Earticle

집중강우, 장마 및 태풍의 직접적인 영향을 배재한 기간 동안에 안동호와 진양호의 상류하천으로부터 발생되는 DOM과 RDOM의 부하량(DOC 기준)은, 안동호 상류하천에서 5.01-7.29(×102 kg/day)였고, 진양호 상류하천에서 1.23-3.75(×103 kg/day)이었다. 진양호 상류 두 개의 하천에서 진양호로 유입되는 DOM과 RDOM의 발생비율은 SS 발생비율과 높은 상관성(R2>0.8)을 나타내었으므로 장비사용과 장기간의 실험기간을 요구하는 DOC 및 RDOC 분석에 대체할 수 있는 신속 ․ 경제적인 지표로써 SS 수질인자를 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다. 안동호와 진양호는 여름철 강한 강우 이후기간동안에 DOM 및 RDOM의 증가를 야기하고, 여름철 강우 이전 기간동안에도 DOM 및 RDOM에 대한 제어기능을 가지지 못하였다. 따라서 이들 두 호소수의 DOM 및 RDOM에 대한 수질적 개선을 위해서는 호소 상류유역의 비점오염원 자체의 제거가 이루어지거나, 호소로 유입되기 전에 이를 제어할 수 있는 완충지의 확보가 필요하다.

Variations of load in both DOM and RDOM of inflowing rivers to lakes were in the range of 5.01-7.29(×102 kg/day) for AD lake and 1.23-3.75(×103 kg/day) for JY lake during the research period excluding the period directly affected by the strong rainy season and the monsoon and typhoon season. We observed a good relationship(R2>0.8) between SS load and DOM load (including RDOM) in both inflowing rivers to JY lake. Therefore, it was determined that SS would be an alternative parameter with a rapid and energy-efficient method for the analysis of both DOC and RDOC, which require the analytical equipment and a long time period. Both AD lake and JY lake may act as a DOM(including RDOM) source through primary production in the fall season. Because AD lake and JY lake may not act as a DOM buffer zone, both lakes couldn't control the DOM and RDOM in spring before the rainy season. Therefore to improve water quality in downstream rivers is needed to remove pollutants such as DOM and RDOM before inflowing to these lakes in upstream rivers, or to have the unique landscape of wetlands as a buffer zone.

전국 공공하수처리장의 80% 이상이 우기시 처리장에 유입수가 2Q~3Q까지 유입되고 있어 하수월류수에 의한 하수처리공정관리에 많은 난제를 안고 있는 실정이다. 본 기술은 하수월류수를 급속처리하는 장치로써 최단시간(15분)에 하수월류수를 깨끗이 처리하는 하수월류수 다이렉트 급속처리 기술이다. 핵심기술은 3가지로 인라인 고속응집 및 무동력 플럭응결장치, Splitter Type 고효율 마이크로버블장치, 국내최초로 개발한 다단격벽식 고효율 부상분리 장치로 이루어져 있다. 원리는 1단계 응집·응결, 2단계 마이크로버블을 이용한 버블코팅, 3단계 3단 부상조를 이용한 버블코팅된 응집입자들의 부상으로 이루어진 굉장히 심플한 공정이다. 강우시 실험결과, GJ-R 공법을 통과한 하수월류수가 SS 98.6%, BOD 88.8%, COD 85.1%, TN 21.7%, TP 92.1%의 높은 제거효율을 보이는 것을 볼 수 있었으며, 처리수의 SS 2.8 mg/L, BOD 11.2 mg/L, TP 0.24 mg/L로 환경부 간이공공하수처리시설 수질기준인 BOD 60 mg/L 이하로써 공법의 응집·응결 및 마이크로버블 부상 효율이 굉장히 우수한 것을 볼 수 있었다.

More than 80% of the public sewage treatment plants in the country are receiving influent water (2Q~3Q) during rainfall. This technology is a sewer overflows direct treatment technology that cleans sewer overflows in the shortest time (15 minutes). The core technology is quite simply composed of three device (high-speed flocculation and non-motorized flux condensing device, splitter type high efficiency microbubble system, multi-stage type bulkhead flocculation tank). The experimental results during rainfall, the final effluent removal efficiency of SS (98.6%), BOD (88.8%), COD (85.1%), TN (21.7%), TP 92.1%) were much higher than existing treatment facilities. and When viewing the water quality of effluent of SS 2.8 mg/L, BOD 11.2 mg/L (Convenience public sewage treatment plant water quality standards of BOD 60 mg/L), TP 0.24 mg/L, The present process can be seen that a very good efficiency of coagulation·flocculation, microbubble floatation.

