Earticle

The difference in the breeding programs and population history may have diversely shaped the genomes of Korean native cattle breeds. In the absence of phenotypic data, comparisons of breeds that have been subjected to different selective pressures can aid to identify genomic regions and genes controlling qualitative and complex traits. In this study to decipher genetic variation and identify evidence of divergent selection, 3 Korean cattle breeds were genotyped using the recently developed high-density GeneSeek Genomic Profiler F250 (GGP-F250) array. The three Korean cattle breeds clustered according to their coat color phenotypes and breeding programs. The Heugu breed reliably showed smaller effective population size at all generations considered. Across the autosomal chromosomes, 113 and 83 annotated genes were identified from Hanwoo-Chikso and Hanwoo-Heugu comparisons, respectively of which 16 genes were shared between the two pairwise comparisons. The most important signals of selection were detected on bovine chromosomes 14 (24.39?25.13 Mb) and 18 (13.34?15.07 Mb), containing genes related to body size, and coat color (XKR4, LYN, PLAG1, SDR16C5, TMEM68, CDH15, MC1R, and GALNS). Some of the candidate genes are also associated with meat quality traits (ACSF3, EIF2B1, BANP, APCDD1, and GALM) and harbor quantitative trait locus (QTL) for beef production traits. Further functional analysis revealed that the candidate genes (DBI, ACSF3, HINT2, GBA2, AGPAT5, SCAP, ELP6, APOB, and RBL1) were involved in gene ontology (GO) terms relevant to meat quality including fatty acid oxidation, biosynthesis, and lipid storage. Candidate genes previously known to affect beef production and quality traits could be used in the beef cattle selection strategies.

Intense artificial selection has been imposed to Luzhong mutton sheep population in the past years. Improvements on growth and reproductive performance are two breeding goals in the present herd. Although some progresses were phenotypically observed possibly due to inbreeding induced by strong selection in terms of these traits, the genomic evaluation was poorly understood. Therefore, a high-density SNP array was used to characterize the pattern of runs of homozygosity (ROH), estimate inbreeding and inbreeding depressions on early growth performance and litter size based upon ROH, and scan positive selection signatures of recent population. Consequently, a low inbreeding level was observed which had negative effects on litter size, but not on early growth performance. And 160 genes were under selection, of which some were reported to be linked to several traits of sheep including body weight, litter size, carcass and meat quality, milk yield and composition, fiber quality and health, and the top genes were associated with growth (growth hormone [GH]- growth hormone receptor [GHR]- Insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF1] axis) and litter size (bone morphogenic proteins [BMPs]-associated). The effectiveness of previous breeding measures was highlighted, but purging selection was proposed to alleviate the inbreeding depression on litter size, providing some genomic insights to breeding management of Luzhong mutton sheep.

BackgroundScanning of the genome for selection signatures between breeds may play important role in understanding the underlie causes for observable phenotypic variations. The discovery of high density single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) provide a useful starting point to perform genome?wide scan in pig populations in order to identify loci/candidate genes underlie phenotypic variation in pig breeds and facilitate genetic improvement programs. However, prior to this study genomic region under selection in commercially selected Berkshire and Korean native pig breeds has never been detected using high density SNP markers. To this end, we have genotyped 45 animals using Porcine SNP60 chip to detect selection signatures in the genome of the two breeds by using the FST approach. ResultsIn the comparison of Berkshire and KNP breeds using the FDIST approach, a total of 1108 outlier loci (3.48%) were significantly different from zero at 99% confidence level with 870 of the outlier SNPs displaying high level of genetic differentiation (FST ≥0.490). The identified candidate genes were involved in a wide array of biological processes and molecular functions. Results revealed that 19 candidate genes were enriched in phosphate metabolism (GO: 0006796; ADCK1, ACYP1, CAMK2D, CDK13, CDK13, ERN1, GALK2, INPP1; MAK, MAP2K5, MAP3K1, MAPK14, P14KB, PIK3C3, PRKC1, PTPRK, RNASEL, THBS1, BRAF, VRK1). We have identified a set of candidate genes under selection and have known to be involved in growth, size and pork quality (CART, AGL, CF7L2, MAP2K5, DLK1, GLI3, CA3 and MC3R), ear morphology and size (HMGA2 and SOX5) stress response (ATF2, MSRB3, TMTC3 and SCAF8) and immune response ( HCST and RYR1). ConclusionsSome of the genes may be used to facilitate genetic improvement programs. Our results also provide insights for better understanding of the process and influence of breed development on the pattern of genetic variations.

