Earticle

인간은 선과 악을 함께 가지고 있기 때문에 양면적이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 인간은 악을 더욱 구체화하기 위해 악을 형상화하여 조형적 요소로 악의 상징물을 만들었다. 이에 본 연구자는 악의 개념부터 인간이 가지고 있는 악에 본질이 상징물로 표현되었을 때 나타나는 조형성에 관하여 조사·분석해 보고자 하였다. 조형성의 분류 항목을 구축하여 설문지를 작성하여 다음과 같은 분석의 결과를 도출하였다. 구성유형에서는 문자보다는 그림 또는 기호로 표현되었으며, 표현대상에 서는 신화 속 인물과 동물의 형태로 나타났다. 레이아웃에서는 방사형이 가장 많이 나타났으며 묘사방법에서는 단순성과 복잡성의 형태로 외곽형태는 원형이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이러한 구성유형의 항목들이 높은 점수를 보인 상징물은 서로간의 조형적인 상관관계로 그려지고 사용되었으며, 발전해 왔다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

Men are ambivalent since they have good and evil at the same time. To concretize this evil further, men created symbolic icons of evil with formative elements by giving shape to it. Thus, this researcher would investigate and analyze the concept of evil and the formativeness appearing when the essence of humans’ evil is expressed as symbolic icons. For this purpose, items for the classification of formativeness were constructed, and questionnaires were prepared to draw the results of an analysis as follows. As for the type of composition, symbolic icons of evil were expressed by pictures or signs, rather than letters. The objects of expression were characters and animals in myths. As for the layout, most were expressed in a radial shape. As for the method of description, most were in the forms of simplicity and complexity, and as for the outer form, most were circles. It was noted that the symbolic icons in which items with these types of composition had high scores, were drawn, used and developed in formative relations with each other.

This study investigates the bioconversion efficiency and nutrient accumulation in black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens), focusing on the effects of feeding on two different substrates (tofu by-products and food waste) and harvesting at two developmental stages (larvae and prepupae) within a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The growth performance, conversion efficiency, nutrient composition, amino acid profile, fatty acid composition, and nutrient composition of BSF meal were assessed. Results indicated that BSF reared on tofu by-products exhibited superior weight gain compared to those fed food waste, with significant enhancements observed in weight, length, and width upon harvesting at the prepupae stage. Moreover, tofu by-products promoted higher bioconversion rates, protein conversion efficiency, and lipid yield, while food waste favored lipid conversion. Analysis of nutrient composition revealed higher crude protein content in BSFs fed tofu by-products, with elevated levels of crude protein, ether extract, and chitin in prepupae-stage BSFs. Higher concentrations of isoleucine, leucine, and tryptophan were observed in tofu by-productfed BSF. Conversely, BSFs harvested at the prepupae stage exhibited increased levels of threonine, alanine, and tyrosine, regardless of substrate. Higher proportions of α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) were observed in tofu by-product-fed BSF. Conversely, BSF harvested at the larval stage displayed higher levels of saturated fatty acids, including lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0). In conclusion, tofu by-products emerged as a promising substrate for enhancing essential amino acid and unsaturated fatty acid content in BSF, while harvesting at the prepupae stage offered advantages in nutrient density and storage stability of the harvested biomass.

Objective To investigate the effects of body mass composition and cushion type on seat-interface pressure in spinal cord injured (SCI) patients and healthy subjects. Methods Twenty SCI patients and control subjects were included and their body mass composition measured. Seat-interface pressure was measured with participants in an upright sitting posture on a wheelchair with three kinds of seat cushion and without a seat cushion. We also measured the pressure with each participant in three kinds of sitting postures on each air-filled cushion. We used repeated measure ANOVA, the Mann-Whitney test, and Spearman correlation coefficient for statistical analysis. Results The total skeletal muscle mass and body water in the lower extremities were significantly higher in the control group, whilst body fat was significantly higher in the SCI group. However, the seat-interface pressure and body mass composition were not significantly correlated in both groups. Each of the three types of seat cushion resulted in significant reduction in the seat-interface pressure. The SCI group had significantly higher seatinterface pressure than the control group regardless of cushion type or sitting posture. The three kinds of sitting posture did not result in a significant reduction of seat-interface pressure. Conclusion We confirmed that the body mass composition does not have a direct effect on seat-interface pressure. However, a reduction of skeletal muscle mass and body water can influence the occurrence of pressure ulcers. Furthermore, in order to minimize seat-interface pressure, it is necessary to apply a method fitted to each individual rather than a uniform method.

