Earticle

Korea's focus on quantitative housing supply has led to various problems. It not only limits interaction and communication between neighbors, but also creates individualism. Builders maximized the housing area and minimized the shared space. As a result, various criticisms of residential culture were raised, and human interaction and a sense of community were emphasized in apartment complexes in response to changes in residential culture and the changing needs of residents. To solve these problems and effectively respond to the needs of future changes in population and household structure, it is necessary to study how community facility planning is changing by housing policies and residents' awareness. Therefore, this study derives period-specific features through the community facilities' area, type, and layout plan. It also aims to respond to the needs of residents and social trends through time trends and contribute to the quality improvement of future community facility planning.

The purpose of this study is to understand the universal living culture and characteristics of residents through the spatial analysis of Standard Rural Houses Design(S.R.H.D) and modern apartment floor plans. To analyze space, 16 types floor plan of S.R.H.D were compared with 17 types of apartment floor plans in Wirye New Town. And 「Space Syntax」 was used to analyze the depth of space within two types of floor plan. The results are as follows : 1) The depth of space within the floor plan of the Wirye apartment was deeper than S.R.H.D. 2) Both floor plans are planned as segregated spaces 3) The corridor played a central role in the S.R.H.D while the living room played a central role within the floor plan of Wirye apartment. 4) In both types, the master bed rooms are planned to be a more integrated space than segregated spaces. In conclusion, both types were being planned not as integrated spatial planning, which is characteristic of our traditional residential architecture, but as segregated spaces, which is characteristic of modern residential architecture. In this study, only specific case plans were compared. In the future, research will need to be done through a database of many plans.

본 연구는 피트니스 센터의 공간 배치, 트레이너와의 라포, 소비자의 가격민감도가 소비자 만족에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 진행하였다. 퍼스널 트레이닝 경험자를 표본으로 선정하여 서울 소재 피트니스 센터 여섯 곳을 대상으로 표집 하였으며 총 332부의 기초자료로 연구를 진행하였다. SPSS 프로그램을 활용하여 2(공간배치)X2(라포)X2(가격민감도) 구조의 일변량 분산분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 공간 배치를 높게 인식하는 집단이 낮게 인식하는 집단보다 높은 만족을 보였다. 둘째, 라포 형성이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단보다 높은 만족을 보였다. 셋째, 가격 민감도 수준이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단보다 만족감이 높게 나타났다. 또한, 가격 민감도와 공간 배치 간 유의한 상호작용 효과가 밝혀졌다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 안정적인 피트니스 센터 경영 전략 및 시사점을 제공하였다.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of spatial layout, rapport, and price sensitivity on consumer satisfaction by personal training consumers. A total of 332 primary data were collected from six fitness centers by selecting a sample of personal training experienced consumers. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) was conducted using SPSS with a 2 (spatial layout) X 2 (rapport) X 2 (price sensitivity) factorial design. Results showed that, first, high perception of spatial layout consumers were more satisfied than low perception of spatial layout consumers. Second, high rapport building consumers were more satisfied than low rapport building consumers. Third, low price sensitivity consumers were more satisfied than high price sensitivity consumers. Furthermore, a significant interaction effect between price sensitivity and spatial layout was found. This study provides a stable management strategy for fitness centers.

Regional tourism spatial structure is the projection of tourist activities in space, also the relationship between the relative balance of tourism elements in space such as position, contact, interaction and concentration degree, etc. Regional tourism development can be adjusted to the best condition by regulating and controlling regional tourism spatial structure. This article researches the tourism development trend and tourism resources classification statistics in Chang-Ji-Tu regions, the space layout evolution of Chang-Ji-Tu regions tourism scenic area(spot) is divided into three stages depending on the general features of tourism scenic area(spot) space layout, tourism scenic area(spot) point layout stage, circle- layer stage featured by scatter, network layout stage featured mainly by filling. The result shows the process of the evolution of Chang-Ji-Tu regions tourism scenic area(spot) is "scatter—gather —filling". Tourism spatial structure takes Chang-Ji urban circle and Yan-Long-Tu urban circle as the core, the highway between Changchun and Hunchun as the axis, radiating to surrounding cities and towns to form a primary network development model, tourism development level, the natural form of tourism resources spatial distribution, tourist transportation, tourism market demand and the original tourism spatial structure are the driving factors of tourism spatial structure evolution in Chang-Ji-Tu regions, among these factors the tourism developmental level of Chang-Ji-Tu regions is the most fundamental inner power.

