Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 초등학생을 대상으로 한 디지털 리터러시를 측정하는 검사 도구를 개발하고 이를 검증하는 것이다. 본 검사 도구는 총 7개 요인과 38개의 문항이 개발되었다. 세부 요인과 문항수는 ‘디지털 사회인식 및 문제해결(9문항)’, ‘정보 접근(4문항)’, ‘콘텐츠 창작(8문항)’, ‘공유(6문항)’, ‘협업(4문항)’, ‘정보보호 및 윤리(4문 항)’, ‘디지털 메타인지(3문항)’이다. 이를 위해 디지털 리터러시의 개념과 기존 검사 도구를 검토하여 예비 검사 도구를 개발하였다. 그리고 본 검사 도구의 개발과 검증을 위해 초등학생 509명을 대상으로 검사를 실시하고, 탐 색적 요인분석과 확인적 요인분석을 수행하여 검사 도구를 최종 확정하였다. 본 연구가 COVID-19 팬더믹으로 인한 온라인 학습, 블렌디드 러닝 등의 디지털 환경의 필요성이 논의되는 상황에서 초등학생의 디지털 리터러시 를 점검하는 계기가 되기를 기대한다.

The purpose of this study is to develop and verify a test tool that measures digital literacy for elementary school students. In this test tool, a total of 7 factors and 38 items were developed. Detailed factors and number of questions are ‘Digital social awareness and Problem solving (9items)’, ‘Information access (4items)’, ‘Content creation (8items)’, ‘Sharing (6items)’, ‘Collaboration (4items)’, ‘Information protection and ethics (4items)’, and ‘Digital metacognition (3items)’. For this, a preliminary test tool was developed by reviewing the concept of digital literacy and existing test tools. And for the development and verification of this test tool, the test was conducted on 509 elementary school students, and exploratory factor analysis and confirmation factor analysis were performed to finally develop the test tool. It is hoped that this study will serve as an opportunity to examine the digital literacy of elementary school students in a situation where the need for digital environments such as online learning and blended learning due to the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed.

Objective: Persons with chronic stroke fall more often than healthy elderly individuals. The Timed Up and Go test (TUG) is used as a fall prediction tool, but only provides a result for the total measurement time. This study aimed to determine the optimal cut-off values for each of the 6 components of the TUG. Design: Retrospective study. Methods: Thirty persons with chronic stroke participated in the study. TUG evaluation was performed using a wearable miniaturized inertial sensor. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were calculated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis for the measured values in each section. Optimal values for fall risk classification were determined. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk of future falls based on TUG. Results: The cut-off values of the 6 sections of the TUG were determined, as follows: sit-to-stand >2.00 seconds (p<0.05), forward gait >4.68 seconds (p<0.05), mid-turn >3.82 seconds (p<0.05), return gait >4.81 seconds (p<0.05), end-turn >2.95 seconds (p<0.05), and stand-to-sit >2.13 seconds (p<0.05). The risk of falling increased by 2.278 times when the mid-turn value was >3.82 seconds (p<0.05). Conclusions: The risk of falls increased by 2.28 times when the value of the mid-turn interval exceeded 3.82 seconds. Therefore, when interpreting TUG results, the predictive accuracy for falls will be higher when the measurement time for each section is analyzed, together with the total time for TUG.

The present study investigates the usefulness of the Clock Drawing Test(CDT) as a tool for the detection of cognitive impairment by examining the association between CDT performance and, the general cognitive function and each cognitive function evaluated by a neuropsychological battery(SNSB-D). Also, this study examines the efficiency of the CDT for differentiating control, mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and Alzheimer's disease(AD). The results of the quantitative analysis of CDT showed significant mean differences across three groups. In the results of the quality analysis of CDT, errors in all types except for size seem to be different in groups and errors in AD groups appear to be a more frequent than in other groups. We found that the CDT score was significantly correlated with the SNSB-D score. The discriminate accuracy of CDT was relatively low in differentiating the MCI from control group, but somewhat better in differentiating the AD from control group and in differentiating the AD from MCI group. This study showed CDT performance reflects general cognitive function and is a useful tool for assessing cognitive impairment. However, CDT is less adequate at differentiating MCI from control group, so if the CDT is used for MCI, there should be special consideration of this finding, with reference to the quantitative analysis of CDT or other screening tests.