일반적으로 지붕우수는 지표수에 비해 수질이 양호하다고 알려져 있지만, 지붕우수를 이용하기 위해서는 유출수의 수질조사가 선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 지붕우수를 대상으로 유출 시간별로 수질을 조사 평가함으로서 빗물재이용을 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 수행되었다. 조사내용은 일반 수질항목(pH, 전기전도도, TDS, KMnO4 소비량, BOD, SS, 경도, 암모늄이온)과 음이온 성분(불소, 염소이온, 질산성질소, 황산이온), 양이온(보론(붕소), 알루미늄, 크롬, 망간, 철, 구리, 아연, 비소, 셀레늄, 카드뮴, 수은, 납), 미생물(일반세균, 총대장균군) 및 입경분포에 대해 조사하였다. 4개월간 4번에 걸쳐 초기 우수를 포함하여 강우조건에 따라 일정 시간 간격으로 채수하여 초기 및 초기이후 수질과 유출특성을 비교 분석하였다. 조사 결과 거의 모든 수질 항목에서 초기 지붕우수가 이후의 지붕우수보다 10배 이상의 높은 농도를 가진 것으로 판명되었다. 반면 초기 이후의 지붕우수 수질은 양호하기에, 초기우수를 배제한다면 대체 상수로 이용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

The roof runoff generally has a relatively good water quality compared with the surface water. However, water quality should be investigated before reuse. In this study, we analyzed and evaluated water qualities of the roof runoff from March to July in 2013 in order to utilize those as the basic data for the roof runoff reuse. pH, Electric conductivity, TDS, KMnO4 consumption, BOD, SS, Hardness, ammonium ion, anion ions(F, Cl, NO3, SO4), cation ions(B, Al, Cr, Mn, He, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb), microorganisms(general bacteria and total coliform), and particle distribution were investigated. Samples were collected four times during the four month period by considering influence of first flush water on rainfall condition. The analytical data were evaluated between first and last flush waters and runoff characteristics. Our data shows that the water qualities of the first flush had 10 times more pollutants than those of the last flush, suggesting that the first flush water should be excluded for the roof runoff reuse.

이 연구에서는 석조문화재 강화제의 처리 효과를 정량적으로 규명하기 위해 화강석분과 포틀랜드시멘트를 이용하여 강도가 낮은 인공 다공질 시료를 제작하고, 여기에 4종의 알콕시실란계 강화제와 아크릴수지, 에폭시수지 등 상업화 된 6종의 강화제를 적용하여 처리 전과 후의 특성을 비교 분석하였다. 실험 결과, Silres BS OH 100은 밀도 및 표면 경도 향상에 효과적이며, 발수성의 SS-101과 친수성의 Site SX-RO는 염풍화에 대해 향상된 내구성을 보였다. Araldite 2020은 물리적 기능 향상에 가장 효과적이나, Syton HT-50 및 Paraloid B72는 낮은 침투율로 인해 표면 일부에 처리효과가 집중되어 전체적으로는 풍화에 취약한 것으로 나타났다.

In order to clarify the effect of consolidant, the artificial porous material with low intensity was manufactured using granite powder and Portland cement. We have prepared four kinds of alkoxysilane system consolidants, a acrylic resin and a epoxy resin and investigated about characteristics before and after consolidation. As a result of the research, Silres BS OH 100 was effective for density and surface hardness. SS-101 with hydrophobicity and Site SX-RO with hydrophilicity had the good durability over salts weathering. On the other hand, Syton HT-50 and Paraloid B72 were easily destructed by salt weathering because they were concentrated on surface area by the low penetration depth. Araldite 2020 was the most effective consolidant for improvement of physical properties.