Identifying locations where human remains were previously present remains a major challenge in forensic investigations, particularly when remains have been relocated or removed. Decomposition releases body fluids and organic compounds into surrounding soils. These inputs alter soil physicochemical conditions and microbial community structure, generating potential forensic indicators of carcass deposition. This study investigated the depth-resolved (5–20 cm) effects of surface-exposed pig carcass decomposition on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities under outdoor conditions in the Republic of Korea. Soil samples were collected from a carcass deposition site and two nearby control locations. Soil pH, oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured. Microbial community composition was characterized using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, followed by diversity analyses and linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Carcass decomposition significantly altered soil chemistry. Surface soils showed strong alkalization (pH 8.9), intense reduction (ORP −117 mV), and elevated electrical conductivity (531 μS/cm). These effects attenuated with increasing depth, reflecting vertical diffusion of decomposition-derived fluids. Microbiome analysis revealed reduced alpha diversity and a shift toward dominance by copiotrophic taxa, particularly Firmicutes. Beta diversity analysis demonstrated clear separation between carcass and control soils. LEfSe identified several indicator taxa associated with carcass decomposition, including Sporosarcina, Chujaibacter, Lapillicoccus, Glutamicibacter, Savagea, and Pseudogracilibacillus. These taxa exhibited distinct depth-dependent abundance patterns within the soil profile. These findings demonstrate that carcass decomposition generates depth-resolved microbial signatures in soil. Soil microbiome profiling shows strong potential as a complementary forensic approach for identifying environments influenced by carcass deposition.

DNA 염기서열의 체세포 돌연변이 연구는 암의 발병 원인을 밝히는 데에 중요한 역할을 수행하여 왔다. 특히, 대규모 인간 암 유전체 데이터를 활용한 돌연변이 시그니처(mutational signature)의 개념이 정의된 이후 관련 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비음수 행렬 분해 및 상관분석을 기반으로 돌연변이 시그니처 에 유전자 발현 정보를 결합하는 멀티오믹스(multiomics) 분석 프레임워크를 개발하고, 이를 PCAWG 대장암 데 이터에 적용하였다. 178개 전사인자에 대한 분석 결과, 돌연변이 시그니처에 의해 타겟 유전자의 발현에 영향을 준 전사인자를 14개 선발하였다. 기존 대장암 연구에 대한 문헌 분석을 통해 본 연구에서 선발된 전사인자와 돌연 변이 시그니처가 대장암 관련 메커니즘에 관여하고 있음을 보이고 제안된 연구 기법의 신뢰성을 확인하였다.

Studies on somatic mutations have contributed to identifying the aetiology of cancer. In particular, the concept of mutational signatures was defined based on the large-scale human genome sequencing data. In this study, we propose an analysis framework that can discover the association between mutational signatures and gene expressions based on the multiomics analysis using non-negative factorization and correlation analysis. The proposed method was used to analyze PCAWG colon cancer dataset and detected 14 transcription factors out of 178 that regulate target genes’ expression affected by the mutational signature. Literature servey on colon cancer revealed that the detected transcripton factors and mutational signatures are relevant to the mechanism of colon cancer, showing the reliability of the proposed method.

불확정 전송 프로토콜의 가장 큰 문제점은 단일 프로토콜로 사용될 경우에는 그 통신량과 계산량이 적지만 암호 프로토콜의 서브프로토콜로 사용될 경우 그 통신량과 계산량이 급증한다는 것이다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해 통신 트래픽이 적은 시간에 사전 계산을 실행함으로써 통신량과 계산량을 줄일 수 있도록 설계한 검증 가능한 비대화형 불확정 전송 프로토콜을 적용하여 기존에 Fiat-Shamir 서명 방식(Fiat 86)에서 평방 근을 사용하던 방식 대신에 third root를 사용하고 1-out-of-2 불확정 전송을 이용하는 에 관한 공정한 은닉 서명 기법에 사전 계산에 의한 검증 가능한 비대화형 불확정 전송 프로토콜을 적용하여 공정한 은닉 서명 프로토콜을 설계하였다. 또한 제안한 프로토콜을 Lein Harn, VNIOT 프로토콜 방식과 비교하여 분석하고, 프로토콜에 대하여 분석하였다.

The biggest problem for the oblivious transfer protocol is the rapid increasement of network traffic and computational complexity if the protocol is used as a sub-protocol compare to the case that when it is used as a standalone protocol. To fix such problems, in this paper, we propose a verifiable Non-interactive OT protocol that reduces the network traffic and computational complexity by preprocessing the necessary computations when the network traffic is low. The proposed protocol uses third root mechanism instead of square root mechanism that is used for the Fiat-Shamir signature mechanism and also uses 1-out-of-2 oblivious transfer based on signature mechanism. We also analyze the proposed protocol by comparing to the Lein Harn, YNIOT protocols.