The objective of this research is to provide data on a design of school buildings in Korea based on an analysis of architectural characteristics and spatial layout of international schools in Global Education city of the Jeju Special Province. Literature review and a field study was conducted to examine background of establishing international schools, legal criteria and previous studies. In addition, general architectural characteristics, spatial layout and learning space of the schools were analyzed. First, all the schools adopted day and boarding schooling method and UV-type operation. Second, in regard to building characteristics, international schools divided grammar-level and junior high-level blocks, and the buildings were four stories high or lower. Third, as for spatial layout, the BHA buildings were scattered, the NLCS Jeju buildings were put in a surrounding pattern, and the KIS Jeju buildings were placed in the order of hierarchy. Fourth, as for the traffic circulation, the BHA showed a mixed pattern, the NLCS Jeju showed a branch-like pattern, and the KIS Jeju showed a straight-thru type. Fifth, all the schools had learning space laid out in a cluster type: an island cluster for the BHA, a multi-cluster for the NLCS Jeju, and a linear cluster for the KIS Jeju. Sixth, all the examined schools had a double corridor layout for learning spaces other than the junior block of the NLCS Jeju, which had a single corridor.

This paper aims to investigate spatial configurational properties of a school based on year-mixed departmental system. As one of fundamental differences of this system compared with ordinary departmental system, students are not grouped in accordance with their years, but rather randomly allocated to one of five core subjects without considering what year they are. Year-mixed departmental system is carefully developed by a local educational administration in Fukui-city, Japan, in order to ensure sustainable learning activities, correspond to diverse didactics and to meet required educational quality. However, this particular system has not been fully examined how it works and what spatial properties can be defined in architectural viewpoint. Throughout in-depth understanding of spatial properties using visibility graph analysis model which is one of analytical tools in space syntax, it is concluded that the spatial layout is characterised by dynamic spatial structure at different levels: a congregational space (i.e., foyer) acts as a core for social interactions and activities at a global level, but cluster-based common spaces act as substantial places for educational activities. Moreover, not only courtyards allow light in the deepest part of the building, but also they make the spatial structure more intelligible, visible and accessible for students. It is suggested that this spatial configuration designed for year-mixed departmental system allows students to create diverse learning activities, leads to various interactions across the building and results in an innovative educational culture.

This paper presents new object-spatial layout-route based hybrid map representation and global localization approaches using a stereo camera. By representing objects as high-level features in a map, a robot can deal more effectively with different contexts such as dynamic environments, human-robot interaction, and semantic information. However, the use of objects alone for map representation has inherent problems. For example, it is difficult to represent empty spaces for robot navigation, and objects are limited to readily recognizable things. One way to overcome these problems is to develop a hybrid map that includes objects and the spatial layout of a local space. The map developed in this research has a hybrid structure that combines a global topological map and a local hybrid map. The topological map represents the spatial relationships between local spaces. The local hybrid map combines the spatial layout of the local space with the objects found in that space. Based on the proposed map, we suggest a novel coarse-to-fine global localization method that uses object recognition, point cloud fitting and probabilistic scan matching. This approach can accurately estimate robot pose with respect to the correct local space.