Purpose This paper describes the effects of a comprehensive lifestyle modification program (CLMP) on glycemic control and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods This study was performed from October 2003 to April 2005, and used an experimental design with random assignment. The experimental group (n = 25) received CLMP for 4 months and follow-up sessions for 9 months. CLMP included nurse-led education on exercise and diet, and counseling on stress management and self-monitoring of their diabetic health. The control group (n = 23) received a 1-hour educational session on diabetic diet at the beginning of the study. Glucose level and body composition were measured in both groups a total of five times: at baseline (pre-intervention) and at 0, 3, 6 and 9 months post intervention. Results Repeated-measures ANOVA showed that there were statistically significant differences in fasting blood sugar and HbA1c levels between the two groups (both p < .05). Both groups demonstrated statistically significant changes in body composition over time, but there was no significant difference in the pattern of change between the two groups. Conclusion CLMP is a useful program, and its multiple approaches by nurses as the leaders and coordinators appear to have positive and synergistic roles in improving and maintaining stable glucose level and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes.

목적: 본 연구에서는 알로에 베라의 껍질 캘러스에서 나노 엑소좀을 추출하고 이를 유효성분으로 함유하는 조성물로 콜라겐 형성 및 피부 개선 효과를 확인하여 피부전달체로써의 가능성을 검토하고자 하였다. 방법: Human dermal fibroblast (HDF)에 처리하여 콜라겐 생성능을 확인하고, 인체 피부각질 세포주인 HaCaT 세포로의 흡수율을 확인하였다. 폴리페놀 함량을 측정했으며 함유된 스킨로션 제형을 만들어 인체적용검사를 실시하였다. 결과: 알로에베라 껍질 캘러스로부터 성공적으로 엑소좀을 분리하여(이하 알 로좀) TEM으로 관찰한 결과 크기 50-150 nm의 나노엑소좀을 수득할 수 있었다. HDF에 처리한 결과, 1.0% 농도에서 알로에 껍질 보다 알로좀의 경우가 콜라겐 생성량이 22.11% 증가하여 더 높은 콜라겐 생성능을 보였다. 세포독성 실험에서 1% 이하의 농도에서 는 80% 이상의 세포가 생존하여 거의 독성을 나타내지 않았다. 인체피부각질 세포주인 HaCaT세포의 세포질 내부로 한 시간 이내 의 유의미한 양이 전달되는 것을 형광현미경을 통해 확인하였다. 폴리페놀 함량을 Folin-Ciocalteu법으로 측정한 결과 알로에 껍질 추출물보다 4배 이상 높았다. 알로좀을 첨가하여 만들어진 스킨로션제가 인체적용검사에서 4주내에 피부 표면개선과 수분, 탄력 그리고 각질감소의 효과가 있었다는 답변을 얻었다. 기기측정을 통한 정량적 평가에서 각질층과 진피층의 수분함량이 4주 내로 향 상되었음을 확인하고 피부 각질 감소에 4주내로 효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 알로에 껍질 캘러스에서 얻은 나노 엑소좀은 콜라 겐 생성에 도움을 주며 피부 수분 및 탄력 증가와 각질감소에 효과가 있으므로 피부전달체로써의 가능성을 제시한다