The significance of treating astronomical phenomenon as a chaotic system instead of a stochastic system for a better understanding of the underlying has been grown considerably in recent years. Unfortunately, the most important disadvantage of these techniques is the dependence on a single approach for identifying the chaotic nature and the variables involved. In this paper, an attempt is proposed to detect chaotic nature of astronomical time series using various nonlinear analysis techniques and prediction is also done to quantify the uncertainty involved. Mutual information function and Cao algorithm are used to determine the time delay and embedding dimension for the phase space reconstruction. The probability time and secular persistence or memory are calculated using maximal Lyapunov exponent and rescaled range analysis. Our analysis results indicate that dynamical behavior of astronomical process should be controlled by a low-dimensional chaoticattractor, its chaotic motion can be considered as a long-term persistence on large scales. Moreover, the nonlinear prediction method employed support the short- and mid-term predictability nature of astronomical time series. We can arrive at a conclusion that the reasonably good predictions obtained using a chaos theory is helpful for modeling and understanding the underlying dynamics of the complex astronomical system.

Glycosylation, which is highly sensitive to the external environment, has been considered as a window reflecting physiological state of cell. Since abnormal glycans are a hallmark of diseases, the characterization of glycans is gaining attention in biomarker research for treatment and diagnosis. In particular, gastric cancer (GC) with various subtypes has highly different clinical results for each patient. Although gastric cancer patients are classified into different subgroups according to genetic profiling and clinical symptoms, targeted treatment is difficult. In this study, we have characterized the glycans obtained from representative GC cell lines including SNU-1, SNU-16, SNU-5, NCI-N87, AGS, KATO-Ⅲ, MNK-45 and MKN-74. In order to selectively separate the glycans located on the cell surface, the cell membrane extraction was first performed. Subsequently, glycans were enzymatically released, enriched and profiled via PGC nanoLC/MS and LC/MS/MS. Using normalized glycan intensity, a correlation among GC cell lines was examined through hierarchical analysis. The heterogeneity of each cell line was distinguished by moietise of glycans such as fucosylation, sialylation, LacdiNAc and bisecting structures. These results suggested that the glycan signatures of each cell line can differentiate GC cell lines. A deeper understanding of glycan profiling in different subtypes of gastric cancer may provide important clues for precision medicine and tumor targeted treatment.

In this paper, we focus on the problem of signature and role extraction from large-scale mail archives. Due to the huge scale and great diversity of large-scale mail archives, the extraction methods should not only be able to extract signatures and roles accurately without any training data, but also be general enough to work well with large-scale mail archives with different characteristics. To address this problem, we first propose an unsupervised language model based method to identify sig-natures from large numbers of emails, and then present an unsupervised two-stage method to effectively extract roles from the identified signatures. Experimental results on two real-world datasets show that our methods are general and effective for both the signature and role extrac-tion from large-scale mail archives.

Worms are self –replicating, fast moving malicious codes, capable of spreading themselves without human interaction. It’s a weapon of choice for those, who like to launch destructive attacks on network or internet as a whole. Recently there emerge more sophisticated worms such as polymorphic worm which vary their payload in every infection attempt. Polymorphic worms have more than one mutated instances. It is very important to detect and prevent such worms quickly and accurately at their early phase of infection. There are several worm detection and containment methods available. This paper surveys recent automated signature based detection of polymorphic worms and presents a classification for various signature approaches. There are two main categories of worm signatures, exploit specific and vulnerability driven. Both categories of signature are either network-based or host based. Each signature generation scheme is described and discussed in appropriate category. We analyze and compare different signature schemes. The paper concludes with challenge and scope of future research directions.

This paper presents a network intrusion detection system, which is categorized as a type of signature-based detection method. A domain specific language, called isDSL, is developed as a means of declaring intrusion signatures. The isDSL rule syntax is defined based on the structure of TCP/ IP stack, and the sign of attack is prescribed as a combination of properties and values that could span across the packets or TCP/IP layers. The prototype of intrusion detection system has been implemented. It consists of three major components: 1) isDSL par-ser, 2) Traffic monitor, and 3) Network intrusion detector. The isDSL parser supports the parsing of the intrusion conditions prescribed in a rule script into a set of rule structures used for matching with the network intrusion packets. Traffic monitor is the engine responsible for capturing the network packets and storing them in the buffer for further inspection. The Net-work intrusion detector applies the genetic algorithm for searching malicious states on net-work traffics. Preliminary experiments were conducted to study the performance of the pre-sented approach. The findings reported that the application of genetic algorithm for search-ing the signs of security breaches against declarative rules would be efficient and promising.

