Earticle

목적: 이 연구는 실버세대 남자 유명인에 대한 퍼스널 이미지 평가를 통해 유형을 분류하여 그 특성을 살펴보고, 20대의 실버세대 에 대한 퍼스널 이미지의 선호도 순위를 구체적으로 알아봄으로써 실버세대 남자의 퍼스널 이미지를 이해하고 이미지 메이킹 전략 의 기초자료로 활용하는데 도움을 주고자 한다. 방법: 자극물 대상은 55세에서 65세까지의 남자 유명인 50명을 19개의 형용사 쌍 과 선호도 문항으로 구성한 설문지를 일대일 대인면접 방식으로 실시하였다. 자료 수집은 2019년 3월 18일부터 4월 12일까지 이루 어졌으며 20대를 대상으로 최종 200명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 결과: 첫째, 실버세대 남자 유명인에 대한 퍼스널 이미지에 대 한 계층구조는 지적인 이미지와 따뜻한 이미지로 나타났다. 둘째, 실버세대 남자 유명인의 퍼스널 이미지의 유형은 4개로 구분되었 으며, 인상 좋은 이미지, 사교적인 이미지, 카리스마 있는 이미지, 점잖은 이미지로 명명하였다. 셋째, 20대가 가장 좋아하는 남자 유명인 퍼스널 이미지는 이문세, 가장 싫어하는 이미지는 조형기이며, 퍼스널 이미지 선호에 영향을 미치는 변수는 매력적인, 인상 좋은, 진취적인, 온순한, 따뜻한, 강한, 사교적인, 점잖은, 부드러운, 개성 있는 이미지 순이다. 결론: 이 연구에서 각 유형에 따른 분 석된 특징을 바탕으로 추구하는 퍼스널 이미지를 구현한다면, 개인 또는 이미지 메이킹 기획에 도움을 줄 것이다. 20대의 선호 1위 는 매력적인, 인상 좋은, 사교적인, 부드러운 이미지에서 가장 높은 점수를 받은 반면에 최하위는 매력적이지 않은, 인상 나쁜, 사교 적이지 않은, 개성 없는 이미지에서 가장 높은 점수로 평가한 결과를 필요한 영역에서 20대를 공략하기 위한 전략으로 활용 한다면 효과적일 것이다.

Purpose: This study classifies types of personal image and examines the characteristics of each type through personal image evaluation of South Korean silver generation male celebrities. This study aims to understand the personal image of silver generation male celebrities and to use the gathered information as basic data to develop an image making strategy by assessing personal image preference for silver generation. Methods: Fifty male celebrities, from the ages 55 -65, were selected as the subjects of evaluation. The questionnaire consisted of 19 adjective pairs and preference items. The data was collected from March 18 to April 12, 2019, and the final data, gathered from 200 participants, was used. Results: First, the hierarchical structure of the personal image of silver generation male celebrities is indicated by an intelligent and a warm image. Second, there are four types of personal images of silver generation male celebrities, which are as follows: goodimpression image, sociable image, charismatic image, and quiet image. Third, Moon Se Lee has the most favorable male celebrity personal image among 20-year-olds, and Hyung Gi Cho’s image seems to be the most disliked. Conclusion: Implementing personal images based on the analyzed characteristics of each type will enable one to plan their personal image. The top 20 most favored were ranked highest on the basis of attractiveness and good impression, sociable, and soft images, while the lowest were ranked on the basis of their unattractiveness and bad impression, unsociable, and non-individual images. It would be effective to use this result as a strategy to target 20-year-olds in the necessary areas.