본 연구는 소양호 상류 유역의 지류 하천을 대상으로 부착조류의 생물학적 지수의 수질 대표성을 검토하였으며 총체적인 수질환경평가를 시도하였다. 북한강 상류의 4개 수계에 대한 하천(북천-한계천, 내린천, 인북천, 소양강)에서 배수구역을 중심으로 총 9개 지점을 조사 지점으로 선정하여 현장조사를 하였다. 하천 주변의 토지 이용은 농경지중심과 임야 중심으로 뚜렷한 분포차이를 보였고, 소양강 상류 하천 유역은, 농경지 중심 지역에서는 오염된 수역의 대표종인 남조강이 높은 출현률을 보였고, 임야 중심 지역에서는 남조강, 녹조강, 규조강이 비교적 고르게 출현하였다. 따라서 오염원의 분포와 부착조류의 현존량 및 군집 분포는 밀접한 연관이 있으며, BOD, SS 그리고 종다양도, 균등도의 생물지수들은 조사지점 대부분에서 유사한 값을 보였으며, 국내 하천에서 소양강 상류 하천 조사 지점의 하천 수질에 대해 전체적으로 빈부수성이며 양호하다는 단편적인 결과를 나타내었다. 따라서 하천수질과 영양 상태에 대한 평가에 사용되는 기존 생물지수 및 하천등급판정기준은 수체 내 영양염류에 민감하여 부영양화 판정에 효과적인 부착조류의 생지화학적 특성을 충분히 활용하지 못하였다.

This study addresses the periphytons along the Bukhan river stream and examines the biological indices that represents the river and estimate water quality assessment. Bukhan river in 4 major watershed streams (Bukchon-Hangeychon, Narinchon, Inbukchon, and Soyang river) was selected in 9 points. Land use pattern along the streams showed marked differenced in agriculture areas and forest areas. Lower Soyang streams showed blue-green algae and green algae also appeared in evenly pattern. Thus, the pollution source, biomass and distribution are somewhat correlated, and BOD, SS, biodiversity, and evenness showed a similar pattern. This situation can lead to conclusion of oligotrophic lake with good condition. Therefore, current biological index and is not so desirable for stream degree standard water quality and nutrient level.

조석에 따른 마산만의 수질의 차이를 파악하기 위하여 2016년 초여름(6월)과 여름(7, 8월)의 대조기 1 조석주기 내의 만조와 간조시에 6개의 조사정점에서 slack-tide sampling을 실시하였다. 조사된 모든 수질성분들의 혼합 상태는 SAL과의 사이의 상 관관계를 통하여 잘 설명되고 있다. 초여름과 여름철 공통적으로 하천수 유입 물질인 TURB, DSi, NNN은 주로 보존성 혼합 을, 내부증감 물질인 SS, COD, AMN, H2S는 주로 비보존성 혼합을 나타내었다. 보존성 혼합은 만조와 간조의 수질 사이에 좋은 선형 관계를 나타내었고, 비보존성 혼합은 양자가 각기 다른 변동 양상을 나타내었다. 요인분석을 통하여 만조와 간조의 농도차의 시공간적 변화에 주요한 잠재변수들을 확인할 수 있었다. 초여름의 경우는 갈수기로서 외부유입 물질(allochthonous inputs)이 적으므로 농도차 변화에 주도적으로 영향을 미치는 오염원이 없이 조석, 유역으로부터 자연유입, 내부증감 등의 영 향이 복합적으로 작용하여 4개의 요인(VF1~4)에 고루 분포되어 나타났다. 반면에 여름철의 경우는 하천수의 영향을 받는 ST-1에서 큰 농도차를 나타내는 지표들은 VF1 요인에 집중적으로 포함되어 나타났고, 그 밖에 내부 증감을 나타내는 지표들 로 극명히 구분되어 나타났다. 실제로 항상 안정된 상태의 하구는 존재하지 않는다. Flushing time의 변화 등에 의하여 혼합양 상은 항상 변할 수 있고, 여기에 내부증감으로 end-members의 조건이 변함에 따라 농도차의 발생은 불가피하다. 그러므로 하 구의 수질을 조사할 때 평균적인 수질 자료를 확보하기 위한 시료 채취 방법을 항상 강구할 필요가 있다.