The talk test (TT) is subjective method to measure exercise intensity in costless and feasible manner, compared to sophisticated laboratory equipment. We attempted to investigate whether the TT was a valid method for evaluation of exercise intensity, by comparing with values derived from various physiologic markers during cardiopulmonary ex-ercise testing on treadmill in healthy population. A total of 17 healthy subjects (12 males and 5 females) participated in this study. The TT was applied, which consisted of 3-stages difficulties demanding respiratory load while they performed the cardiopulmonary exercise testing on treadmill. In each of the TT stages, ergospirometric and psychophysio-logic response marker were collected such as heart rate, oxygen con-sumption, respiratory exchange ratio, minute ventilation, carbon dioxide output, tidal volume, respiratory rate, and rating of perceived exertion of breathing. Statistical analyses revealed a significant difference of all dependent variables in each of three TT stages, comparing with the resting phase before the TT. The TT showed strong correlation coeffi-cient with all variables except for rating of perceived exertion during the resting phase before the TT. According to increase of exercise in-tensity, all dependent variables showed a linear tendency with the stages of the TT. Our findings indicated that each of the TT stages was strongly correlated with ergospirometric variables as well as psycho-physiologic response during cardiopulmonary exercise testing on treadmill. We suggested that the TT can be used to evaluate and pre-scribe exercise intensity of aerobic activity in cardiovascular and pul-monary rehabilitation settings.

본 연구는 한류문화콘텐츠 중 Movement Culture의 중국인 인식을 알아보기 위한 검사도구의 개발 및 타당화에 목적이 있다. Movement Culture로 정의되는 각 분야별 국내 전문가집단의 델파이분석을 수행하여 총 35개의 문항을 도출하였다. 도출된 문항을 중국인 연구자1인과 함께 번역 및 수정 후, 중국 길림성과 저장 지역을 포함한 약 26개 지역 중국인 616명을 대상으로 구글 모바일 설문을 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 빈도분석, 기술통계, 그리고 측정도구 문항의 타당도와 신뢰도 검증을 위한 탐색적요인분석, 확인적 요인분석과 Cronbach‘α 신뢰도 분석을 실시하였다. 또한 1-모 수 Racsh모형을 적용하여 개발된 검사도구 타당도를 확인하였다. 연구결과, Movement Culture의 중국인 인식의 검사 도구는 총 3요인 23문항으로 구성되었으며 1-모수 Racsh모형을 통한 타당도분석결과 검사도구의 문항이 모두 타당도를 만족하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 근거로 하여 한류문화콘텐츠 중 Movement Culture에 대한 외국인의 인식 관련 다양한 연구의 체계적 접근이 요구되며, 본 연구결과는 한류 및 다양한 신체활동의 후속연구를 위한 유용한 정보로 활용 될 수 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a test tool to examine the Chinese perception of Movement Culture among Hallyu cultural contents. A total of 35 items were derived by performing Delphi analysis of domestic expert groups in each field defined as movement culture. After translating and correcting the derived questions with one Chinese researcher, a mobile survey was conducted with 616 Chinese people in 26 regions including Jilin and Zhejiang, China. The collected data were subjected to frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, and exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Cronbach'α reliability analysis to verify the validity and reliability of measurement tool items. Also, the validity of the developed test tool was confirmed by applying the 1-Rasch model. As a result of the study, the tool for Chinese perception of Movement Culture consisted of 23 items with 3 factors, and as a result of validity analysis through the 1-Rasch model, it was found that all of the items of the test tool satisfied the validity. Based on the results of this study, a systematic approach to various studies related to foreigners' perceptions of movement culture among Hallyu cultural contents is required, and the results of this study can be used as useful information for follow-up research on Hallyu and various physical activities.