目的: 本研究对个人形象的类型进行了分类，并通过对韩国银一代男性名人的个人形象评估来检查每种类型的 特征。这项研究旨在了解白银一代男性名人的个人形象，并利用收集到的信息作为基本数据，通过评估对白银 一代的个人形象偏爱来制定一种图像制作策略。方法: 选择年龄在55岁至65岁之间的50名男性名人作为评估对 象。问卷由19个形容词对和偏好项组成。数据收集于2019年3月18日至4月12日，使用了从200名参与者中收集 的最终数据。结果: 首先，通过聪明而温暖的形象来表明银一代男性名人的个人形象的层次结构。第二，银一代 男性名人的个人形象有四种类型，分别是: 良好印象形象，社交形象，超凡魅力形象和安静形象。第三，Moon Se Lee拥有20岁男性最喜欢的男性名人个人形象，而Hyung Gi Cho的形象似乎最不受欢迎。结论: 根据每种类 型的分析特征实现个人图像将使人们能够计划其个人图像。20岁最偏好的形象第一位为具有魅力的，善于交际 的和柔和的形象；而无吸引力和不良印象，不善交际和非个人形象排名是最低的。将这一结果用作针对必要地 区的20岁年轻人的策略将会是有效的。

본 연구는 캠핑 참가자들이 인식하는 ‘좋은 캠핑’의 유형구분과 각 유형의 특성을 분석하기 위하여 Q 방법론을 활용하여 ‘좋은 캠핑’의 유형별 특성 요인을 탐색하고자 하였다. 유형분류는 총 15명의 Q 모집단을 대상으로 1:1 면접 조사를 실시하고. 전문가 회의를 거쳐 Q 표본으로 구성하였다. Q 분류는 총 45명의 P 표본을 임의 표집한 뒤 Q 분류 를 실시하였고. 각각의 Q 표본을 코딩하여 QUANL 프로그램을 활용 ‘좋은 캠핑’의 유형과 특성을 분석하였다. 본 연구 에서 규명된 좋은 캠핑의 유형에 대한 결과로 첫째, 동반ㆍ휴식형 유형의 특성은 자연에서 느끼는 편안한 휴식활동과 부담 없이 이를 함께 즐길 수 있는 가족이 아닌 동반자라고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 가족활동형 유형은 가족과 함께하는 다양 한 캠핑 활동과 이를 통한 정신적 휴식의 측면으로 유형의 특성을 규정할 수 있다. 셋째, 자연ㆍ활동형유형의 특성은 주로 자연 속에서의 자유로운 취미활동이라고 규정할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to find out the types and characteristics of ‘good camping’ on the base of camping participant`s recognition with Q-methodology. The subjects were selected 15 Q population and did 1:1 interview on them. With those statements, this study was selected 45 P samples and performs Q sort with them. The Q sort result was analyzed by using QUANL program. The results of this study, First, the characteristics of companyㆍbreak type can be defined with comfort break in nature and the companion except family. Second, family activity type can be defined with the various activities with family. Third, natureㆍactivity can be defined with free hobby activities in nature.

본 연구는 임상간호사의 태움에 대한 인식을 확인하기 위해 Q 방법론을 적용하여, 그 유형을 확인과 유형별 특성을 확인하는 데 목적을 둔 탐색적 연구이다. 총 111개의 Q모집단을 추출하여 최종적으로 38개의 Q 표본을 선정하 였으며, 36명의 임상간호사를 통하여 11점 척도로 자료 수집을 하였다. 수집된 데이터는 PC QUANL 프로그램으로 분석되었다. 임상간호사의 태움에 대한 인식 유형은 3개 요인의 6개 유형으로 도출되었으며, 요인별 상위유형(감내형, 통과의례형, 위계질서형)과 하위유형(텃새형, 안정지향적 개인형, 대인관계 포기형)으로 구분되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 간호업무 환경을 개선시키기 위하여 대인관계 및 의사소통을 향상시키는 직장문화개선 프로그램 개발이 필요하다.

This study is an exploratory study aimed at identifying the type and identifying type-specific characteristics by applying Q methodology to identify the perception of workplace bullying among clinical nurses. Methods: A total of 38 Q samples were selected and data were collected from 36 clinical nurses. Collected data were analyzed by the PC QUANL program. Six types have been identified about the clinical nurse's perception of workplace bullying. Type Ⅰ-1 was “Endurance”, Ⅰ-2 was “Hazing”, Type Ⅱ-1 was “Rite of passage”, Type Ⅱ-2 was “Territorial individual”, Type Ⅲ-1 was “Hierarchical order”, Type Ⅲ-2 was “Interpersonal silent”. These results can be useful in developing improvement programs such as interpersonal relationships and communication. In addition, practical strategies are required to improve the nursing work environment.