Slack-tide sampling was carried out at 6 stations at high and low tide for a tidal cycle during spring tide of the early summer (June) and summer (July, August) of 2016 to determine the difference of water quality according to tide in Masan Bay, Korea. The mixing regime of all the water quality components investigated was well explained through the correlation with SAL. In the early summer and summer, TURB, DSi and NNN which mainly flow into the bay from the streams and SS, COD, AMN and H2S which mainly indicate the internal sink and source materials have a property of conservative mixing and non-conservative mixing, respectively. The conservative mixing showed a good linear relationship of the water quality between high and low tide, and the non-conservative mixing showed a variation of different pattern each other. Factor analysis performed on the concentration difference data sets between high and low tide helped in identifying the principal latent variables for them. In early summer, multiple effects (tidal action, natural influx and internal sinks and sources etc.) acted in combination for the differences to be distributed evenly in four factors (VF1~4), since there were few allochthonous inputs as a low-water season. On the contrary, in summer, the parameters showing large concentration difference at ST-1 affected by stream water were concentrated in one factor (VF1) and clearly distinguished from the parameters affected by the internal sinks and sources. In fact, there is no estuary (bay) that always maintains steady state flow conditions. The mixing regime of an estuary might be changed at any time due to the change of flushing time, and furthermore the change of end-member conditions due to the internal sinks and sources makes the occurrence of concentration difference inevitable. Therefore, when investigating the water quality of the estuary, it is necessary to take a sampling method considering the tide to obtain average water quality data.

전 지구 지표 순환 분석을 위하여 지표와 대기 사이의 에너지 교환에 대한 분석이 필수적이다. 이러한 에너지 교환의정량화를 위하여 다양한 지면 모형에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 다양한 모형들 중 Common Land Model(CLM)과Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) 모형을 활용한 연구가 활발히 수행되고 있다. CLM은 발전된 지면 모형의 형태로적은 사용자 변수로 현실적인 결과를 산출한다는 장점이 있다. VIC 모형 또한 대표적인 지면 모형 중 하나로 에너지 인자 및 유출량 모의를 위하여 전 세계적으로 다양한 분야에서 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 미국 캘리포니아 주SS-CZO 사이트를 대상으로 CLM과 VIC 모형을 활용하여 주요 에너지 인자 인 순복사량, 현열, 잠열을 모의하였다. 순복사량과 현열 모두 두 모형에서 양호한 결과를 보이나, 강우 발생 시 CLM은 잠열과 현열을 과소모의하는 경향을 나타내었다. 잠열은 CLM의 모의 결과가 잠열을 과소모의 한 VIC 모형에 비하여 관측된 잠열의 경향을 더 잘 모의하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 에너지 인자 모의 및 모형의 장단점에 대한 분석을 통하여 CLM과 VIC 모형의 활용가능성 및다양한 모형 활용의 필요성을 확인하였다.

Accurate understanding of land surface is essential to analyze energy exchanges between earth surface and atmosphere. For the quantization of energy fluxes, the various researches about Land Surface Model(LSM) have been progressed. Among the various LSMs, the researches using Common Land Model(CLM) and Variable Infiltration Capacity(VIC) model are performed briskly. The CLM which is advanced LSM can calculate realistic results with few user defined parameters. The VIC model which is also typical LSM is widely used for estimation of energy fluxes and runoff in various fields. In this study, the energy fluxes which are net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux were estimated using CLM and VIC model at Southern Sierra-Critical Zone Observatory(SS-CZO) site in California, United States. In case of net radiation and sensible heat flux, both models showed good agreement with observations, however, the CLM showed underestimated patterns of net radiation and sensible heat flux during precipitation period. In case of latent heat flux, the CLM represented better estimation of latent heat flux than VIC model which underestimated the latent heat flux. Through the estimation of energy fluxes and analysis of models’ pros and cons, the applicability of CLM and VIC models and need of multi-model application were identified.