이 연구는 아동의 독서태도를 다양한 측면에서 측정할 수 있는 검사도구를 개발하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이에 따라 선행 독서태도 검사 도구, 독서태도 모델과 독서태도에 관한 암묵적 지식 연구를 토대로 구성요인을 설정하고 문항을 작성하였다. 검사도구의 타당도와 신뢰도 검증을 위해 초등학교 4-6학년 학생을 대상으로 1차와 2차 검사를 실시하였다. 독서태도 검사도구에 대한 탐색적 요인분석을 통해 3개의 구성요인에서 8개의 하위요인을 추출하였고, 추출된 8개의 요인은 전체변량의 66.29%를 설명하였다. 문항내적 상관계수 r값은 모든 문항에서 0.4이상으로 나타났고, 독서태도 검사도구의 Cronbach α값이 0.950으로 나타나 개발된 독서태도 검사도구의 신뢰도와 타당도가 양호함을 확인하였다. 따라서 인지, 정서, 행동의지를 독서태도 구성요인으로 하고 독서효용성과 독서효능감, 여가, 자극, 몰입, 표현, 학습, 적극성을 하위요인으로 하는 독서태도 검사도구는 아동의 독서태도에 관한 다양한 측면을 검사하기에 유용한 도구로 기능할 수 있다는 점을 제시하고 있다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a test tool that can be measured in various aspects for the reading attitudes of children. For that it was set the configuration based on the preceding reading attitude survey and models and tacit knowledge of attitude toward reading and wrote the questions for reading attitudes. It conducted a primary and secondary test for elementary school students in grades 4-6 to verify the validity and reliability of measurement tools. 8 factors of the reading attitudes measurement tool were extracted through exploratory factor analysis and it described 66.29% of total variable. the r-value for inter-item consistency about reading attitudes were above 0.4 on all questions. The Cronbach α-value of reliability coefficient about reading attitudes measurement tool was 0.950. Therefore Reading attitude test tool have reading usefulness, reading efficacy, leisure, stiumulation, flow, expression, study, assertiveness as sub factors of reading attitude has been shown that it can serve as a useful tool for measuring various aspects of the reading attitude for children.

그동안 국내외 도덕교육 관련 학자들은 학생들의 도덕성을 진단하기위해 도덕추론, 도덕판단, 도덕적 정체성, 도덕정서, 도덕지능, 인격, 성품, 성격강점 등 다소 유사하면서도 다양한 용어 안에서 도덕성 검사도구를 개발해왔다. 하지만 대부분의 도덕성 진단 도구들은 콜버그식의 추론발달 측면에 다소 치중해왔다. 도덕성 진단 검사와 관련한 국내외의 연구들에 대한 검토는 도덕성의 다차원적 측면에 주목하게 한다. 도덕성은 도덕판단과 같은 인지 차원, 공감과 같은 정서 차원, 자기규제와 같은 능력 차원, 도덕적 정체성과 같은 인격 차원의 복합적시각에서 이해 가능하다. 통합형 도덕성 진단 도구 개발을 위해 다음의 구성 요소 고려가 가능하다. 첫째, 도덕추론, 둘째, 도덕적 정체성, 셋째, 도덕적 인격, 넷째, 다른 사람의 이익고려, 다섯째, 자기규제 및자기성찰 능력, 여섯째, 도덕지능이다.

The internal and external researchers related to moral education have developed test tools for morality in various terms, including moral judgement, personality, Character strengths, and so on. However, most diagnostic tools for morality have been focused on the reasoning development of the Kohlbergian. The review of studies on the tools leads us to focus on the multidimensional aspect of morality. Morality can be understood from a complex viewpoint such as cognitive dimension like moral judgment, emotional dimension like empathy, ability dimension like self regulation, and moral identity. To develop an integrated diagnostic tool for morality, it may be suggested that: First, moral reasoning, Second, moral identity, Third, moral character, Fourth, considering others, Fifth, self-regulating abilities, Sixth, moral intelligence.

By introducing an aptitude test, we can establish a measurement model that can select applicants with excellent flight aptitude, scientifically analyze the correlation with actual flight training, and supplement and develop a tool for evaluating flight aptitude through feedback to improve flight training programs. By selecting resources with excellent flight aptitude, we can lower the mid-course elimination rate in flight training courses, thereby securing the economic feasibility of pilot training, and ultimately, we expect to greatly contribute to aviation safety by training excellent pilots. It is expected to contribute significantly to this. The pilot aptitude assessment model can be utilized by airlines and educational institutions that train pilots as a tool for selecting students through admissions processes. Furthermore, it can help students identify their aptitude for aviation in advance and determine their career paths. Furthermore, pilot training institutions can utilize it to educate students and enhance the effectiveness of their educational investments.

