Earticle

본 연구는 6~8세기 중국에서 다량의 복제상이 존재했던 아육왕상을 통해 ‘중국 중세기 불상의 복제와 그 변주’ 양상을 탐구했다. 현존하는 실물과 문자 기록을 통해 아육왕상의 표준형식을추정하고, 표준형식의 유포에 道宣 등 불교계 리더가 쓴 圖讚類 텍스트가 중요한 역할을 했음을고찰했다. 표준형식의 정립은 ‘장간사 아육왕상’이라는 本像이 있었기에 가능했다. 문헌과 실물분석을 통해 추정한 아육왕상의 표준형식은 다음과 같다. 즉, 수염이 없는 단정한 像容에 대장부처럼 당당한 신체를 가졌으며, U자형 옷주름을 가진 인도식의 통견 대의를 입고, 두 손은 앞으로 올려 오른손은 시무외인을, 그리고 왼손은 옷자락을 잡은 형태이다. 그러므로 성도 아육왕상에 보이는콧수염 등의 예외는 표준형의 변주라 할 수 있다. 돈황 막고굴 제323굴에 묘사된 장간사 아육왕상은 표준형식과 달리 편단우견 대의를 입고 왼손을 아래로 내려뜨리고 있다. 이형 아육왕상의 출현은 323굴의 상이 중앙이 아닌 돈황 등지에서찬술된 텍스트에 근거해 묘사되었음을 의미한다. 당 왕조는 중앙집권적 정치시스템과 연동해 불교문화의 통일성을 달성하려 했지만, 돈황에는 중앙과는 다른 지역문화의 전통이 강건히 유지되고 있었던 것이다.

This study examines the aspect of the 'replication and variation of Buddha statues in medieval China' by focusing on the Asokan statues, which had a large number of replicas in China from the 6th to the 8th century. It aims to identify the standard form of the statues through extant artifacts and textual records, and considers the role of illustrated texts written by Buddhist leaders such as Daoxuan(道宣) in disseminating the standard form. The establishment of the standard form was made possible by the existence of the original image in Chang'gansi(長干寺) Temple. The standard form of the Asokan statues, which was estimated through analysis of written records and artifacts, is as follows: He had a beardless face, a sturdy and imposing body, and was dressed in an Indian-style robe that covered both shoulders, with a U-shaped fold. His two hands were raised in front of him, with his right hand presenting the Abhaya mudra and his left hand holding the hem of the robe. Therefore, exceptions such as the mustache seen on the images excavated in Chengdu(成都) are variations of the standard form. Asokan statues, depicted in Cave 323 of the Mogao Grottes in Dunhuang, is wearing a robe with the right shoulder exposed and left hand down, which differs from the standard form. The appearance of this variant suggests that the statues in Cave 323 were based on texts from the Dunhuang and elsewhere, rather than from a centralized source. While the Tang dynasty attempted to achieve Buddhist cultural unity through a centralized political system, local cultural traditions that differed from the center were strongly maintained in Dunhuang.

Alterations in <i>PIEZO2</i> can result in distal arthrogryposis, which is characterized by non-progressive contracture in two or more areas of the body prior to birth. Here, we present a 29-year-old man born with multiple joint contractures and cleft palate. He showed short stature, low-set ears, macrotia, hearing impairment, micrognathia, a triangular face, blepharophimosis, deep-set eyes, high arched eyebrows, decreased facial expressions, retrognathia, arachnodactyly, absent phalangeal crease, shortening of the first and fifth toes, short stature, pectus excavatum, epicanthus, bilateral ptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. He also complained of dyspnea and severe kyphoscoliosis. Pulmonary function tests showed a severe restrictive pattern. An electrodiagnostic study did not reveal any neurogenic or myogenic features. Next-generation sequencing revealed a novel de novo heterozygous pathogenic variant in <i>PIEZO2</i> (c.7251G>T; p.Trp2417Cys). Our study is the first report of a pathogenic variant in <i>PIEZO2</i> in a Korean patient with distal arthrogryposis.

The bibrachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is characterized by rapidly progressive and predominantweakness of both upper extremities with hyporeflexia or areflexia. Because the bibracial variantis rare, the pathomechanism and disease course has not been clarified. We report a 42-year-old man withrapidly progressive weakness of both arms. His electrophysiological study showed partial conductionblocks of motor nerves normalized without development of excessive temporal dispersion within 3 weeks. This case suggests that the main pathophysiological mechanism is reversible conduction block and it maybe in the continuous spectrum of axonal motor GBS subtype.

We address the issues of difference in latency tolerance with heterogeneous IoT users from ground and aviation space by proposing a collaborative satellite terrestrial EDGE computing network. Based on the variability in latency tolerance we propose three offloading schemes under two distinctive scenarios. Optimization in resource sharing while offloading is carried out by adopting DDPG-based actor-critic framework which is suggested as a suitable algorithm by recent studies. We validated the schemes evaluating four performance parameters. Results showed that schemes that tolerate delays between 0.25 to 2.00 s outperformed other schemes in terms of reward, delay and energy consumption.

Acute multiple cranial neuropathies are considered as variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, which are immune-mediated diseases triggered by various cases. It is a rare disease which is related to infectious, inflammatory or systemic diseases. According to previous case reports, those affected can exhibit almost bilateral facial nerve palsy, then followed by bulbar dysfunctions (cranial nerves IX and X) accompanied by limb weakness and walking difficulties due to motor and/or sensory dysfunctions. Furthermore, reported cases of the acute multiple cranial neuropathies show electrophysiological abnormalities compatible with the typical Guillain-Barre syndromes (GBS). We recently experienced a patient with a benign infectious disease who subsequently developed symptoms of variant GBS. Here, we describe the case of a 48-year-old male patient who developed multiple symptoms of cranial neuropathy without limb weakness. His laboratory findings showed a positive result for anti-GQ1b IgG antibody. As compared with previously described variants of GBS, the patient exhibited widespread cranial neuropathy, which included neuropathies of cranial nerves III-XII, without limb involvement or ataxia.

Ullrich congenital muscular dystrophy (UCMD) is characterized by congenital weakness, proximal joint contractures, and hyperlaxity of distal joints. UCMD is basically due to a defect in extra cellular matrix protein, collagen type VI. A 37-year-old woman who cannot walk independently visited our outpatient clinic. She had orthopedic deformities (scoliosis, joint contractures, and distal joint hyperlaxity), difficulty of respiration, and many skin keloids. Her hip computed tomography showed diffuse fatty infiltration and the ‘central shadow’ sign in thigh muscles. From the clinical information suggesting collagen type VI related muscle disorder, UCMD was highly considered. COL6A1 gene sequencing confirmed this patient as UCMD with novel c.904G>A (p.Gly302Arg) variant. If musculoskeletal and dermatologic manifestations and radiologic findings imply abnormalities in collagen type VI network, COL6A related congenital muscular dystrophy was to be suspected.

A 24-year-old male developed bulbar palsy, ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, and shoulder weakness bilaterally 2 weeks after he had experienced an upper respiratory infection. The electrodiagnostic study demonstrated axonal polyradiculoneuropathy. The repetitive nerve stimulation study (RNS) showed no significant decrement of the compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs). The videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) showed severe impairment of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. He was diagnosed as having the pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome. The patient’s dysphagia was not improved for 3 months. A follow up RNS showed a signifi cant decrement of the CMAPs. Pyridostigmine bromide was tried to improve the dysphagia. Th e patient showed immediate improvement of his dysphagia on the VFSS after the trial with pyridostigmine bromide. Pyridostigmine bromide was given before each meal for 8 days and he showed continuous improvement of his dysphagia. Th e follow up VFSS after 3 months showed complete recovery of dysphagia.

Kalopanax pictus is a long-lived woody species mostly distributed in East Asia. K. pictus has been regarded as medically and ecologically important species in Korea. Thornless castor aralia variant, local name "Cheongsong" is an endemic to Cheongsong province in Korea. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to investigate the genetic variation and structure of Korean populations of two species. A high level of genetic variation was found in six K. pictus populations. Twelve primers revealed 49 loci, of which 29 were polymorphic (59.2%). Nei's gene diversity for K. pictus and K. pictusvariant were 0.119 and 0.098, respectively. Mean of genetic diversity in K. pictus was higher than average values for species with similar life history traits. The asexual and sexual reproduction, perennial habitat, and longevity are proposed as possible factors contributing to high genetic diversity. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm = 0.857) indicated that gene flow was not extensive among Korean populations of K. pictus. It is suggested that the isolation of geographical distance and reproductive isolation between K. pictus and K. pictus variant populations may have played roles in shaping the population structure of this species.

Sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome is characterized by acute onset, rapidly progressive, and symmetricalsensory deficit without motor weakness. Electrodiagnostic examination is also compatible with apredominant sensory neuropathy. We experienced a rare case of sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndromepresenting similar clinical features of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). This case described a74-year-old female with diabetes mellitus (DM) who presented with paresthesia on both hands and feet. Physical examination showed areflexia, impaired proprioception, sensory loss on both hands and feet, andataxia. Electrodiagnostic examination revealed axonal type sensory neuropathy. In addition, cerebrospinalfluid study showed protein elevation. She received intravenous immunoglobulin therapy as a treatment ofsensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome and symptoms improved dramatically thereafter. The possibilityof sensory variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome should be considered as the differential diagnosis ofDPN if DM patient has ataxia, areflexia, impaired proprioception and prompt immunoglobulin therapyshould also be considered.

A five-year old boy visited electrodiagnostic clinic presenting Gower’s sign. There were weakness of both lower extremities and absent muscle stretch reflexes in the lower extremities. On initial electrodiagnostic test, the sensory nerve conduction study revealed low amplitude in the median and ulnar nerves in spite of normal amplitude in sural nerve. Initial diagnosis was acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy. There was albuminocytologic dissociation in the cerebrospinal fluid study and enhancement at the ventral nerve roots below T8, 9 level in the spine magnetic resonance imaging. The follow-up electrodiagnostic study presented a demyelinating criteria: delayed conduction velocity and distal latency. We pointed out a need of follow-up study for the diagnosis of Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) subtypes. GBS subtypes can be diagnosed by motor or sensory conduction criteria even though there has been argument. We report this case with review of the literatures.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the clinical characteristics and risk factors on the occurrence of variant angina, and to examine the predicting factors on the vascular endothelial dysfunction of the patients with variant angina. Methods: A total of 134 patients diagnosed with variant angina were recruited from 2006 to 2008. The degrees of endothelial dysfunction were measured and recorded by the researcher using the values of flow-mediated vasodilation of their brachial arteries and Nitroglycerine-mediated dilation. Subjects' demographic data and risk factors were gathered after obtaining informed consent, and their electronic medical records were reviewed to collect laboratory data. Results: The mean age was 54.2 ± 9.6 years and 52% was male patients. More than 50% of the male patients were cigarette smokers and had hypercholesterolemia. 84% of the male patients and 70% of the female patients had more than one risk factor of cardiovascular disease. A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that smoking and hypercholesterolemia predicted the decrease of flow-mediated vasodilation (Adjusted R2 = .204, p < .001). Conclusion: Tailored educational interventions for smoking cessation and cholesterol management are needed to prevent recurrence of angina attack for patients with variant angina and to prevent cardiovascular disease for middle-aged workers.

이 논문은 石泉申綽(1760-1828)이 『詩經異文』에서 어떠한 양상으로 『詩經』의 異文과 異辭를 考證하였는지를 ｢周南｣과 ｢召南｣의 ‘綽按’ 내용을 중심으로 고찰한 것이다. 『시경이문』은 『시차고』의 저술 과정에서 주나라와 진나라 때부터 당나 라에 이르기까지 『시경』과 관련한 여러 문헌을 조사하여 『시경』의 자구 와 차이가 있는 異文과 異辭를 조사하고 채집하여 3권으로 편찬한 것이다. 이 과정에서 조사한 異文과 異辭의 유형을 字形에 관점에서 古今, 假 借, 隷變, 形轉, 俗冩로 분류하고, 字音의 관점에서 音轉과 方音으로 분류 하며, 字義의 관점에서 義轉, 涉誤, 師讀의 10가지로 분류하였다. 이어서 ｢卷耳｣를 대상으로 실제 異文과 異辭를 어떠한 방식으로 고증하였는지를 분석하여 개괄하였으며, 마지막으로 본문 가운데에 자신의 의견을 개진한 ‘綽按’ 326곳 가운데 ｢周南｣의 14곳과 ｢召南｣의 8곳의 내용을 정리하여 그 고증 내용을 구체적으로 살펴보았다. 이러한 논의로 볼 때, 『시경이문』에서 신작이 진행한 고증 양상은 다음 과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째 실제 문헌을 참고하고 확인을 통하여 異文 과 異辭를 고증하였다. 둘째 고증의 양상은 字形의 異文여부뿐만 아니라 字音과 字義, 구절이나 異辭등 다양하게 고증 작업을 진행하였다. 셋째 문헌에서 인용한 내용에 의심이 있거나 문헌의 내용이 잘못되었다고 판단된 경우에는 ‘綽按’을 두어 자신만의 의견을 개진하여 새로운 결론을 도 출하거나 오류가 있을 경우에는 이를 수정하고자 하였다. 그리고 이러한 연구 태도는 현대 학문의 연구 방법에도 시사하는 바가 매우 크므로 그의 학문적 성과는 반드시 재조명해 볼 필요가 있다고 하겠다.