본 연구에서는 풍수기시 소양강댐 상류에서 발생하는 탁수와 자연유기물질의 유입 특성을 평가 하고자 하였다. 자연유기물질 특성은 NOM 전문 분석 장비인 LC-OCD를 이용하였다. 소양강댐 상류 인북천과 지류하천들, 내린천과 지류하천들을 대상으로 조사한 결과 탁수 발생과 자연유기물질유입과는 상관성이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 내린천과 인북천 모두 토양유래 펄빅산이 주요 자연유기물질 성분으로 확인되었다. 소양강 댐의 자연유기물질의 기원도 토양유래 펄빅산으로 나타나 댐 내의 조류 등에 의한 영향 보다는 상류에서 유입되는 성분에 기원되는 것으로 확인되었다. 소독부산물 전구물질인 휴믹성분의 농도가 낙동강 수준으로 높아 정수처리 시 영향을 줄 것으로 판단된다.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the turbidity in-flow in lake Soyang and the characteristics of natural organic matter(NOM). The NOM analysis was performed by Liquid Chromatography- Organic Carbon Detection (LC-OCD) which is a kind of high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with nondispersive infrared (NDIR) detector and UV254 detector. There is a no correlation between turbidity and humic substances (HS) concentration in upstram of lake Soyang but turbidity correlation (r = 0.98) is very good with suspended solids (SS). The results of aromaticity and humification indicated that the NOM in Naerin stream and Inbuk stream originated from pedogenic fulvic acids. The NOM of lake Soyang also was originated from pedogenic fulvic acids. It indicated that rainfall event brought pedogenic fulvic acids in to lake Soyang from upper stream rather than aquagenic fulvic acids from algae. The portion of HS from lake Soyang was 1,003 /L on the average. It can be comparable to Nakdong river so careful treatment is required in the water treatment precess to minimize the concentration of disinfection byproducts(DBPs).

Sewage treatment facilities for small community were investigated to 1,404 place in whole country, and the facilities capacity was observed that correspond to 0.44% among whole sewage facilities capacity (22,469,000m3/day) by 98,402m3/a day. As the discharge quality of small scaled-sewage treatment showed better quality when the treatment capacity was big from all regulation item. Removal efficiency of BOD 91.2%, SS 92.2%, T-N 47.9% and T-P 55.1% was seen in facilities of more than 200m3/d, and facilities of less than 50m3/d showed low removal efficiency by BOD 86.9%, SS 87.9%, T-N 40.7% and T-P 45.0%. It is judged that relatively bigger treatment facility was showing good removal efficiency because those bigger facility was operated well than that of small scaled treatment facility. In the case of sewage treatment facility less than 50m3/d of capacity will be admitted to public sewerage after 2010 and then will be regulated by stringent new discharge regulation. However, because the sewage flow rate from the less than 50m3/d capacity is small quantity, the polluting effect to receiving body of water was not great and it is hard to satisfy water criteria because most existing small scaled facilities was designed by BOD and SS removal first.

Higher concentrations of MLSS(Mixed Liquor Suspended Solis) in BNR(Biological Nut-rient Removal) systems and stringent effluent suspended solid concentration requirements demand a good design practice for secondary clarifiers. Although SOR(Surface Overflow Rate) and SLR(surface Loading Rate) are commonly used in secondary clarifier design, these parameters do not reflect hydraulics and solid-liquid separation within clarifiers. In this paper, the Clari-2D model that can simulate hydraulic and MLSS settling behaviors was used to evaluate secondary clarifier design in P water reclamation plant in Gyeonggi province, S. KOREA. Three parameters in settling equation were experimentally defined : Vmax is 14.718 m/hr, K1 is 0.242 m3/kg and K2 is 20 m3/kg, respectively. Steady and dynamic state simulations were carried out to find a diurnal inflow effect on clarifier. Also, effects of chemical addition to enhance phosphorus removal were simulated. With chemical addition, the hourly maximum effluent SS(suspended solid) concentration was found 8.8 mg/L. This concentration meets the SS effluent requirement that is 10 mg/L.

반복적 부정 사고(Repetitive Negative Thinking: RNT)는 불안의 걱정, 우울의 반추 등 개별 정신병리의 하위 요인으로 한정되어 연구되어 왔으나, 최근에는 다양한 정신병리와 관련된 사고과정으로 밝혀지고 있다. 이 에 본 연구는 범진단 과정인 RNT를 측정하는 자기보고척도인 보속적 사고 질문지(Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire: PTQ; Ehring, 2007)를 타당화하고자 했다. 이를 위해 사이버대학생 총 658명으로 구성되는 3개 표집에 걸쳐 PTQ를 비롯해 한국판 반추적 반응척도(K-RRS), 펜실베니아 걱정증상 질문지(PSWQ), 신경증척 도, 한국판 벡우울 척도(BDI), 한국판 벡불안 척도(BAI) 및 한국판 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90-R)를 실시하고 일련의 분석을 시행하였다. 먼저, 한국판 PTQ의 내적 구조를 알아보기 위해 203명의 성인을 대상으로 탐 색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 선행 연구와 일치하게 ‘반복, 침투, 관여’와 ‘정신 능력 잠식’ 및 ‘비생산성’ 의 3요인이 도출되었다. 또한 성인 455명의 교차표집에서 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 위의 3개의 하 위요인과 이들을 포괄하는 하나의 고차 요인으로 이뤄지는 위계적 3요인 모형의 적합성이 지지되었다. 한 국판 PTQ는 요인구조가 상이한 표집에 걸쳐 안정적일 뿐만 아니라 높은 내적 일치도와 검사-재검사 신뢰 도, 적절한 수렴 타당도, 다양한 정신병리 측정치와의 양호한 준거 관련 타당도 등이 확인되어 구성타당도 를 지니는 것으로 나타났다. 한국판 PTQ가 RNT를 측정하는 적합한 도구로서, 이후 연구 및 치료 과정에 서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 끝으로 본 연구결과의 의의와 제한점에 관하여 논의하였다.