본 연구는 Heinonen et al.(2018)의 문헌연구를 확장하여 고객 대 고객 네트워크에서 고객 간의 상호작용 동기와 유형이 어떻게 분류되고 정의 될 수 있는지를 밝힌다. 나아가 두 요인이 고객의 서비스 경험품질을 향상시키기 위해 어떻게 함께 활용될 수 있는지에 대하여 제안한다. 이를 위 해 본 연구에서는 국내 서비스 고객들에 대해 설문 응답을 받고 그 자료에 기반한 탐색적 요인분석과 매개효과 분석을 수행한다. 분석 결과, 동기 요인으로는 상호작용, 존경, 역량 그리고 유형 요인으로는 공동문제 해결, 소속감, 일탈행위 규제가 도출되었고 유형 요인은 고객의 서비스 경험 품질에 주로 부분적 매개효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구 결과는 고객 대 고객 네트워크에 대한 초기 탐색적 연구로서 의미를 가지며, 고객 대 고객 네트워크의 중요성이 강조됨에 따라 향후 관련 연구가 지속적으로 수행되길 기대한다.

This study extends the Heinonen et al.(2018) to reveal how drivers and types of interactions in customer-to-customer networks can be classified and defined. Furthermore, we propose howthe two factors need to be combined to improve the service experience quality. To do so, we receive survey responses from domestic service customers and conduct exploratory factor analysis and mediated effect analysis. In the results, interaction, respect, and competence were derived as driver factors, and co-problem solving, membership, and regulation were derived as type factors.Moreover, result shows that type factors havemainly partial mediating effects on customer service experience quality. These findings are meaningful as early exploratory studies of customer-to-customer interaction, and expect to be a cornerstone for future studies in this area.

본 연구에서는 한국 전통춤 중에서 수건을 사용하는 춤의 명칭과 유형, 그리고 수건을 사용하는 기법을 알아보기 위해 구전과 역사적 기록을 통해 정리한 문헌연구를 종합적으로 살펴보았다. 한국 전통춤에서는 수건에 대한 가치와 의미를 남다르게 해석하고 있으며, 각 지역별로 존재하는 수건춤의 종류도 매우 다양하다. 그러나 이에 비해 수건춤이라는 명칭으로 뚜렷하게 명명하는 체계가 없으며 이에 따라 수건춤의 유형과 기법이 규명되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수건춤의 명칭과 유형, 기법을 살펴보고 향후 심도 깊은 연구를 위해 각 지역별 수건춤의 유형과 기법적 특성을 분석할 수 있는 체계적인 분석틀과 비디오 분석의 필요성을 제기하였다.

The purpose of the study is to review the name, types and technique of handkerchief dancing in Korean traditional dance, which uses handkerchief as a medium containing more value than a prop. In Korean traditional dance, value and meaning of handkerchief are unusually importantly interpreted, and there are many different handkerchief dances throughout Korea. However, there is no distinctive naming system under handkerchief dancing category so types and technique of handkerchief dance have not been identified. In this article, types of handkerchief dances has been widely studied previously, and necessity of video analysis and a systematic analysis framework in which types and technical characteristics of handkerchief dancing can be analyzed is proposed for in-depth studies in the future.

