of such program on their self-esteem and peer relationships. To meet the above purposes, this study set the following hypotheses based on relevant literatures and prior studies: First(h1), the brain-based personality education program has significant effects on self-esteem of lower grade elementary school children. Secondly(h2), the brain-based personality education program has significant effects on peer relationships of lower grade elementary school children. In order to verify the above two hypotheses, this study took total 25 children (2nd grade) attending at N Elementary School in Seo-gu district, Daejeon metropolitan city, and they were asked to join the proposed program here of for experiment. The brain-based personality program used in this study was based on principles of brain respiration method (Seung-heun Lee, 2002) focusing on the aspects of personality education. In addition, this study used the following testing tools are self-esteem test was redesigned from an adapted version (Bo-ga Choi & Gui-yeon Jeon, 1993) and peer relationship test was adopted as a modified and complemented version of a reference tool (Ok-sun Hong, 1984). Then, this study used SPSS WIN (Ver 12.0), a statistic program, so as to process and analyze measurement data in statistical ways.Summing up, it is concluded that the brain-based personality education program is effective in improving self-esteem and peer relationships of lower grade elementary school children.

이 연구의 목적은 뇌 기반 평가 도구로서 체력 포트폴리오의 적용 가능성을 탐색하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 첫째, 뇌 기반 평가의 방향은 무엇인가?” 둘째, 뇌 기반 평가의 대안은 무엇인가?” 셋 째, 체력 포트폴리오의 뇌 기반 평가 도구로서의 적용 가능성은 어떠한가?” 등을 탐색하는 문헌연구 방법을 실시하였다. 뇌 기반 평가의 방향으로서 1) 무엇을 아는가? 2) 어떻게 느끼고 있는가? 3) 배 운 내용을 실생활에 어떻게 적용하는가? 4) 얻은 성과를 어떻게 처리하는가? 5) 배운 내용을 응용하 는가? 등에 대해 논의하였다. 다음으로 뇌 기반 평가의 대안으로서 뇌 기반 평가와 맥을 같이하는 수행평가를 선정하였고, 수행평가의 대표적 기법인 포트폴리오 중에서 체육교육에서 사용될 수 있 는 체력 포트폴리오를 활용의 대안으로 제시하였다. 뇌기반 평가의 대안으로 그 적용 가능성은 첫 째, “무엇을 알고 있나?”를 평가하기 위하여 체력 포트폴리오는 자신의 강함과 약함 그리고 필요에 따라 선택할 수 있었다. 둘째, “어떻게 느끼는가?”를 평가하기 위하여 건강일지(근지구력) 체력 포트 폴리오에서 사회적 정서적인 면을 보여 주고 자신의 도전적인 각오까지도 공유할 수 있는 점을 제 안하였다. 셋째, “실생활에 어떻게 적용할 것인가?”를 평가하기 위하여 나의 노력 질문지 포트폴리 오 증거자료를 활용하여 실생활에 적용하고 있는 방식으로 평가할 수 있었다. 넷째, “결과를 어떻게 처리하는가?”를 평가하기 위하여 근지구력 장기목표 체력 포트폴리오 증거자료에서 자신의 기록을 보고 장기 목표와 자기반성으로 활용할 수 있는 점을 강조하였다. 다섯째, “어떻게 배운 내용을 응 용하는가?”를 평가하기 위하여 자기향상 점검 체력 포트폴리오(근지구력-변형턱걸이)가 자기 수준에 맞게 스스로 계획하고, 실행하며 교사와의 상호작용의 가능성을 이해하게 되었다.

The purpose of the study was to investigate a possible application of fitness portfolio as a brain-based assessment tool. For this, we setup the following research questions as first, “what is the direction of brain-based assessment?” Second, “what is an alternative of brain-based assessment?” Third, “what about possible application of fitness portfolio as a brain-based assessment tool?” As results, first, we discussed 1) what does it know? 2) how does it feel“ 3) can the learned contents be applicable to everyday life? 4) how does it treat the obtained achievements? 5) can it apply the learned contents? as the directions of brain-based assessment. As an alternative of brain-based assessment, we suggested use of fitness portfolio used in physical assessment which is one of representative portfolios in performance assessment among brain-based assessment. Finally, as application possibility, first, to assess ”what does it know?“ we found that fitness portfolio can select students’ strength and weakness. Second, to assessment, ”how does it feel?“ we emphasize that health-diary fitness portfolio shows social and mental aspects as well as students’ challengeable thoughts. Third, to assess ”how can it be applied in daily life?“ pattern used in everyday life using ‘my effort questionnaire portfolio’ evidence could be used. Fourth, to eassess ”how does it treat the result?“ it was emphasized that long-term goal fitness portfolio can be used as long-term goal and self-introspection seeing its own record. Fifth, to assess ”how can the learned contents be applied?“ we proposed self-improvement assessment fitness portfolio, in which students can make a plan and perform based on its level, and can interact with teachers, as the application possibility.