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to extract nano-exosomes from Aloe vera bark callus and validate their effects on collagen synthesis and skin corneous improvement. Methods: Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) was used to validate collagen synthesis, while HaCaT cells, a human keratin cell line, were used to verify absorption capability. The Folin–Denis technique was used to determine the polyphenol content. In addition, lotion formulations and skin application experiments were also carried out. Results: Nano-exosomes with size ranging 50–150 nm were successfully isolated from Aloe vera bark callus (alosomes). Alosomes produced 22.11% more collagen in HDF than Aloe vera bark extract at 1.0% concentration. In the cytotoxicity test, 80% of cells were survived at concentrations of 1% or less. After one hour, a considerable quantity was transported into the cytoplasm of HaCaT cells. The polyphenol concentration was four times that of Aloe vera bark extract. Skin tests using alosome-containing lotion demonstrated that skin surface, hydration, and elasticity were improved after 4 weeks. Moisture contents of the stratum corneum and dermis layer were improved, whereas moisture content of corneous was reduced after 4 weeks. Conclusion: The skin-improving effect of nano-exosomes derived from Aloe vera bark callus is shown in this study, indicating its potential as a functional cosmetic raw material.

目的: 本研究的目的是从芦荟皮愈伤组织中提取纳米外泌体，并验证其对胶原蛋白合成和皮肤角质改善的作用。 方法: 人真皮成纤维细胞(HDF)用于验证胶原蛋白合成，而HaCaT细胞(一种人角蛋白细胞系)用于验证吸收能 力。 Folin-Denis技术用于测定多酚含量。此外，还进行了乳液配方和人体临床试验。结果: 从芦荟皮愈伤组织 (alosomes)中成功地分离出大小范围为 50-150 nm的纳米外泌体。 Alosomes在HDF中产生的胶原蛋白比浓度 为 1.0%的芦荟树皮提取物多22.11%。在细胞毒性试验中，80%的细胞在1%或更低的浓度下存活。通过荧光显 微镜证实，在一小时内，大量的细胞被转移到HaCaT细胞(一种人角蛋白细胞系)的细胞质中。Alosome的多酚浓 度是芦荟皮提取物的四倍。使用含alosome乳液的人体临床试验表明，皮肤表面、水合作用和弹性在4周后得到 改善。在通过仪器测量的定量评估中，确认角质层和真皮层的水分含量在4周内得到改善，并在4周内确认减少 死皮细胞的效果。结论: 本研究显示了源自芦荟皮愈伤组织的纳米外泌体的皮肤改善作用，表明其作为功能性化 妆品原料的潜力。

본 연구는 자동차와 화장품 기업의 페이스북 브랜드 팬 페이지로부터 405개 게시물을 수집하여 분석하였다. 화장품과 자동차는 경험재와 탐색재의 대표 제품으로, 경쟁강도가 높은 시장에서 활발하게 SNS 커뮤니케이션 활동을 수행하는 공통점을 가지고 있다. 분석 결과, 텍스트 길이와 제품 유형 간의 주목할 만한 연관성을 발견하였다. 긴 게시물은 특히 경험재의 맥락에서 두드러지며, 텍스트 길이가 소비자 참여 행동(좋아요, 댓글 및 공유)에 미치는 긍정적인 영향이 탐색재보다 경험재에서 두드러졌다. 또한, 탐색재의 게시물에서 이미지 활용이 더 많은 것으로 관찰되었다. 더불어 본 연구에서는 이미지 개수가 소비자 참여 행동에 미치는 영향에 대한 혼재된 결과를 발견하였다. 구체적으로, ‘좋아요’에 대해서는 이미지 개수의 긍정적인 영향이 탐색재에서 두드러진 반면에, ‘댓글 과 공유’에 대해서는 이미지 개수의 긍정적인 영향이 경험재에서 두드러지는 것으로 나타 났다. 본 연구 결과는 SNS 상에서의 소비자 참여 행동을 다양하게 해석함으로써 학문적으 로 의미가 있으며, 소셜 미디어 마케팅 전략을 최적화하려는 기업에게는 실무적 시사점을 제공할 것이다.

The research analyzed a dataset comprising 405 posts from automotive and cosmetics products. The choice of them not only highlights their distinct product types (experience and search goods) but also underscores their shared characteristics, such as operating in highly competitive markets and actively engaging in SNS. The findings highlight the associations between text length and product type. Longer posts were particularly prominent in case of experience goods, and the positive impact of text length on post performance metrics(Likes, Comments, and Shares) was more pronounced for experience goods than search goods. Furthermore, a higher prevalence of images in posts is observed for search goods. However, the study uncovers mixed insights regarding the impact of image quantity on post performance metrics. Specifically, it reveals that for Likes, the positive impact of image quantity is more pronounced for search goods. Conversely, for Comments and Shares, the positive impact of image quantity is more pronounced for experience goods. These findings hold academic significance in elucidating the dynamics of online consumer engagement and offer practical insights for businesses.