이 연구는 대학 무용전공자들의 특성변인 집단에 따른 대학 한국무용 교수자의 강의역량 인지에 대하여 차별 적으로 기능하는 문항을 추출하는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위하여 서울 소재 대학의 무용전공자 256명을 대상으로 김혜련,최창환(2018)이 개발한 대한 한국무용 교수자의 강의역량 검사 도구를 활용하여 차별적 기능문항(differential item functioning : DIF)을 산출하였으며 DIF의 추출방법을 위해 Holland 와 Thayer(1986)가 제안한 Mantel-Haenszel 방법을 적용하였다. 자료 분석은 spss 21,0 프로그램과 winstep 3.65 프로그램을 활용하였다. 분석결과, 총 15개의 문항 중 6개의 문항(1,5,6,10,11,12)이 특성변인 (성별, 전공, 무용경력)의 집단에 따라 차별적 기능을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 대학 한국무용 교수자의 강의역량과 관련하여 요구되어지는 연구들을 수행하기 위하여 다양한 특성변인을 대상으로 측정하고자 할 때 명확한 정보전달과 문항의 편파성을 줄이기 위한 기초자료로 사용될 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to extract the items that have discriminative function of Korean dance teachers' lecture competency according to the characteristics variable group of university dance major. For this purpose, a differential item functioning (DIF) was calculated by using a lecture competency test tool developed by Kim Hye-Ryeon (2018) developed by Korean dance instructor for 256 dance students majoring in Seoul National University. The Mantel-Haensze method was applied for the method. In addition, we used the spss 21,0 program and winstep 3.65 program to extract descriptive statistics and discriminative functional items. As a result of the analysis, 6 (1,5,6,10,11,12) out of 15 items showed differentiated functions according to the group of characteristics variables (sex, major, and dance career). This study will be used as a basic data to reduce the bias of clear information transmission and testing when measuring various characteristic variables in order to carry out the researches required for the lecture competence of Korean dance teachers.

모바일 앱의 수가 기하급수적으로 늘어남에 따라 앱 개발과정에서 이루어지는 테스트의 자동화가 중요해지고 있다. 앱을 출시하기까지 다양한 유형의 테스트를 통해 반복적인 검증이 이루어지는데, 다양한 유형의 테스트 중 GUI 테스트를 중심으로 본 연구는 진행되었다. 안드로이드의 GUI 테스트 자동화 툴을 개발하기 위해서 안드로이드 앱 테스트의 UI Control 16가지와 Material Design Guideline에 대해서 기초 자료를 수집하였다. 그 후 기존 GUI 테스트 자동화 툴에 대해서 스크린 캡처 테스트 기반 2가지 툴과 소스코드 분석 테스트기반 4가지 툴 분석을 하였다. 분석을 통해 기존의 GUI 테스트 자동화 툴들은 시각적 설계, 인터페이스 사용 용이성, 컴포넌트 배치에 대해서는 고려하지 않고 있다는 점을 파악하였다. 이러한 기존 툴의 미비점을 보완하고자 새로운 GUI 테스트 자동화 툴 개발 방법으로 컴포넌트 선정이나 관리 분석 그리고 컴포넌트별 소스코드 예시로 탐색 메뉴나 버튼, 아이템 그룹화나 리스트에 관한 방법을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 GUI 테스트의 새로운 개발 방향을 제시함으로써 개발사의 안정적인 앱 배포에 기여할 수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

As the number of mobile apps increases exponentially, automation of tests performed in the app development process is becoming more important. Until the app is released, iterative verification is performed through various types of tests, and this study was conducted focusing on the GUI test among various types of tests. This study is meaningful in that it can contribute to the stable app distribution of the developer by suggesting the development direction of the GUI test. To develop Android's GUI test tool, I collected basic data before presenting the development method by researching Android's UI controls and Material design guideline. After that, for the existing GUI test automation tool, two tools based on screen capture test and four tools based on source code analysis test were studied. Through this, it was found that existing GUI test tools don't consider visual design, usability, and component arrangement. In order to supplement the shortcomings of existing tools, a new GUI test automation tool development method was presented based on the basic data previously studied.