Existing spatial feature recognition and layout methods primarily identify spatial components manually, which is time-consuming and inefficient, and the constraint relationship between objects in space can be difficult to observe. Consequently, this study introduces an advanced spatial feature recognition and layout methodology employing enhanced CenterNet and LSTM (Long ShortTerm Memory) frameworks, which is bifurcated into two major components-first, HCenterNet-based feature recognition enhances feature extraction through an attention mechanism and feature fusion technology, refining the identification of small targets within complex background areas; second, a GA-BiLSTM (Genetic Algorithm - Bidirectional LSTM)-based spatial layout model uses a bidirectional LSTM network optimized with a genetic algorithm (GA), aimed at fine-tuning the network parameters to yield more accurate spatial layouts. Experiments verified that compared with the CenterNet model, the recognition performance of the proposed HCenterNet-DIoU model improved by 7.44%. Moreover, the GA-BiLSTM model improved the overall layout accuracy by 10.08% compared with the LSTM model. Time cost analysis also confirmed that the proposed model could meet the real-time requirements.

The Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated “the Regulation of Cemetery, Burial and Cremation”(the Regulation of Cemetery) in 1912. Modern cemeteries were formed by the regulation. These cemeteries were embraced very slowly in Korea, but the places were expelled from colonial cities. There was distinct separation by ethnic groups in the places of the dead. The separation made Koreans to reconfirm and imagine ethnic discrimination. Not only that, crematoriums where Japanese used mostly made conflicts in the colony. In conflicts over private cemeteries, however, a social class was more important factor. Especially the places of the dead became a field of class conflicts by the revision of the regulation in 1919 and 1921. The regulation was not a target of resistance any more but a basis of claims in the conflicts. The colonial power stepped back from the problems in the name of the law. But they remained a spectator in only specific situations that Korean didn’t cross the line. The places were rearranged spatially and cognitively in these processes. The rearrangement of the places had an effect on forming new images of death. The places of the dead were awful and sacred in traditional Korea, but the cemeteries and the crematoriums became unsanitary and ominous in colonial period. Especially the crematoriums made more negative images than the cemeteries. The crematoriums were regarded as disposal facilities. But at the same time, the crematoriums had an image of modern factories. Meanwhile, the colonial power gave new image to the places after the mid 1930’s when was put on a war footing. They made war memorials and cemeteries as sacred places. There should be no ethnic distinction in these places. They wanted to make the places as the sacred places for the war, so they promoted a campaign of beautification for the cemeteries. The places of the dead in the colonial period had the contradictory images simultaneously. The death was not only a memorial but also filth in modern Korea. It is very different from the traditional status of the death, and it can be said of the one output of the colonial modernity.

A total of 2,325 schools including all of the middle and high school have operated variation type since government announced the "Variation Type classroom System Promotion Plan" in May 2009. New education policy, free learning semester of middle school, was introduced after current government took office, followed by extended application of educational policy. Korean students have a low level of happiness and interest in the school due to admissions intensive competition and the investment memorize education and cramming education. Therefore, in consideration of youth development stage, free learning semester system introduction commitment was announced in November 2012, and free learning semester was operated by way of showing an example in 2013, and then expansion implementation plan of 2015 was established, because free learning semester introduction in middle school stage is increasing. This study considers concept and operation method to free learning semester of middle school which are newly introduced, based on the policy documents of Ministry of Education. Also, through the example of Japanese schools, this analyses creativity, personality, social skills, and healthy corresponding to a free learning semester curriculum of middle school, and present method to apply for Korea.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between spatial layout and space use pattern in subway station. Details investigation is carried out using space syntax method and observation of people's movement in Kangnam subway station. Space syntax method describes spatial layout quantitatively. The study reveals that space use pattern can be predicted by spatial layout of subway station using space syntax method. This study suggests that by applying space syntax method in planning stage we can design subway station objectively considering passenger's movement.