본 연구는 양파의 최적 냉동 분석 조건을 확립하기 위해 다양한 냉동속도가 양파의 이화학적 및 영양학적 특성 변화에 미치는 정도를 관찰함으로써 진행되었다. 본 실험에서는 강제송풍방식을 이용하였으며, 자연대류식($0.1^{\circ}C/min$), 저속 ($0.5^{\circ}C/min$) 및 고속($0.7^{\circ}C/min$)으로 냉동속도를 조절하여 $-12^{\circ}C$까지 냉동하였다. 냉동양파의 해동은 전자레인지를 이용하여 중심부의 온도가 $4^{\circ}C$가 될 때까지 400 W의 세기로 해동하였다. 분석 결과 양파의 강도는 데치기 처리된 양파(대조구)에 비해 냉 해동 후 현저히 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 냉동속도가 빠를수록 대조구와 유사하게 나타났다. 양파의 해동 감량은 냉동속도가 빠를수록 증가하였다. 양파의 색도는 냉동속도가 느릴수록 대조구와 현저한 차이를 보였다. 또한 전자현미경(SEM) 관찰 결과 냉동속도가 빠를수록 기공의 크기가 작았으며, 이는 빠른 냉동속도가 식품 조직의 손상을 방지하는 것으로 사료된다. 영양성분의 분석 결과 비타민 C의 경우 생 시료(대조구)에 비해 데치기 및 냉 해동처리 후 값은 감소하였지만 냉동속도에 따른 큰 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 유리당의 함량은 데치기 및 냉 해동 처리 후 감소하였으며, fructose, glucose 및 sucrose의 함량은 고속으로 냉동 시 가장 높았다. Citric acid, succinic acid 및 fumaric acid 함량은 냉동속도에 따른 차이는 없었고, malic acid 함량은 고속냉동 시에 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 본 연구결과 고속으로 양파를 냉동할 때 물리적 및 영양적 손실을 막아 품질을 유지하는데 효과적인 것으로 사료된다.

Innovative freezing technology is currently applied to preserve foodstuffs for long-term storage. Generally, the quality of frozen food is closely related to the types of freezing and thawing processes. In this study, we characterized the physicochemical properties of onions depending on freezing rate. When onions were frozen at $-40^{\circ}C$, freezing rates were 0.1, 0.5, and $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ depending on air-blast quick freezer mode. Onions were thawed by microwave irradiation at 400 W. Hardness of onion dramatically decreased after freezing and thawing compared with blanched onion. However, the fastest freezing rate did not affect hardness. Thawing loss of onion decreased with a faster freezing rate. For morphological observation, onion frozen at a faster rate showed a smaller ice-crystal size. Vitamin C content decreased upon blanching or freezing, but there was no significant difference according to freezing rate. Although free sugar content also decreased upon blanching and freezing, its highest content was at $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ freezing. Among organic acids, malic acid content was highest at $0.7^{\circ}C/min$ freezing. Based on this study, it could be suggested that a faster freezing rate is effective to improve frozen food quality in accordance with preventing tissue damage or minimizing destruction of nutrients.