This paper proposes a novel construction of efficient certificateless aggregate signature (CLAS) scheme. On basis of the computational Diffie-Hellman (CDH) assumption, the proposed scheme can be proven existentially unforgeable against adaptive chosen-message attacks. The new scheme also requires small constant pairing computations for aggregate verification, which is independent of the number of signers. Most importantly, a certain synchronization for aggregating randomness can be avoided by the proposed scheme. All the signers don’t need to share the same synchronized clock to generate the aggregate signature, which greatly decreases the implementation complexity in many application scenarios.

Aggregate signature can combine n signatures on n messages from n users into single signature, and the verifier should be convinced by the aggregate signature that n users indeed sign n messages. Since aggregate signature can greatly reduce the length of total signature and the cost of verification, it is widely used in environments with low bandwidth communication, low storage and low computability. Recently, Liu et al. [H Liu, S Wang, M Liang and Y Chen, “New Construction of Efficient Certificateless Aggregate Signatures”, International Journal of Security and Its Applications Vol.8, No.1 (2014), pp. 411-422] proposed an efficient certificateless aggregate signature scheme which is proven existentially unforgeable against adaptive chosen-message attacks. Unfortunately, Liu et al.’s new certificateless signature scheme is insecure. In this paper, giving concrete and simple attacks, we demonstrate that type II adversary key generation center can make ordinary-passive attack and malicious-active attack to forge legal certificateless signatures and certificateless aggregate signatures on any messages. Furthermore, we analyze possible reasons why key generation center succeeds in ordinary-passive attack and malicious-active attack.

Mining of data is the process of discovering patterns from a large data set and uses this knowledge for matching purpose. In this paper a neural network based approach of data mining is used to verify dynamic signature patterns. In an authentication process, everyone may have a signature that is used to legally prove the document and to bind the individual with the inclination contained in the document. Signature verification is the verification process in which a given input is examined and is either rejected as forgery or accepted as genuine. The proposed algorithm is applied to a set of 500 signature samples collected from 20 individuals. Performance of the system is depicted by using three parameters that are accuracy, false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR). Experiments are performed by training the system with more and more number of samples. The results show that the system with neural network has better performance as compared to support vector machines.

조선시대에 활성화되었던 서명은 개인의 정체성과 시각적 차별화를 위한 표식으로 사용되었다. 서명에 대한 선행연구와 역사적 사료를 분석하면 삼국시대까지 거슬러 올라가는 역사를 갖고 있지만 대부분 서명 그 자체 집중되어 있다. 현재 발굴된 많은 문헌(선행연구에도 활용됨)에 나타난 대부분의 서명 180여 개 이상을 분석한 결과 현재 퍼스널 아이덴티티 디자인의 전사로 해석할 수 있는 유사성이 있다. 그 논거로는 첫째, 개인의 정체성 및 그에 따른 시각적 차별화, 둘째, 아이덴티티의 주체에 대한 정보의 유추, 셋째, 한 눈에 인식시키기 위한 단순 구성에 의한 시각화, 넷째, 상업 교역에서 제작자의 표식에 의한 마케팅 활용 등이다. 특히 몇 개의 문자와 이미지를 독창적으로 변형하여 왕에서부터 일반 평민, 아래 하층민까지 전 계층에 걸쳐 일상화되었던 서명은 오히려 현재보다 개인의 아이덴티티 사용이 보다 활성화되었음을 알 수 있다. 따라서 조선시대 서명은 퍼스널 아이덴티티 디자인의 전사로서 볼 가능성이 충분하다고 사료한다. 본 연구는 한국의 퍼스널 아이덴티티 디자인 역사를 근현대 이후보다는 조선시대 이전까지 확장하며 역사적 사료에 대한 다양한 해석 관점을 제시하고자 하였다.

Signatures widespread in the Joseon Dynasty were used as marks of personal identity and visual differentiation. Preceding studies of signatures and analyses of historical documents go back to the period of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, but most of these studies focus on the signatures themselves. As a result of analyzing more than 180 signatures appearing in documents that have been excavated thus far (and also used in previous studies), the signatures showed similarities that suggest that they were a type of pre-history of the personal identity design of today. The basis of this view is as follows: first, personal identity and visual differentiation are in accordance with this contention. Second, of information has been analogized with regard to the subject of identity. Third, visual simplification makes the signatures easily recognizable; fourth, they were used as symbols of manufacturers in commercial trade. In particular, as several letters and images were creatively modified and widely used in different classes from the king to commoners, and to people of the lower classes, it can be presumed that personal identity was more widely used back then than today. Therefore, signatures in the Joseon Dynasty can be interpreted as a form of the pre-history of personal identity design. Furthermore, the purpose and meaning of this research can serve to expand the history of personal identity to the Joseon Dynasty from the previous limitation to the modern and present age.