In this study, we surveyed historical housing settlements of Hwangjon in Bonghwa-a clan village in Youngnam district which was formed in the Chosun Dynasty. We observe the relationships among the spatial layout of clan villages, the water flows and the family hierarchies as follows; (1) when a clan village was initially formed, the water flow, which is the phylosophical foundation of Poong Soo, was the most important factor for determining the original location; (2) as villages prosper, the water flow and the family hierarchy still played an important role in determining the following geological locations; (3) in modern age, however, the water flow and the family hierarchy lost the role in detrmining the geological locations; (4) consequently, in present days, each household becomes isolated from the village. Reflecting on these observations, for village to be maintained, we conclude that we need novel practical and cohesive village forming drives that can replace the water flows and the family hierarchy in the past.

Against intensifying global AI competition and stark regional disparities in China, this study addresses AI industry growth imbalance via 2018?2023 panel data of 31 provinces. Integrating a “economic foundation-innovation input-industrial ecology” framework with a spatial-institutional heterogeneity perspective, it explores AI strategic layout’s driving mechanisms and regional paths. Key findings: AI fixed-asset investment dominates; per capita GDP has an ￥80,000 threshold effect reducible by institutional innovation; R&D shows an S-shaped regional response; high-tech enterprises realize full mediation via digital employment. Eastern, central and western China form distinct development modes. This study reconstructs the theoretical framework and offers empirical support for targeted AI development policies.

在西潮東漸的大潮流下，近代傳教士在華活動及影響一向為學界所重視，其中又以對新教之研究更為成熟，對天主教在華活動的研究則尚有開拓之餘地. 現有研究多針對個別修會ㆍ地域作個案研究，對於民初時期的天主教作為整體在華的空間格局，相關研究較為罕見. 本文簡略梳理天主教入華始末後，以20年代日本駐華外交官所撰「歐美人在華文化事業概論」調查報告之數據為底本，探討該時段天主教在華投入資源之總量及其側重地域. 再以新教在華傳播之狀況作為對照，試圖就教牧人數與參禮人數之相關性提出基於量化數據的解釋.

Christianity in Modern China have been treated as one the most important element in China modernisation. On Contrary, study on Catholic Church in some extent ignored in this circumstance. Available study mostly focused on specific religious order, in terms of its spatial layout and relative input, further study is needed. After generalising how Catholic Church immersed in modern China, the research take Japan's diplomat report as foundation, studying how many and where Catholic Church devote more in the period. After that, the study make comparison on missionary service between Christian Church and Catholic Church. Although the date recorded in the report isn't impeachable, a cautious quantitative analysis may still be helpful for further study on China's Catholic period in this period.

Survivability of naval vessels is defined as the ability to perform functions and missions in a combat environment. Survivability has close relationship with the spatial layout of naval vessels. In order to maximize survivability, it must be considered from the early stage of design. However the existing concept of survivability was intended to be applied to unit vessels. So it was not suitable for assessment of spatial layout results at the early stage of design. In this paper, a simplified assessment method which can evaluate the spatial layout considering the survivability in the early stage of design has been proposed. For this, assessment layers were defined on survivability components such as susceptibility, vulnerability, and recoverability. Assessment layers of each component were overlapped to deduce a survivability layer of spatial layout alternatives. In addition, the proposed method and optimization algorithm were used to derive optimal spatial layout alternatives considering survivability.

Survivability of naval vessels is defined as the ability to perform functions and missions in a combat environment. Survivability has close relationship with the spatial layout of naval vessels. In order to maximize survivability, it must be considered from the early stage of design. However the existing concept of survivability was intended to be applied to unit vessels. So it was not suitable for assessment of spatial layout results at the early stage of design. In this paper, a simplified assessment method which can evaluate the spatial layout considering the survivability in the early stage of design has been proposed. For this, assessment layers were defined on survivability components such as susceptibility, vulnerability, and recoverability. Assessment layers of each component were overlapped to deduce a survivability layer of spatial layout alternatives. In addition, the proposed method and optimization algorithm were used to derive optimal spatial layout alternatives considering survivability.