본 연구는 투사검사로서의 손검사에 대한 기초적 연구이다. 본 연구의 목적은 손검사를 청 소년의 공격성 예측 도구로 활용할 수 있는가를 알아보는 것이다. 연구대상은 부산ㆍ경남 지역 및 제주도에 거주하는 중고등학생 834명(남 429명, 여 405명)이다. 측정 도구는 손검사와 공격 성 척도이며, 손검사의 해석지표는 21개 지표, 즉 하위범주 15개와 복합범주 4개 및 병합점수 2개로 설정하였으며, 자료 분석은 상관분석과 정준상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음 과 같다. 첫째, 상관분석의 결과, 손검사의 변인군과 공격성 척도의 변인군 간에는 상관이 있었 으며, 이들 가운데 손검사의 AOS 변인은 공격성 척도의 4개 변인 중 3개 변인과 상관이 있었 다. 둘째, 정준상관분석의 결과, 손검사의 AOS 변인과 공격성 척도의 적대감 변인 및 언어적 공격행동 변인은 체계적이고 유의미한 상관이 있었으며, 공격성 척도의 변인군에 대한 손검사 변인군의 설명력은 17.1%였다. 결론적으로 손검사는 청소년의 공격성을 예측하는 도구로 활용 할 수 있음이 확인되었다.

This is a basic study on the Hand Test as a projective test. This paper addresses the possibility of using the Hand Test as an aggression prediction tool for adolescents. Participants are 834 middle and high school students (429 males, 405 females) in Pusan, Kyungnam and Jeju Island. The measurements are Hand Test and Aggression Questionnaire-Korea version (AQ-K). This study established 21 interpretation indices of the Hand Test, which consisted of 15 subcategories, 4 combined categories, and 2 summary scores. Data analysis was performed using correlation analysis and canonical correlation analysis. The results are as follows. First, the results of the correlation analysis indicated that there was a correlation between the variables of the Hand Test and the variables of the AQ-K, and the AOS of the Hand Test was related to four variables of the AQ-K. Second, the results of the canonical correlation analysis indicated that the AOS of the Hand Test and the hostility and verbal attack behavior of the AQ-K were systematically and significantly related. and the explanation power of the Hand Test variables for the AQ-K was 17.1%. In conclusion, this study found that the Hand Test can be a useful tool to predict adolescents’ aggression.

The main purpose of th study was to evaluate he validity of Korean Pain Measurement Tool composed of pain terms. The specific purposes of this study were 1. to examine whether pain intensities of pain terms are congruent with those classified in three previous studies. 2. to evaluate the relative intensity of each term by panel of judges. 3. to explore the difference of ranks of pain terms according to the sex, education, and ages. One hundred and sixty normal individuals were selected by 2$\times$2$\times$4 sampling design. Sex (male, female), education (high school, college), and age (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s) were matched. Each individual was asked to rate the ranks of 3~8 pain terms in each subclass. The data measured by ordinal scale were transformed to the interval scale to compare with the pain intensities gained from the previous study. The pain ranks different from previous results were finally rearranged or cancelled through the consultation of 4 panel of judges and sunmed up to 91 pain terms in the scale. As a result, the ranks of pain terms within each of eleven subclasses among the twenty subclasses completely were congruent with the Previous pain ranks, while the ranks of nine subclasses were different from the previous pain ranks. In addition, there was significant relation between sex and pain ranks in skin punctuate pressure pain and cavity pressure. (sp : $\chi$$^2$=5.18 ø=0.26； cp : $\chi$$^2$=5.83 ø=0.24) In conclusion, seven terms from subclasses of inflammatory repeated pain, traction pressure pain, fatigue-related pain, fear-related pain, dull pain, and pulsation. related pain were cancelled. The ranks of four terms in subclasses of incisive Pressure pain and constrictive pressure pain were tentatively rearranged. Ranks of two terms in the tract pain were left as shown in the third study. As a result, six terms must be studied repeatedly for obtaining exact scores from ratio scale.