This paper examines how SeokCheon(石泉) ShinJak(申綽, 1760-1828) performed textual criticism(考證) on variant characters(異文) and variant phrases(異辭) in the ShiGyeong(詩經), focusing on the “Jak-An(綽按)” content within the “Ju Nam(周 南)” and “So Nam(召南)” sections of his work, ShiGyeong-Yimun(詩經異文). ShiGyeong-Yimun was compiled in three volumes during the process of writing Shi-chaGo(詩次故). It involved surveying various literary sources related to ShiGyeong from the Zhou(周) and Qin(秦) dynasties to the Tang(唐) dynasty, collecting variant characters and variant phrases that differed from the original ShiGyeong text. These identified variant readings and phrases were categorized into ten types. Five types were based on character form(字形): ancient and modern characters(古今), phonetic loan characters(假借), clerical script evolution characters (隷變), characters with graphic change(形轉), and common writing characters(俗 冩). Two types were based on character sound(字音): phonetic shift characters(音 轉) and regional pronunciation characters(方音). The remaining three types were based on character meaning(字義): semantic shift characters(義轉), variant readings due to misinterpretation(涉誤), and traditional reading characters(師讀). The paper further analyzes how ShinJak actually carried out textual criticism on variant characters and variant phrases using “Gwoni(卷耳)” as an example. He extensively collected variant characters and variant phrases from various documents, conducting diverse verification processes. This included assessing whether character forms were variants, examining the pronunciation and reading of characters, analyzing similarities and differences in character sounds and meanings, and investigating the patterns of both standard and variant phrases. When necessary, he included “Jak-An” to present his own opinions. A total of 326 instances of “Jak-An” were identified within the main text, indicating places where ShinJak presented his opinions. Among these, 14 from “Ju Nam” and 8 from “So Nam” were specifically organized for a detailed examination of their textual criticism content. Based on this discussion, the textual criticism methodology employed by ShinJak in ShiGyeong-Yimun can be summarized as follows: First, he performed textual criticism on variant characters and variant phrases by referencing and verifying actual literary sources. Second, his textual criticism was comprehensive, covering not only character form variants but also character sound, character meaning, and the analysis of phrases and their variants. Third, when he doubted the content cited from a source or judged it to be incorrect, he included a “Jak-An” to express his own opinion, aiming to derive new conclusions or correct errors. This scholarly approach holds significant implications for modern academic research methods, underscoring the need to re-evaluate his academic achievements.

A decrease in coronary blood flow leads to an imbalance between the supply of oxygen to the myocardium and its demand, and reversible or irreversible damage to the myocardium could occur depending on the severity of the resultant ischemia and the duration of the imbalance. This imbalance results in a cascade of ischemic reactions in the following order: metabolic abnormalities, diastolic dysfunction, systolic dysfunction, and electrocardiogram changes. Variant angina is caused by the closure of the coronary artery due to reversible coronary artery spasm, resulting in myocardial ischemia and subsequent chest pain as a clinical symptom. Variant angina may be observed as ST segment elevation in electrocardiogram measured when present in chest pain. However, 12-lead electrocardiogram performed after the patient's chest pain resolves does not help in the diagnosis. Since the duration of chest pain appears to be <15 minutes, it is important to perform the 12-lead electrocardiogram when clinical symptoms are present. If nitroglycerin is administered without performing 12-lead electrocardiogram by 119 pre-hospital paramedics, the chest pain would be resolved, making it impossible to identify changes in the ST segment. Before administration of nitroglycerin, changes in the ST segment must be recorded by performing 12-lead electrocardiogram.