도시의 기본 인프라인 배수망은 도시의 홍수를 막기위한 중요한 시설로 강우로 발생되는 유출수를 최대한 빨리 도시 밖으로 배수할 수 있도록 설계되어 왔다. 하지만 기후변화로 인하여 극한강우 빈도의 증가 및 급속한 도시화는 도시유역의 유출수를 빨리 배제하는 것이 하류의 홍수부담량을 증가시켜 하류의 홍수피해가 커지는 역설적인 현상을 초래하고 있다. 이러한 현상은 빠른 배수를 목적으로 설계되었던 배수망의 기존 설계방식이 더 이상 유의미하다고 할 수 없으며, 새로운 형태 또는 새로운 개념의 배수망 설계방식이 필요한 시점이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구는 폭함수를 이용하여 유출형태를 분석하였다. 총 512개의 조합된 네트워크를 통하여 각 네트워크별 최대 유출량 및 최대 유로 연장을 분석하여 3개의 그룹으로 분류하였다. 일부 그룹은 상류에 만곡도가 낮은 배수망을 배치하고 하류에 만곡도가 높은 배수망을 배치할 경우 유출량이 크게 증가하였으나, 그 반대의 경우인 상류에 만곡도가 높은 배수망을 배치하고 중류에 만곡도가 낮은 배수망을 배치할 경우 하류의 만곡도에 관계 없이 유출량이 감소하는 결과를 얻을수 있었다. 또한 일부 그룹에서는 상류의 만곡도를 낮게, 중류의 만곡도를 낮게, 하류의 만곡도를 낮게 배치할 경우 유량을 최소화 할 수 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과는 향후 배수망 설계 방식에 대한 새로운 관점을 제시하며, 배수망을 통하여 유출량을 저감시키는 것은 기존의 홍수저감 방식에 사용되는 비용절감 및 인위적 조작이 필요한 홍수저감 시설의 설치를 줄임으로서 지속가능한 도시홍수저감에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

사진측량에서 3차원 위치를 결정하기 위한 사전단계로 외부표정요소를 결정하는 공간후방교회법을 수행해야한다. 기존의 공선조건식 기반의 공간후방교회법은 비선형 방정식으로 외부표정요소의 초기값이 필요하며 짐벌락 현상이 나타날 수 있는 문제점이 있다. 이에 반해 쿼터니언 기반의 공간후방교회법은 외부표정요소의 초기값이 필요없고 짐벌락의 문제를 제거할 수 있는 방법이다. 본 연구에서는 쿼터니언기반의 공간후방교회법 안정성을 분석하기 위해 기준점의 배치를 달리하여 외부표정요소를 결정하고 이를 기존의 공선조건식 기반의 공간후방교회법을 적용한 것과 비교 하였다. 그 결과 비교적 쿼터니언 기반의 공간후방교회법은 기준점 배치에 따라 공간후방교회법의 정확도가 많은 영향을 받는 것을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 외부표정요소의 초기값을 얻을 수 없다면 쿼터니언 기반의 공간후방교회법으로 초기값을 추정한 후 이를 공선조건식 기반의 공간후방교회법에 적용하는 것이 효과적으로 외부표정요소를 결정할 수 있는 방법으로 나타났다.

In order to determine the three-dimensional position in photogrammetry, a spatial resection is a pre-requisite step to determine exterior orientation parameters. The existing spatial resection method is a non-linear equation that requires initial values of exterior orientation parameters and has a problem that a gimbal lock phenomenon may occur. On the other hand, the spatial resection using quaternion is a closed form solution that does not require initial values of EOP (Exterior Orientation Parameters) and is a method that can eliminate the problem of gimbal lock. In this study, to analyze the stability of the quaternion-based spatial resection, the exterior orientation parameters were determined according to the different layout of control points and were compared with the determined values using existing non-linear equation. As a result, it can be seen that the quaternionbased spatial resection is affected by the layout of the control points. Therefore, if the initial value of exterior orientation parameters could not be obtained, it would be more effective to estimate the initial exterior orientation values using the quaternion-based spatial resection and apply it to the collinearity equation-based spatial resection method.