본고는 문말의 ‘というか’를 독립적인 연구대상으로 하여 형식 및 용법을 분석하는 것을 목 적으로 하였다. 또한 코퍼스를 기반으로 Stata를 활용한 통계처리 방법을 시도하여 균형적인 정량 및 정성 분석을 수행하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 이전의 논의들과는 달리 문말의 ‘というか’는 이를 구성하는 본래의 통사적 구성 요소에 의해 용법과 의미 해석이 가능하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이는 본래 ‘というか’가 문의 종결부에서 사용이 시작된 표현이라는 측면에서 논리적인 설명의 배경을 찾아 볼 수 있을 것 이다. 또한 선행연구에서 ‘というか’를 언급할 때 항시 전제가 되었던 부정의 의미를 포함하지 않는 경우도 다수 존재하여 차이점을 보였다. 이에 더하여 ‘というか’의 관련 변이형들과 구분 되는 문말 ‘というか’의 성질도 찾아 볼 수 있었는데 구체적으로는 화자의 단순한 추측표현으 로서의 완곡용법 이외에도 강한 추측 표현이 일부 예문에 출현하는 것에 의해 이를 확인할 수 있었다. 본고의 결과는 지금까지의 다수의 선행연구가 ‘というか’와 이형태가 구분없이 혼재되어 다 루어져 온 것에 대하여 ‘というか’에 대한 구분의 필요성과 ‘というか’의 위치의 중요성을 시사 하는 것이라 볼 수 있을 것이다.

This study investigates the types and usage of TOIUKA in relation to an expression in a final-sentence. Using Stata to analyze the Japanese Corpus including TOIUKA, this research aims to investigate whether and how TOIUKA serves as a quoted question ends in a sentence and what is the characteristic of TOIUKA through both quantitative and qualitative analyses. The result of analysis shows that, first, a basic expression of TOIUKA is likely to function as a quoted question in a final􋹲sentence. Second, it showed that TOIUKA is used in various ways for not only quoted questions but also examples of enumeration in a final􋹲 sentence. Especially, TOIUKA can be used as an example of enumeration in a mid􋹲sentence. Also, when TOIUKA is expressed in a sentence twice or more, it was statistically more likely to projected as examples of enumeration. The result of analysis can be seen as suggesting that other forms related to ‘TOIUKA’ and ‘TOIUKA’ and independent uses and meanings of ‘TOIUKA’ should be distinguished.

본문에서는 술어가 동목구로 되는 “被”자문의 유형과 기능에 대한 상세한 분석을 통하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 기존의 현대중국어 저서와 교재에서는 술어가 동목구로 되는 “被”자문에 대한 서술 이 너무 간단하고 심지어 어떤 문법 현상에 대해서는 주목하지 못하고 있는데 이는 “被”자문 의 전체적인 특징에 대한 인식에 영향을 미치고 있다. 둘째, 상당히 많은 體賓述賓短語가 “被”자문에서 술어로 될 수 있다. 목적어의 역할에 근 거하여 술어가 體賓述賓短語인 “被”자문은 구체적으로 열 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있으며 각 각 서로 다른 構成 특징과 表義 특징이 있으며 서로 다른 변환 형식이 있다. 셋째, 술어가 謂賓述賓短語인 “被”자문은 현대 한어에서 특히 문어체에 많이 사용되는데 술어인 동사 성격에 따라 다섯 가지 유형으로 나눌 수 있으며 각각 서로 다른 構成 특징과 表義 특징이 있고 서로 다른 변환 형식이 있다. 넷째, 중국어 교육 현장에서 술어가 동목구로 되는 “被”자문에 대한 내용을 적당히 늘릴 것을 제안하며 중국어 교재를 편집하거나 수정할 때 “被”자문의 유형에 대해 상세히 소개하 고 설명함으로써 교육자들에게 이론적 근거를 제공하고 교육 수준을 제고하는 효과를 거둘 수 있다.

This paper makes a detailed analyses of the types and function of “BEI(被)” sentence in which the verb-object phrase acts as predicate center, and draws the following conclusions： a. The description of “BEI(被)” sentence in which the verb-object phrase acts as predicate center in the existing Chinese grammar books and Chinese textbooks is too superficial, and there are even many related grammatical phenomena that haven't been paid enough attention to. This has seriously affected our understanding of the overall characteristics of “BEI(被)” sentence. b. The central position of the predicate in BEI(被)” sentence has a certain degree of openness to the verb-object phrase with noun object. According to the different semantic roles of objects,“BEI(被)” sentence whose predicate center is the verb-object phrase with noun object can be divided into ten types, and each has different characteristics of composition, meaning and transformation forms. c. There are a lot of “BEI(被)” sentences whose predicate center is the verb-object phrase with verb object in modern Chinese, especially in written language. According to the nature of predicate verbs, they can be divided into five types, and each also has different characteristics of composition, meaning and transformation forms. d. We suggest that the content of “BEI(被)” sentence in which the verb-object phrase acts as predicate center should be appropriately added in the Chinese teaching, and that the introduction and explanation of type of “BEI(被)” sentence should be appropriately added in the compilation or revision of TCFL textbook, so as to provide theoretical basis for Chinese teachers and then improve the teaching effect.