본 연구는 손검사를 아동의 공격성 예측 도구로 활용할 수 있는가를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 P시에 거주하는 초등학교 4-6학년생 532명(남 250명, 여 283명)이다. 측정 도구는 손검사와 공격성 척도이며, 검사는 2020년 11월에 실시하였다. 자료 분석은 손검사의 반응과 공격성 척도의 관련성 및 관련성의 정도를 파악하기 위하여 정준상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 손검사 변인들과 공격성 척도 변인들 간에는 상관이 있었으며, 이들 가운데 손검사의 공격적 행동점수(AOS), 병리점수(PATH), 철회(WITH) 변인과 공격성 척도의 적대감과 분노감 및 행동적 공격성 변인은 유의미한 상관이 있었으며, 공격성 척도의 변인군에 대한 손검사 변인군의 설명력은 21.3%로 나타났다. 따라서 손검사의 AOS, PATH, WITH는 아동의 공격성을 예측하는 유의미한 변인이라고 할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 손검사는 한국 아동의 공격성을 예측하는 도구로 활용할 수 있음이 밝혀졌다.

This paper addressed the application of the Hand Test as an aggression prediction tool for children. Participants included 532 elementary school students (250 males, 282 females) from grades four to six, The Hand Test and the Aggression Scale were administered as measurement tools in November 2020. Data analysis was performed using canonical correlation analysis to understand the correlation and the degree of correlation between responses to the Hand Test and the Aggression Scale. The results were as follows: There was a correlation between the variables of the Hand Test and the variables of the Aggression Scale, and the AOS, PATH, and WITH of the Hand Test and the hostility, anger, and behavior aggression of the Aggression Scale were significantly related. The explanation power of the Hand Test variables for the Aggression Scale was 21.3%. Therefore, the AOS, PATH, and WITH of the Hand Test were significant variables that predicted korean children’s aggression. In conclusion, this study indicated that the Hand Test can be a useful tool to predict children’s aggression.

본 연구에서는 청소년의 우울정도에 따른 나무검사의 반응특성을 검토하여 나무검사를 청소년의 우울사정도구로 활용할 수 있는가를 알아보고자 한다. 연구대상은 대구․경북 지역에 소재하는 중․고등학교 1~2학년생414명(남 216, 여 198명)이다. 측정도구는 BDI와 나무검사이다. 나무검사의 해석지표는 총 15개 지표, 즉 전체지표(7개)와 세부지표(8개)로 설정하였다. 자료의 분석은 교차분석과 판별분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 청소년의 우울정도에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 지표는 필압, 스트로크, 위치, 크기, 기저선, 풍경, 줄기(옹이), 줄기(수피), 꽃, 잎, 뿌리이다. 전체지표에서는 우울이 낮은 청소년이 우울이 높은 청소년보다 필압에서 중, 스트로크에서 불연속, 위치에서 중, 크기에서 적당, 기저선과 풍경에서 무의 비율이 높았다. 세부지표에서는 우울이 낮은 청소년이 우울이 높은 청소년보다 줄기(옹이), 줄기(수피), 잎을 그리는 비율은 높았으나, 꽃과 뿌리는 그리지 않는 비율이 높았다. 그리고 이들 유의차가 있는 지표들에 대하여 판별분석을 실시한 결과, 필압, 크기, 풍경, 줄기(옹이), 줄기(수피), 꽃, 잎, 뿌리가 유의한 변인으로 나타났으며, 그 판별력은72.2%로 나타났다. 이와 같은 본 연구의 결과를 통하여, 나무검사는 청소년의 우울정도를 사정하는 진단도구로활용할 수 있음이 확인되었다.

This paper addresses the application of the Baum test as a depression assessment tool for adolescents. Participants included 414(216 male, 198 female) middle and high school students from grades one to two. Measurements included the BDI and the Baum test. This study established 15 interpretation criteria. Data analysis was performed using cross tabulation and discriminant analysis. Results indicated that six total indices and five detailed indices showed statistical significance. In the case of total indices, moderate pressure, discontinuous stroke, center-oriented location, appropriate tree size, and the absence of baseline and landscape were more prevalent in the drawings by low depression adolescents. In terms of detailed indices, trunk(knots), trunk(bark), and leaves were more commonly observed in the drawings of low depression adolescents. But flowers and roots were more prevalent in the drawings of high depression adolescents. All other indices showed evidence of meaningful differences in Baum test cross tabulation were performed a discriminant analysis. Results of the analysis indicated an 72.2% discriminatory power for the variables, and Baum test characteristics of pencil pressure, tree size, landscape, trunk knots, and trunk(bark), flowers, leaves, roots were statistically significant variables. The Baum test appears to be an effective tool for assessing adolescents' depression.