本稿는 類型이라는 관점에서 異體字의 特徵을 考察한 것이다. 資料는 17∼19世紀에 成立된 『庭訓往來』3개 異本을 使用하였다. 周知하는 바와 같이 『庭訓往來』는 初等敎育機關 `데라코야(寺子屋)` 의 學習書로, 당시 習字 敎育이 중시된 것으로부터, 여기에 나타나는 漢字는 일종의 `敎育用漢字` 로 보는 것이 可能하다. 本文에 나타난 異體字를 類型 分類한 結果, 먼저 運筆 ·筆勢 등과 관련이 있는 것이 95.5% 나타났다. 여기서 表意文字 漢字를 커뮤니케이션의 手段으로 活用한, 예를 들면 意符 등의 交換 ·追加 같은 경우는 극히 적음을 알 수 있다. 다음으로 나타나는 異體字의 74% 정도를 차지하는 形聲字 異體字의 경우, 77.4%가 音符 부분에서 變化가 일어났다. 이는 異體字가 발생하여도 表意文字 漢字의 基本인 意符는 變化가 적다는 意味로, 즉 異體字는 漢字의 基本的 意味를 나타내는 意符를 保存하면서 意味 傳達에는 直接 관계가 없는 音符의 變化 등을 통해 이루어지는 것임을 알 수 있다.

本考は松ケ岡文庫藏『無門關抄』(以下, 本書)に見える漢字の異體字についての小考である. 日本語學界の今までの抄物の硏究吏をみると一他分野に比べ歷史は淺いものの一語法·語彙·音韻などがその主流として行なわれている. それは今までの學界の硏究の主流とほぼ同じ傾向でもある. 本考では, いわゆる文字, なかでも正字(ここでは「康熙字典體」を基準にする)に對する異體字というものの實態調査という立場から硏究を進めることにする. 表意文字の漢字はその使い手によって文字の自由な變形が可能である. つまり表現意圖·效率性·便利性などによって變った漢字體が使われることがありうるのである. 實際に抄物はその內容によって中國の原文と關聯する原漢文, それの說明文的な抄文, それから抄文の一部ともいえる頭註と割註に分けることができる. したがった, 各各はその性格により變った字體が使われる可能性がある. 結果的に本書には26,861字の漢字が延べ字數として現われた. つまり原漢文に3,932字(14.6%), 抄文に22,639字(84.3%), 頭註と割註に290字(1.1%)それぞれ現われた. 抄文に漢字數が多いのは原漢文に對する說明文であるからであろう. なお, 26,861字の延べ字數のうち52.8%の14,180字がその異體字として現われた. また, そのl4,180字は原漢文に1,104字(7.8%), 抄文に12,905字(91.0%), それから頭註と割註に171字(1.2%)それぞれ現われた. つまり, 異體字のほどんどが抄文に集中しているのである. これは原漢文を傳える筆寫者の書寫意識と關係があるだろう. それから各部分の正字に對する異體字の比率は原漢文に28.1%(1,104/3,932), 抄文に57.0%(12,905/22,639), 頭註と割註に59.0%(171/290)である. つまり比率でみると頭註と割註に異體字が多く使われたのである. これはに頭註と割註がほかと比べて相對的に文字が小さいことと關係があるだろう. なお, ほかにも中國の原典との關係, 板本の影響, それから當時の宗敎關係者の筆寫意識を含んだ本書の筆寫者の書寫意識なども考えなければならないだろう. しかし, 本考では異體字が多く現われはじめた傾の文獻, しかも異體字の寶庫と言われる抄物, なかでももっともよく讀まれた『無門關抄』の字體を調査したというところにその意味があると思う. ある程度の決まった正字とその意識が當時あったかもしれないが, 實際に異體字が多く使われたことから, 當時の人の字體に對する實際の意識をうかがい知ることができると思う. また, 今と違って一つの漢字に多くの字體が使われたことから當時の字體に對する意識もうかがい知ることができると思う.