Indigenous vegetables (IVs) are rich sources of essential nutrients, particularly vitamins and minerals, and other non-nutritive phytochemicals. IVs play a critical role in the food culture of the Ghanaian people. Despite their importance, they have over the years been mostly associated with the resource-poor. In this study, the types of IVs, preparation preferences, frequency of consumption and some perceived benefits ascribed by some Ghanaian consumers ( n ?=?1393) were investigated in a cross-sectional survey. Descriptive analysis and a chi-square test of independence were conducted to summarise and determine the relationship between gender, age and consumption frequency of the IVs. The study identified okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ), cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) leaves, jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) and garden egg (Solanum melongena) as the popular IVs consumed by respondents. Among these, about 13.3% of women and 15.3% of men indicated they consume okra. Eight per cent of the women respondents and 6.7% of the men consumed jute mallow. Almost 57% of the respondents said the IVs were used to prepare stew and soup. More than a third (39%) of the respondents indicated that they consumed the IVs either daily or more than once a week. Women respondents’ frequency of IVs consumption was significantly different [X2(4,n=?1393)?=?30.11,p=?0.000] from the men. The frequency of consumption of IVs for the elderly was significantly higher [X2(12,n=?1393)?=?30.53,p=?0.002] as compared to the younger respondents. The main perceived benefits of IVs were nutrition- and health-related. The major barriers to the consumption of IVs were cost, non-availability, palatability and cultural. The IVs were largely wet-cooked and consumed as stews or sauces and soups. These findings form good bases for further empirical studies on the nutritional and other health-benefiting attributes of the specific IVs found in this study for sustainable promotion and utilisation in Ghana.

This review aimed to illustrate the types, limitations, and possible alternatives of peer review (PR) based on a literature review together with the opinions of a social media audience via Twitter. This study was conducted via the #OpenSourceResearch collaborative platform and combined a comprehensive literature search on the current PR system with the opinions of a social media audience of surgeons who are actively engaged in the current PR system. Six independent researchers conducted a literature search of electronic databases in addition to Google Scholar. Electronic polls were organized via Twitter to assess surgeons’ opinions on the current PR system and potential alternative approaches. PR can be classified into single-blind, double-blind, triple-blind, and open PR. Newer PR systems include interactive platforms, prepublication and postpublication commenting or review, transparent review, and collaborative review. The main limitations of the current PR system are its allegedly time-consuming nature and inconsistent, biased, and non-transparent results. Suggestions to improve the PR process include employing an interactive, doubleblind PR system, using artificial intelligence to recruit reviewers, providing incentives for reviewers, and using PR templates. The above results offer several concepts for possible alternative approaches and modifications to this critically important process.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine types of parenting among fathers. The characteristics of parenting each type in early childhood were identified by systematically analyzing and classifying father’s perceptions of parenting using the Q-methodology, which places importance on the perspective of the performer. Methods: The Q-method, which is effective for measuring individual subjectivity was used. The subjects in this study were 50 fathers with young children (2~36 months). Results: Four parenting types were identified analyzing the subjective perceptions of fathers with young children about parenting. One type was centered on character development. Another was centered on social development. A third was centered on physical health and development. The fourth was centered on building values. Conclusion: Parenting education programs should be developed based on type-specific characteristics and further research should investigate the effects of father’s parenting type.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify distinct subjective viewpoints regarding the per- ceived effects of energy drink consumption among South Korean male high school stu- dents. Methods: Using Q methodology, a concourse of statements was developed through in- terviews and literature reviews, and refined into 35 Q samples. Forty male high school students were recruited via snowball sampling to reflect diverse consumption patterns and attitudes. Participants sorted the Q samples using a forced distribution procedure. Data were analyzed using the PC-QUANL program. Results: Four distinct groups of male adolescents were identified based on their per- ceived effects of energy drink consumption: (1) effect-oriented experience sharers, (2) ambivalent recognizers of experience, (3) alternative-seeking evaluators, and (4) emo- tionally reactive responders. These groups’ perceptions were shaped by peer influence, personal consumption experiences, and levels of self-regulation. Conclusion: By typifying the subjective perceptions of Korean male high school students regarding energy drink consumption, this study provides a foundational understanding of how adolescents interpret and respond to such health behaviors. These insights can guide the development of tailored health education programs that address the unique needs and attitudes of each group