본 연구는 초등학생의 우울정도에 따른 나무검사의 반응특성을 검토하여 우울사정도구로서의 나무검사의 활용가능성을 알아보기 위한 것이다. 연구대상은 대구․경북 지역 초등학교 4~6학년생 358명(남 192, 여 166명)이다. 연구도구는 CDI와 나무검사이다. 나무검사의 해석지표는 전체지표(7개)와 세부지표(8개)로 설정하였으며, 자료분석은 교차분석과 판별분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생의 우울정도에 따라 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있는 지표는 필압, 스트로크, 위치, 크기, 기저선, 풍경, 줄기(옹이), 줄기(잘림), 줄기(음영), 뿌리이다. 전체지표의 경우, 비우울아동은 우울아동보다 필압의 강함과 보통, 스트로크에서 연속, 위치에서중앙, 크기에서 적당, 기저선과 풍경에서 무의 비율이 높았다. 세부지표의 경우, 비우울아동이 우울아동보다 줄기(옹이)와 줄기(잘림) 및 뿌리를 그리지 않는 비율이 높았던 반면, 줄기(음영)는 그리는 비율이 높았다. 그리고이들 유의차가 있는 지표들에 대하여 판별분석을 실시한 결과는 필압, 나무의 크기, 기저선, 풍경, 줄기(옹이), 줄기(잘림)가 유의한 변인으로 나타났으며, 이들의 판별력은 88.8%으로 나타났다. 요컨대 본 연구에서는 나무검사에서 필압, 크기, 기저선, 풍경, 줄기(옹이), 줄기(잘림)의 변인들을 활용하여 초등학생의 우울정도를 사정할수 있음을 보여주었다.

This paper addresses the possibility of using the Baum test as a depression assessment tool for elementary school students. Participants included 358(192 males, 166 females) elementary school students from grades four to six. Measurements included the CDI and the Baum test. This study established 15 interpretation criteria. Data analysis was performed using cross tabulation and discriminant analysis. The results indicated that six total indices and four detailed indices showed statistical significance. In the case of total indices, moderate to strong pencil pressure, continuous stroke, center-oriented location, appropriate tree size, the absence of baseline and landscape were more prevalent in the drawings by healthy children. In the case of detailed indices, trunk knots, severed trunks, the absence of shading and roots were more commonly observed in the drawings of depressed children. All other indices showed evidence of meaningful differences in cross tabulation were performed a discriminant analysis. The results of the analysis indicated 88.8% discriminatory power for the variables, and the Baum test characteristics of pencil pressure, tree size, landscape, trunk knots, and severed trunk were statistically significant variables. In conclusion, the Baum test appears to be an effective tool for assessing elementary school students' depression.

본 연구는 청소년의 도덕 감수성 측정 도구를 개발하기 위한 기초작업으로서 신뢰도와 타당도를 검증하는 데 그 목적을 둔다. 도덕 감수성은 J. Rest가 창안한 4구성요소모형(The Four Component Model) 중의 제1요소에 해당되며, 특정 상황 속에 내포된 도덕적 문제를 잘 지각하고, 상황을 해석하며, 자신의 행동이 타인에게 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 미리 헤아릴 수 있는 능력을 말한다. 도덕적 행위를 하기 위한 선행연구를 참고하여 도덕 감수성의 하위요소로 사실지각 감수성, 결과지각 감수성, 책임지각 감수성으로 선정하고, 이를 가치갈등을 담고 있는 세 가지의 딜레마를 통해 측정하였다. 신뢰도 검증을 위해 두 가지 기준에 의해 허위 반응자를 제거했는데, 높은 수준의 기준에 의하면 내적 일치도는 .84로 높게 나타났다. 선행연구에서 이미 밝혀진 세 가지의 하위요소에 대한 검증을 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시했는데, 그 결과 한 개의 딜레마가 부적절 문항을 상대적으로 많이 갖고 있어서 제거하게 되었다. 검사지에 활용된 딜레마에 대한 이해도와 흥미도는 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 후속 연구에서는 예비 연구인 본 연구의 제한점을 보완하기 위해, 딜레마 스토리를 전면적으로 재검토하고, 딜레마 구성원리를 일부 보완해서, 최종 검사지 시안을 제작하고자 한다.