본 연구의 목적은 코로나19에서 고혈압 치료율의 지역 간 변이요인을 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해 생태학적 분석에 적합한 데이터를 2020년 질병관리청 지역건강통계, 각 지자체 코로나19 확진자 현황 자료, 국민건강보험공단, 건강보험심사 평가원의 건강보험통계, 한국사회보장정보원의 복지통계, 한국교통연구원의 교통접근성 지표 자료를 수집하였다. 고혈압 치 료율의 지역 간 변이와 관련 요인을 SPSS Statistics 23을 활용하여 기술통계, 상관분석을 실시하였으며, 지역 간 변이 요인 을 Arc GIS를 이용하여 지리적 가중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과로 지리적 가중회귀모형의 전반적인 설명력은 27.6%였 으며, 지역별로는 23.1%에서 33.4%까지 분포하는 것으로 나타났고, 고혈압 치료율에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 기초생활보장 의료급여 수급자 비율, 당뇨병 치료율, 인구10만 명당 보건기관 수가 높을수록 고혈압 치료율이 높았으며, 코로나19 확진자 수, 코로나19 유행으로 감소된 신체활동 비율, 코로나19 유행으로 감소된 음주 비율이 낮을수록 고혈압 치료율이 높은 것으 로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과를 기반으로 코로나19에서 고혈압 치료율의 지역 간 변이요인 분석은 효과적인 고혈압 치료율 관리 사업을 기대할 수 있을 것이며, 더 나아가 지역사회 중심의 건강증진 정책 수립에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze regional variation factors of hypertension treatment rate in COVID-19 based on the analysis results based on ecological methodology. To this end, data suitable for ecological analysis were collected from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's regional health statistics, local government COVID-19 confirmed cases, National Health Insurance Corporation, Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's welfare statistics, and Korea Transport Institute's traffic access index. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were conducted using SPSS Statistics 23 for regional variation and related factors in hypertension treatment rate, and geographical weighted regression analysis was conducted using Arc GIS for regional variation factors. As a result of the study, the overall explanatory power of the calculated geo-weighted regression model was 27.6%, distributed from 23.1% to 33.4% by region. As factors affecting the treatment rate of hypertension, the higher the rate of basic living security medical benefits, diabetes treatment rate, and health institutions per 100,000 population, the higher the rate of hypertension treatment, the lower the number of COVID-19 confirmed patients, the lower the rate of physical activity, and the alcohol consumption. Percentage of alcohol consumption decreased due to COVID-19 pandemic. It was analyzed that the lower the ratio, the higher the treatment rate for hypertension. Based on these results, the analysis of regional variables in the treatment rate of hypertension in COVID-19 can be expected to be effective in managing the treatment rate of hypertension, and furthermore, it is expected to be used to establish community-centered health promotion policies.

This study aims to discuss Toni Morrison’s historical writing of the Black family in view of Culture Variant perspectives. Morrison explores the historical facts that the Black families were vulnerable not only to the oppression and violence of their white owners during slavery but also to the hard lines of social-economical segregation that continued long after the Emancipation Proclamation of 1964. However, Morrison lays out a vision for the restoration of traditional family values, such as cohesion, interrelationship, generational harmony among family members. In The Bluest Eye and Song of Solomon, Morrison represents the Black families who are collapsed, disorganized, and cracked in terms of structure and function. While the Breedloves in The Bluest Eye are a low class family who have not been able to escape from poverty, low status, and racial isolation, the Deads in Song of Solomon are an upper middle class family who have become rich by blindly following whites’ capitalistic ideas and values. Despite having contrastively different reasons, both families are disconnected, ruptured, and inter-isolated in terms of parent-child relationships, or family ties. In this context, Morrison casts a critical eye on Cholly Breedlove’s dangerous freedom and Macon Dead’s patriarchal power. Finally, in Song of Solomon, Morrison shows the restoration of the Deads through Milkman Dead’s travels from a Northern city to Southern cities in the United States. During these travels, Milkman discovers the Deads’ historical-spiritual presence and values. The family information he gains from his travels leads his father to go back to not only the root of the Deads but also to the values of family relationship.