본 연구는 유화형 소시지 제조시 유자과피 분말을 각각 0.3%, 0.6% 및 0.9% 수준으로 첨가하여 제조한 다음 소시지의 일반성분, 무기물, 비타민 A와 C 함량 및 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향을 비교하고자 실시하였다. 소시지의 수분 함량은 유자과피 분말 0.3% 첨가 소시지가 대조구, 유자과피 분말 0.6% 및 0.9% 첨가 소시지에 비해 높았다(P<0.05). 조지방 함량은 유자과피 분말 첨가 소시지가 대조구에 비해 낮았다(P<0.05). 조회분 함량은 유자과피 분말 0.9% 첨가 소시지가 대조구, 유자과피 분말 0.3% 및 0.6% 첨가 소시지에 비해 현저하게 높았다. 무기물 함량은 유자과피 분말 첨가 소시지가 대조구에 비해 높았으며, 특히 유자과피 분말 0.9% 첨가 소시지가 가장 높았다. 비타민 A와 C 함량은 유자과피 분말 첨가 소시지가 대조구에 비해 현저하게 높았고, 비타민 C 함량은 유자과피 분말 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 현저하게 증가하였다. 지방산 조성에서 유자과피 분말 첨가 소시지가 대조구에 비해 palmitic acid(C16:0)와 linoleic acid(C18:2) 함량이 높았고, 유자과피 분말 0.9% 첨가 소시지는 palmitoleic acid(C16:1) 함량이 가장 낮았다. 총 포화지방산은 유자과피 분말 0.3% 첨가 소시지가 대조구, 유자과피 분말 0.6 및 0.9% 첨가 소시지에 비해 현저하게 낮았다. 이상에서, 유자과피 분말을 함유한 유화형 소시지는 일반성분과 지방산 조성에서 대조구와 차이를 보였으며, 소시지의 무기물과 비타민 A와 C 함량이 풍부한 건강 지향적인 육제품 생산이 가능하다고 사료된다.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of addition of citron peel powder(0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%) on proximate composition, minerals, vitamin A, C content and fatty acid composition of emulsion-type sausages. The moisture content of sausage containing 0.3% citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) higher compared to those for control. The crude fat content of sausage containing citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) lower compared to those for control. The crude ash content of sausage containing 0.9% citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) higher compared to those for control. The minerals, vitamin A and C content of sausage containing citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) higher compared to those for control. The palmitic acid(C16:0) and linoleic acid(C18:2) content of sausage containing citron peel powder were higher compared to those for control, but the palmitoleic acid(C16:1) content of sausage containing 0.9% citron peel powder were lower. The total saturated fatty acid content of sausage containing 0.3% citron peel powder were significantly(P<0.05) lower compared to those for control.

김치용 결구배추를 겉잎(L1), 중잎(L2), 속잎(L3)으로 세 등분하여 부위별로 일반성분을 포함한 이화학적인 성분을 측정하여 비교하였다. 조단백질 및 조지방 함량은 겉잎(L1)이 높았고, 조회분 및 탄수화물 함량은 속잎(L3)이 높았다(P<0.05). 열량은 24.5~26.5 kcal/100 g이었고 부위별로 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 총식이섬유는 겉잎(L1)이 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 유리당은 fructose, glucose, sucrose가 확인되었으며, 속잎(L3)에서 fructose 및 glucose 함량이 높았다(P<0.05). 유기산은 citric acid, malic acid, succinic acid가 검출되었으며, citric acid와 malic acid 함량은 속잎(L3)이 높았고 succinic acid는 겉잎(L1)이 높았다(P<0.05). 총유리 아미노산의 30% 이상을 차지하는 glutamic acid 함량은 속잎(L3)에서 높았으며, ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid의 함량은 겉잎(L1)이 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 결구배추 잎의 주요 미네랄 성분은 K, Na, Ca, Mg이며, 이 중 K의 함량이 가장 높았다. 총미네랄 함량은 겉잎(L1)이 가장 높았다(P<0.05). 결구배추 잎은 부위에 따라 이화학적 성분 조성이 다른 특성을 가지므로 신선편의 식재료로서 활용성이 더욱 증대될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.

To increase the consumption of head-type kimchi cabbage leaves as fresh food ingredients, the physicochemical composition was investigated depending on leaf parts. Kimchi cabbage leaves were divided into three portions, such as outer (L1), mid (L2), and inner (L3), and their proximate compositions were determined along with dietary fiber, free sugar, organic acid, free amino acid, and mineral contents. Contents of moisture, crude protein, and crude fat were highest in L1, whereas contents of crude ash and carbohydrate were highest in L3 (P<0.05). Calories ranged 24.5~26.5 kcal/100 g with no significant difference among leaf parts, and dietary fiber content of L1 was highest (P<0.05). Fructose, glucose, and sucrose contents were highest in L3 (P<0.05). Citric acid, malic acid, and succinic acid were detected, and contents of citric acid and malic acid were highest in L3, in contrast, succinic acid was highest in L1 (P<0.05). Glutamic acid, constituting over 30% of the total free amino acid contents, was highest in L3, whereas ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid contents were highest in L1 (P<0.05). K, Na, Ca, and Mg were the major minerals in head-type kimchi cabbage, and their contents showed no significant differences (P<0.05). It can be proposed that marketing of head-type kimchi cabbage as a fresh-cut vegetable could be enhanced due to the different quality characteristics of its leaf parts.