Purpose: This study analyzed the peer review systems, criteria, and editorial committee structures of data journals, aiming to determine the current state of data peer review and to offer suggestions. Methods: We analyzed peer review systems and criteria for peer review in nine data journals indexed by Web of Science, as well as the positions of the editorial committee members of the journals. Each data journal’s website was initially surveyed, and the editors-in-chief were queried via email about any information not found on the websites. The peer review criteria of the journals were analyzed in terms of data quality, metadata quality, and general quality. Results: Seven of the nine data journals adopted single-blind and open review peer review methods. The remaining two implemented modified models, such as interactive and community review. In the peer review criteria, there was a shared emphasis on the appropriateness of data production methodology and detailed descriptions. The editorial committees of the journals tended to have subject editors or subject advisory boards, while a few journals included positions with the responsibility of evaluating the technical quality of data. Conclusion: Creating a community of subject experts and securing various editorial positions for peer review are necessary for data journals to achieve data quality assurance and to promote reuse. New practices will emerge in terms of data peer review models, criteria, and editorial positions, and further research needs to be conducted.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the anger expression types in nurses and to analyze the differences between the anger expression types and interpersonal problems. Methods: The data were collected from 149 nurses working in general hospitals with 300 beds or more in Seoul or Gyeonggi province, Korea. For anger expression type, the anger expression scale from the Korean State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory was used. For interpersonal problems, the short form of the Korean Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales was used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and Duncan's multiple comparisons test. Results: Three anger expression types in nurses were found: low-anger expression, anger-in, and angerin/control type. From the results of multivariate analysis of variance, there were significant differences between anger expression types and interpersonal problems (Wilks lambda F = 3.52, p < .001). Additionally, anger-in/control type was found to have the most difficulty with interpersonal problems by Duncan's post hoc test (p < .050). Conclusions: Based on this research, the development of an anger expression intervention program for nurses is recommended to establish the means of expressing the suppressed emotions, which would help the nurses experience less interpersonal problems.

The Korea Citation Index (KCI) is a citation database for scholarly journals from Korea, the number of journals of which is 2,168 in January, 2015. This article aims to analyze the pattern of reference types and impact factors of journals in the KCI according to academic discipline. Journals of the KCI were classified according to academic discipline: humanities, arts and sports, social science, science, and multi-disciplinary science. Science journals were sub-classified as natural science, engineering, agriculture & fisheries, and medical health. The pattern of reference types was classified as journal article, book, report/thesis/internet, and others. Changing patterns of the two-year impact factor were described according to the publication year of journals in each discipline. The reference type of each discipline in 2010 showed different patterns. In humanities, the portion of books out of cited literatures was 51.1%, while the portion of books in natural science, engineering, medical health, and agriculture & fisheries fields were 11.0%, 10.0%, 7.0%, and 11.0%, respectively. In social science, the portion of journal articles was 53.1% and books 27.3%. In medical health, the portion of journal article was 87.6%. Journals’ average impact factors in 2011 were 0.9 for social science, 0.8 for arts and sports, 0.55 for interdisciplinary, 0.5 for agriculture and fisheries and humanities, 0.45 for natural science, 0.32 for engineering, and 0.3 for medical health. Researchers in humanities in Korea use books as a primary source of references, while those in other disciplines use journals as a major source of references. Higher impact factors in social science journals and lower ones in science journals mean that social scientists in Korea deal with mainly domestic topics, while scientist deal with global topics.