Although Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) has been restrictively studied as a subfactor of individual emotional disorder such as worry of anxiety and rumination of depression, it has recently been revealed that RNT is a common thought process working behind various emotional disorders. In this study, it was attempted to validate the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ; Ehring, 2007), self-reported scale measuring RNT as a transdiagnostic process in Korean samples. For this purpose, PTQ, RRS, PSWQ, Neuroticism scale, BDI, BAI, and SCL-90-R were administered to three samples composed of total 658 cyber university students, and a series of analysis were conducted. First, the exploratory factor analysis was conducted on sample of 203 Ss to examine the internal structure of PTQ. In consistency with previous studies, three factors were extracted. They were “repetitiveness, intrusiveness, difficulties with disengagement”, “capturing mental capacity”, and “unproductiveness”. To secure the stability and generalizability of factor structure, subsequent confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted in the separate sample of 455 Ss. The results of CFA supported the good fit of three-factor structure with one higher-order factor. Therefore PTQ is shown to have construct validity through appropriate convergent validity, high internal consistency, and stability in three-factor structure across samples. Implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.

CBTC의 통신기술은 IEEE 802.11.x 표준을 사용하고 있으며 ISM밴드 대역중 하나인 2.4GHz를 사용하게 된다. 따라서 CBTC 철도 무선시스템으로서는 통신 지연, 통신 왜곡 및 정보 손실 등이 발생 할 수 있다. 이러한 문제를 극복하기 위해 ISM 대역중 908MHz 일정진 폭을 갖는 직접 시퀀스 확산스펙트럼 송신기를 제안하였다. 성능 분석을 위해 주요파라미터 인 아이 다이아그램과 scatter diagram을 고려하여 특성 분석을 하였다. 또한 국부발진 신호의 위상잡음 특성은 약 60dBc/Hz로서 기준신호와 비교 시 특성이 상당히 우수함을 알 수 있었 다. 또한 2차 국부 발진 신호의 기준 주파수 억압이 50dB이하가 됨을 알 수 있었다. 제안한 변조방법에서 보조신호는 양과 음의 발생확률을 균일하게 함으로써 출력스펙트럼에서의 선 스펙트럼성분에 의한 간섭을 제거하였으며 비선형 증폭기를 통과한 후의 스펙트럼의 측대파 의 재생율이 현저히 줄어들었음을 볼 수 있었다.

The CBTC(Communication based Train Control) system employed on 2.4GHz ISM band adopt the IEEE802.11.x standard. Therefor communication time delay, distortion and data losses will be produced. To overcome these problems, CPSK(Continuous Phase shift keying) modulated DS/SS(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) transmitter with 908MHz carrier frequency is proposed. Through the eye diagram and scatter diagram the performance is analysed. And the phase noise characteristic of the local oscillator is measured about 60dBc/Hz, this means that the phase noise performance is very good compared to the signal. Reference frequency suppression of the 2nd local oscillator is 50dB below compared to the signal. Through the polarities of the complementary signal equally probable, the line spectrum of the output spectrum is eliminated. The nonlinear effects which introduce the spectral spreading or spectral regeneration is reduced remarkably.