본 연구는 유산소 운동과 복합운동 후 신체조성과 스트레스의 변화를 확인하고 비만관리 운동프로그램 개발 시 근거자료로 활용하고자 시행하였다. 비만 여대생 40명을 유산소운동군(20명), 복합운동군(20명)으로 분류하였다. 매회 60분, 1주에 3회, 총 8주간 각각 운동프로그램을 시행한 후 신체조성 및 스트레스를 비교하였다. 연구결과, 유산소 운동군과 복합운동군 모두 체지방율이 유의하게 감소되었고, 비만스트레스는 복합운동군에서 유의한 감소가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 비만관리 운동프로그램을 개발 시 비만스트레스를 고려한 복합운동군이 더 적합할 것으로 생각된다.

The purpose of this study the following changes in the body composition and obesity-stress on the aerobic exercise and combined exercise and that Obesity Management Exercise Program was conducted to serve as the basis when developing materials. Obesity female college student 40 people were classified that Aerobic exercise group(20 patients) and combined exercise group(20 patients). Every time 60 minutes, three times a week, a total of eight weeks each exercise program after each underwent an exercise program compared body composition and stress. Research result, body fat is aerobic exercise group and combined exercise group was statistically decrease, Obesity Stress is founded that a significantly reduction in the combined exercise group. Therefore Obesity Management Exercise Program during development in considering the combined exercise group Obesity Stress is thought to be more suitable.

The purpose of this study was to propose the way to composite facilities for senior citizen in urban area based on the otherness theory. The otherness theory is especially based on the Meduss myth. According to the the Meduss myth, the otherness is considered not to coexist with the identity of itself. With the conclusion that the otherness and the identity can not exist at the same time although they have same base, the topic will be discussed.

In this paper, the main problem about color design for composition elements, which influence streetscape directly, has been surveyed. Through the analysis of color harmony and matching types, analysis the problem and elements of proposal, as well as elements of restriction proposal about type decision. And in order to establish new analysis sheet of color composition elements, application of essential data was the aim of this paper. At first, in previous work, the results of analysis for different types of constitute elements revealed the method for multicolor measurement and the tool of evaluation, as well as the inconsiderate color application for elements caused too many visual stimulation and confusion, which harmed to the city environment. Furthermore, due to the most of the investigation for current situation and hedonic scale were stopped, the proposals to solve the problem for those were insufficient. Therefore, in order to establish the entire color plan for each region, the type decision of composition elements' color plan in streetscape and proposal for restricted elements, were put proposed.

This study is for a small sized library to expand function of the public library in the community. This study aims to encourage local residents using information and utilizing public library by opening parted facility of existing school to public and naming it substitute of public library. It is expected to contribute to richer welfare system. In detail, it is discussed progression of the small sized library as well as budgeting and hiring experienced staff in Committee on Library and Policy. However, there would have been the limitation of capability because school library is different from public library in targeted users, space element, and unit plan. Therefore, this study investigates a small sized library as a function to find out type, plan, and space availability and size of ideal open school library.

Dramatic increase of population migrating from suburban area to metropolitan area which started in 1990s resulted in the increase of aging population among this area. Centralized population also causes decreased number of students in suburban areas which in turn affects environmental facilities such as school and brings social issue. Additionally, compared to the alternative analysis and data regarding internal spatial arrangement of high school, there are not enough data or information on external spatial arrangement and how to construct such space. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to provide fundamental data which can be used as a reference in improving educational environment of suburban high school by analyzing and investigating various factors including location, accessibility, facility status, and external spatial arrangement based on arrangement type of 8 normal high schools located across Jeju Island where the trend of decreasing number of students is prominent. Following is the result of such investigation. Despite the fact that high schools from suburban areas in Jeju Island possess diversity based on local characteristic, construction of external space is rather inconsistent as the plans regarding external space is not organized. Therefore, there is a need for preparing external spaces appropriate for each school based on the number of students and the characteristic of gymnasium.