이 연구는 타문화권에서 만들어진 척도를 사용하기 위해 필요한 ‘타문화 검사 번안’ 방법으로 국내에서 주로 적용하고 있는 세 가지 번안 절차, 즉, ‘번역 후 문항검토(번역본)’, ‘번역, 역번역 후 문항검토(역번역본)’, ‘번역, 역번역, 검사 타당화 검증(타당화본)’의 세 가지 절차들 간의 효과를 비교하는 것이 목적이다. 효과의 차이는 각 절차를 적용해 제작된 세 가지 검사지를 711명의 초등학교 남녀 학생들의 세 번에 걸친 반복 측정 결과를 분석함으로써 검증하였다. 구체적으로, 세 가지 척도에 대한 반응 경향성의 비교, 신뢰도, 문항-총점간 상관 패턴, 요인간 상호상관 패턴, 외적 준거변인과의 관련 경향성, IRT를 적용한 문항모수치의 특성 및 양호도 비교 등을 통해 원 척도와 번안된 척도의 동등성을 비교하였다. 전체적인 연구 결과는 타당화본이 모든 측면에서 가장 양호한 척도임을 보여주었고 역번역본이 번역본보다 구성요인에 있어서 원본과 더 유사함을 보여주었다. 본 연구의 결과는 타문화권 척도를 도입할 때 필수적으로 따라야 하는 역번역 절차와 타당화 절차의 중요성을 보여주었다. 결론적으로 국내에서 타문화권에서 제작된 검사를 도입할 때의 적법한 절차 도입의 필요성을 논의하였다.

The purpose of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of three types of practice in enhancing the validity and equivalency of test instruments when cross-cultural adaptation of attitude measures is necessary. The three types of practice are: (1) translation and review; (2) translation, back translation, and review; (3) translation, back translation, review, and empirical validation study. Seven hundred and thirty four 5th graders from three public elementary schools in Seoul, Korea participated in this study. Reponses on the three test versions and two other motivation scales were collected within a 3-week period with approximately one-week intervals. Overall results show that the validation version is most superior in all aspects. Furthermore, back translation version is superior to the translation version in terms of its similarity to the validation version and construct-related evidence. Results from IRT analysis reveal that the item qualities of the validation version is superior to the other two versions. Discussions are provided in terms of the nature of the adapted attitude scales.

Traditional sausages?smoked, fermented or dried?are meat products that are part of the traditional daily diet in rural Portugal, and also highly valued in major cities with an increasing demand. These ethnic meat products are manufactured mainly by small-scale industries or artisanal producers according to and/or inspired by traditional processes. They are present in a wide variety of types, many recognized for their quality (38 certified products). Presently, cure technologies used are important for the potential they represent in transformation and diversification. Additionally, they add flavors and colors to meat that are much appreciated, surpassing meat preservation proposes. A review on the types and manufacturing technological aspects associated to Portuguese traditional sausages (PTS) is provided in this article. Additionally, nutritional composition of the products is presented. Future developments foreseen in the field, in the light of current knowledge and market trends, are finally addressed.

This study examined the effects of question types and several individual differences on children’s remembering of a stressful experience. 63 children ranging in age from 4 to 10 years who had visited a private dental clinic and undergone a minor operative dental procedure were evaluated through hierarchically structured interview protocol. Overall, older children showed superior total recall and provided more information than younger children particularly in response to general probes. More interestingly, some individual characteristics specific to each child, namely negative dental history, parents preparation for the event and children’s social emotional behavior characteristics were strongly associated with children’s recall by open-ended questions much more than closed and yes-no questions both for older and younger children. Finally, the importance of questions types and individual differences for further understanding of children's reliable testimony in forensic context were discussed in depth.