This research aimed to verify the reliability and validity of tool to measure the moral sensitivity of adolescents. The moral sensitivity refers to the capability which it corresponds to the first component among 4 component model which J. Rest suggested, and it is well conscious of the moral problem that it is contained in the certain aspect, it interprets the situation, and can count in advance whether its own action has any kind of effect an effect on the others. The past researches pertaining to do the moral action has suggested fact perception sensitivity, consequence perception sensitivity, and responsibility perception sensitivity as the sub-factor of the moral sensitivity. Then this research implemented these three factors in the three moral conflict dilemma stories. To verify reliability, removing the false respond needs two levels. At the much higher condition, the internal consistency was highly shown up as 0.84. In the preceding research, the confirmatory factor analysis was performed for the verification of already clarified three sub-factors. Consequently, because relatively one dilemma had the aberrant item much, it was removed. The level of understanding and interest were also good. In the subsequent study, in order to supplement the limitation of this research, it is very necessary to remake the dilemma story extensively, complement the principle of constructing dilemma, will show the well-organized questionnaire on moral sensitivity.

Recently, a demand for precision 5-axis machine tools is significantly increasing, and the maintenance of machine tool accuracy becomes more important. it is very difficult to evaluate to accuracy of 5-axis M/C in the production site since it needs expensive measuring equipment and skilled engineer. On the other hand, evaluation items of 5-axis M/C are not systematically organized in the existing KS and ISO standards. In this study, the evaluation items for 5-axis M/C were derived systematically and a test workpiece was developed to evaluate the machine tool accuracy more easily. The error sources of machine tool can be estimated by machining and measuring of the test workpiece. The correlation between the machine tool accuracy and the accuracy of machined test workpiece was analyzed. As a result, the accuracy of machined test workpiece represented the accuracy of machine tool and the error sources very effectively.

Machine tool errors have to be characterized and predicted to improve machine tool accuracy. A real-time error compensation system has been developed based on volumetric error synthesis model which is composed of machine tool errors. This paper deals with new algorithm about verification of machine tool errors. This new algorithm uses a simplified volumetric error synthesis model. This simplified model is constructed with only main components among the error components of the machine. The main error components are analyzed by ball bar test of hemispherical helix. The novel measurement method using ball bar system has many advantages which are more efficient, easier to use than conventional measurement system.

본 연구는 초등학생 공간개념 발달을 평가하는 도구로서 시지각 기능 검사(TVPS-R)와 풍경구성기법(LMT)의 활용 가능성을 탐색해 보려는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 B시에 있는 1개 초등학교 1~6학년 296명이다. 연구도구로는 한국판 시지각 기능 검사, 풍경구성기법, 공간개념 발달 평가이며 SPSS를 사용하여 일원분산분석(One-Way ANOVA)과 상관관계(Correlation) 분석을 실시하였다. 본 연구에서 얻어진 연구결과를 살펴보면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 초등학생의 시지각 기능은 학년이 높아질수록 발달하였다. 둘째, 초등학생의 풍경구성기법에 나타난 공간개념은 학년이 높아질수록 발달하였다. 셋째, 초등학생의 시지각 기능과 풍경구성기법에 나타난 공간개념 발달은 상관이 높았다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 초등학생 공간개념 발달 평가도구로서 시지각 기능 검사와 풍경구성기법은 활용이 가능하다 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Revised(TVPS-R) and LMT as a tool for evaluation conception of space development of elementary school children. The subject of this study were 296 elementary school children of 1st~6th grade in B city. The research tools are Korea Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Revised(K-TVPS-R), LMT and Conception of Space Development Evaluation. The data was analyzed by SPSS(ver. 12.0 for Windows), by which One-way ANOVA and Correlation were carried out. The results of this study were as follows; First, elementary children's visual perceptual skills was improved up according to the grade. Second, elementary children's conception of space by LMT was improved up according to the grade. Third, elementary children's visual perceptual skills and conception of space by LMT show high correlation. As results of above study, it was proved that Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Revised(TVPS-R) and LMT can be used a tool for evaluating elementary children's conception of space development.