The purpose of this study was to get analysis, reduction alternatives and management plan for environmental contamination of Yonggang industrial complex in Gyeongju. In other word, in this research we have analyzed the influence of water pollution, air pollution, noise, vibration and malodor for environmental contamination, and then have established reduction alternatives, systematic managemental plans for environmental contamination materials. The results of this study were as following ; It has been shown that in case of air pollution for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and PM-10 in four spots have satisfied with air environmental standard in all parameters. In case of water quality have showed with "good" ranked for five measurement items, so BOD and SS have some higher value and COD, TP and TN have slightly lower than conventional measurement value, have not nearly interaction relationship. In case of noise have satisfied with noise standard in two spots when daytime(55.6dB) and nighttime(45.8dB) for average noise. Finally in case of malodor one spot have detected with styrene, toluene and xylene in morning and evening time, and then the other spot have detected with DMS, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, styrene, toluene, xylene and MEK, specially toluene and xylene have higher concentration value in evening time, not morning time, have examined with air dilution experience method, inhabitants awareness survey and instrumental analysis.

A sewage treatment plant built with water plants and gravels in an open field has been operated for 3 years with a daily average flow of 50 m3. The quality of treated water was regularly analysed and the economic assesment of the process has been investigated. Seasonal performance of the plant has been investigated with emphasis on treatment efficiency, shock loading responses, effects of sewage evaporation rate, effects of high and low ambient temperature, long term shutdown and start-up. Analyses of sewage indicated that the quality and quantity of the sewage generated in farming and fishing villages depend mainly on the life pattern of the residents. A sewage treatment plant with mechanical equipments may have high operating costs and low treatment efficiency to treat this type of sewage.However, the sewage treatment plant suggested in this study employs natural purification processes and has showed stable long term treatment efficiency even with shock loading and ambient temperature variation. Treatment of phosphorus with mechanical processes may need high operating costs but the suggested processes using water plants and gravels removes phosphorus in natural ways resulting in high removal efficiency and low costs. The natural sewage treatment plant showed good efficiency for all year around to meet the discharge guide-lines of drinking water protection area with respect to BOD, COD, TN. TP and SS. The high treatment efficiency may be due to the action of microorganisms living attached on the surface of the gravels. However, the water plants showed limited treatment performance.

言語的 强化의 外示的 効果에 관해서는 이미 많은 論難가 거듭되어 왔으나 그것이 暗默裡에 波狀的으로 作用함으로써 이루어지는 默示的 効果의 보다 擴散的인 機能에는 善眼하지 않은 감이 없지 않다. 따라서 本 硏究는 言語的 强化의 外示的 効果와 默示的 効果의 相對的 强度와 競爭場面의 構成要因에 따른 言語的 强化의 効果를 比較 硏究하고 同調性과 같은 人性變因이 言語的 强化의 受容過程 및 그 効果에 미치는 影響을 밝혀 보기 위한 것이다. 本 硏究의 方法은 國民學校 4 學年 男女 320名을 對象으로 4 개의 實驗變因 즉 競爭條件, 强化의 効果, 强化의 性質 및 同調性의 程度에 따른 2⁴要因方案에 依據, 16個의 實驗集團을 構成한 후, 1回에는 별다른 言語的 强化나 剌戟없이 置換作業을 시켰고 2 回에는 各 實驗變因에 合當 充足되는 作業强化가 間歌的으로 提示되는 條件下에서 置渙作業을 시켜 1回와 2回 作業成镇의 差를 平均分析法에 의해 比較分析하였다. 이 상의 과정을 거친 硏究의 結果는 ①競爭場面下에서 言語的 强化의 外示的 効果와 默示的 効果는 强度의 差異가 없으며 ②言語的 强化의 두 効果는 다 같이 正의 强化가 負의 强化보다 더 强하다. ③競爭條件에 따른 言語的 强化의 두 効果는 差異가 없으며 同調性의 程度에 따른 言語的 强化의 効果는 正의 强化나 負의 强化 어느 쪽도 그 差異를 認定할 수 없다는 4개의 結論을 얻었다