PURPOSES : It is necessary to clarify the rheological properties of cement paste as a basic research in the development of mechanistic concrete mix design. The rheological properties of cement paste with different binder types, mix propositions, and with/without high range water reducers have been analyzed. METHODS : In this study, ordinary Portland cement, fly-ash, blast furnace slag, silica fume, and limestone powder were used as binders. The range of water-binder ratio was 0.3-0.5, and a total of 30 different mixes have been tested. The slump flow test, V-funnel test, and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) test were performed to analyze the rheological properties of cement paste. RESULTS : As a result of the slump flow test, it was found that the composition ratio of the binder contents greatly affected the paste flow when the high range water reducers were added. The results of V-funnel test showed that when the water-binder ratio was decreased without high range water reducers, the binder composition ratio had a large effect on the passing time of the V-funnel tester, but with high range water reducers the impact of the binder composition ratio was decreased. The slump flow and V-funnel have a certain relationship with the rheological factors (yield stress and plastic viscosity), but the correlation was not significant. Finally, we proposed the M-value considering the density and specific surface area of the binder. The correlation between rheological factors and M-value were better demonstrated than experimental values, but there is still a limit to predict the rheological factor in general mix design. CONCLUSIONS :In this study, the rheological properties of cement paste were analyzed. The binder type, composition ratio of binder, and with/without high range water reducers have combined to provide the complex effects on the rheological properties of cement paste. The correlation between the proposed M-value and rheological factor was found to be better than experimental results, but needs to be improved in the future.

본 시험은 혼파조합이 하번초형 혼파초지의 건물수량과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하여 하번초형 혼파초지를 조성하는데 적합한 혼파조합을 찾고자 1998년 9월부터 2001년 12월까지 충남대학교 생명과학대학내 부속 초지시험포장에서 수행하였다. 공시 혼파조합은 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 3가지 혼파조합을 공시하였으며 얻어진 시험결과는 다음과 같다1) 3년 평균 ha당 건물수량, 일반화학적 성분, 건물소화율과 조단백질수량(CPDM) 및 가소화건물수량(DDM)은 혼파조합간에 차이가 없었다. 2) 2001년도 6회 마지막 예취시 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 혼파조합에서 tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass의 식생 비율은 각각 42, 35 및 28%이었고, 전체 초종에서 이들 3초종이 차지하는 식생 비율은 모든 혼파조합에서 84%로 나타나 혼파조합이 식생비율에 미치는 영향은 크지 않았다. 기타 초종 중에서는 redtop(8%)과 creeping bentgrass(6∼7%)의 식생비율이 낮았으며, 특히 red fescue(1∼2%)는 매우 낮은 식생비율을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 혼파조합간에 건물수량과 사료가치 및 식생비율에 뚜렷한 차이가 없었던 것으로 보아, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass 및 perennial ryegrass 중심의 어느 혼파조합으로 하번초형 혼파초지를 조성하여도 공익목적과 부수적으로 생산되는 목초를 조사료원으로 활용가능성은 크다고 하겠다.

To examine the potentiality of grassland dominated with turf-type grasses, which are mainly used for the establishment of green spaces, forage production and its utilization as forage resources, dry matter yield and forage quality of three different turf-type mixtures were estimated throughout three consecutive experimental years.According to the experiment, the mean of dry matter(DM) yield, chemical composition, DM digestibility, crude protein dry matter(CPDM) and digestible dry matter(DDM) yield was not significantly different among species(p > 0.05) over three experimental years.Botanical composition of three dominant species(tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass) was 42, 35 and 28%, respectively, in three mixtures at the last cutting(6th) in 2001. The botanical composition of three dominated species such as tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass was maintained 84% of the total plants in all types of mixtures. Therefore, It is observed that the mixture types did not closely affect the botanical composition. But botanical composition of the other species such as redtop(8%) and creeping bentgrass(6∼7%) was low. Especially, that of red fescue was the least(1∼2%) of all mixed species. As mentioned above, any difference was not observed in DM yields, forage quality and botanical composition among mixture types. Therefore, any types of mixtures can be used as public green spaces like school ground areas or river-sides, and as forage resources additionally.

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of a short term comprehensive life style modification program on glycemic metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Method: A nonequivalent control group with a pre post test was designed. Data collection was done from October 2003 to June, 2004 at a hospital. Glycemic metabolism was measured by a.c., p.c. and $HbA_{1}c$, and lipid metabolism was measured by cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Body Composition was measured by body weight, body mass index, waist, measurement waist per hip ratio, body fat, muscle weight and abdominal fat tissue(intra abdominal distance). The Experimental group, which was composed of 29 participants, was educated based on a life style modification protocol at a weekly meeting for 12 weeks and carried out exercise, diet along individual parameters and self monitoring, while 24 participants in the control group received only diet education. Result: 1. The experimental group showed a significant lower a.c.(t=2.11, p=.04) and $HbA_{1}c$(t=2.65, p=.01) compared to those of the control group. 2. The experimental group showed a significant lower LDL than the results of the control group(t=2.42, p=.02). 3. The experimental group showed a significant lower weight(t=3.09, p=.00), BMI(t=3.01, p=.00), body fat(t=2.94, p=.01) and abdominal fat tissue(t=3.05, p=.01) than those of the control group. Conclusion: The results provided evidence for the effectiveness of a short term comprehensive life style modification program composed of exercise, diet, support, self efficacy elevation and self monitoring in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

본 연구의 목적은 대한민국 육·해·공군 및 특수부대 병역 유형에 따른 신체구성 및 전문체력조사를 통하여, 대한민국 장병의 현재 기초체력 현황 제시와 부족한 부분을 효과적으로 향상시키기 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 있다. 연구대상자는 서울, 경기, 충북, 충남 지역에 위치한 총 5개 부대를 중심으로 육군, 특수부대, 공군, 해군 등 4집단으로 분류하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 신체구성은 특수부대가 가장 좋았으며, 육군, 해군, 공군 순이었다. 둘째, 전문 체력 중 악력 우측과 좌측 모두 특수부대가 가장 높았으며, 해군, 공군, 육군 순으로 나타났다. 셋째, 무산소성파워는 특 수부대가 가장 높았으며, 공군, 해군, 육군 순으로 나타났다. 넷째, 유산소성파워는 특수부대, 육군, 공군, 해군 순으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 고려하여 볼 때 장병들의 신체구성은 활동량과 운동량이 많을수록 균형 있는 신체구성을 나타 내고 있으며, 특히 평균 이상 체지방을 보유한 장병들의 경우에는 중강도 무산소운동과 빠른 움직임의 유산소 운동을 병행하여 근육량을 증가시키고 체지방량을 감소시키는 것이 필요하다고 사료된다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the body composition and specialty strength depending on the each type of military service(army, navy, air force, and special force) in order to provide the preliminary data presenting the current state of basic physical strength of military personnel. A total of 172 subjects was participated in this study, 60-navy, 53-special force, 29-air force and 30-navy respectively and tested the body composition, the grasping power, and an-aerobic capacity. The results showed as: (1) For the body composition, special force was at their best, followed by army, navy, and air force. (2) For the grasping power, special force showed the highest score for both hands, followed by navy, air force, and army. (3) For Anaerobic power, special force was also on the top, followed by air force, navy, and army. (4) Lastly, when it comes to the Aerobic power, it was in the order of special force, army, air force, and navy. From those results, it is suggested that the more activity or exercise volume the military personnel have, the better balanced body composition they have. It is also considered that soldiers who are above average fat, especially, need to improve their muscle mass and reduce body fat at the same time through moderate anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise of past movement. Also, as specialty strength showed similar aspects, it is necessary that different training be applied for the military personnel depending on each type of military service.