There has always been a controversy on the direct or explict effects of verbal reinforcement. Unfortunately we have paid little attention to the vicarious and implict effects of verbal reinforcement. In other words, we have been s:) excessively attached to the explict effects of verbal reinforcement that we have failed to take necessary notes of rather inclusive and diffusive functioning of the implicit reinforcement effects, undulated implicitly in terms of the interactions of the explicit reinforcement effects. From this point of view, Sechrest, L. (1963) and Sugimura, T. (1965, 1966) have made a good deal of advances in the studies of the implicit reinforcement effects, but their ends are still far distant and there is margin for improvement in their works and their applicability. Accordingly, this study was undertaken to identify the relative magnitude of explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement and the relative efficacy of two aspects o￡ verbal reinforcement effects in accordance with conditions of competition, namely, competition among individuals in a group and competition between groups, and to ascertain possible effects of conformity as a non-intellectual personality variable influencing on the psychological processes of accepting verbal reinforcement either explicitly or implicitly. The instruments used in this investigation were conformity test revised from Berry, J.W. (1967)， originated by Asch, S.E. (1956), sociometry questionnaire and introspective reports on the feelings of accepting verbal reinforcement. The Ss were 320, 4th grade children, incidentally sampled, of primary school, of both sexes and were assigned to 16 experimental groups constructed under the cross combinations of four experimental variables of effects of reinforcement (explicit and implicit), types of reinforcement (positive and negative), conditions of com petition (within group and between groups), and degree of conforming tendency (high and low) in terms of 24 factorial design. The learning tasks were symbol-digit transformation tasks which were made of programmed nine symbols and nine digits. The Ss were given the learning tasks for seven minutes a day for two successive days. The first trial of learning tasks were administered in an ordinary condition without any verbal instructions or stimuli. The second trial of learning tasks were administered under the competitive situations, with verbal instuctions of performance reinforcers schemed to intermittent reinforcement schedule, suitable to the characteristics of experimental groups respectively. The performance increment on the second day was used as a measure to test the effects of experimental treatments and the group performance scores for each group were statistically analyzed in terms of ANOM(Analysis of Means Techniques), recently adapted by Karas, S.F. (1968) On the basis of the findings and discussion with research precedent, it could be concluded as follows: 1. As verbal reinforcement has both direct or explicit incentive value and implicit incentive value, there are explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement. The explicit effects of verbal reinforcement are of the same magnitude, in a competitive situation. 2. The effects of positive verbal reinforcement are significantly greater than those of negative verbal reinforcement, in both the explicit and implicit effects of verbal reinforcement. 3. There is no significant difference between conditions of competition, competition within group and competition between groups, on the two facets of verbal reinforcement effects. 4. On die basis of the introspective report, a man with a high degree of conforming tendency has a significantly higher expectancy to receive positive reinforcement and needs to avoid negative reinforcement more than a man with a low degree of conforming tendency in his psychological process of accepting verbal reinforcement, either explicitly or implicitly, but we can not find any sign...

Objective To evaluate characteristics of static and dynamic parameters in patients with degenerative flat back (DFB) and to compare degree of their improvement between successful and unsuccessful surgical outcome groupsMethods Forty-seven patients with DFB were included who took whole spine X-ray and three-dimensional motion analysis before and 6 months after corrective surgery. Forty-four subjects were selected as a control group. As static parameters, thoracic kyphosis (TK), thoracolumbar junction (TLJ), lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), and pelvic tilt (PT) were measured. As dynamic parameters, maximal and minimal angle of pelvic tilt, lower limb joints, and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae column (dynamic TK and LL) in sagittal plane were obtained.Results The DFB group showed smaller TK and larger LL, pelvic posterior tilt, hip flexion, knee flexion, and ankle dorsiflexion than the control group. Most of these parameters were significantly corrected by fusion surgery. Dynamic spinal parameters correlated with static spinal parameters. The successful group obtained significant improvement in maximal and minimal dynamic LL than the unsuccessful group. Conclusion The DFB group showed characteristic lower limb and spinal angles in dynamic and static parameters. Correlation between static and dynamic parameters was found in spinal segment. Dynamic LL was good predictor of successful surgical outcomes.

The application of SS400 carbon steel and AISI430 ferritic stainless steel joint has been increased in industries because of the advantage of both metals was able to increase the service lifetime of the important structures. Therefore, a fusion welding process that could produce a sound weld and good joint properties should be optimized. This research is aimed to weld a butt joint of SS400 carbon steel and AISI430 ferritic stainless steel using Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) welding process and to study the effects of welding parameters on joint properties. The experimental results were concluded as follows. The optimized welding parameter that produced the tensile strength of 448 MPa was the welding current of 110A, the welding speed of 400 mm/min and the mixed gas of 80%Ar + 20%CO2. Increase of the welding current affected to increase and decrease the tensile strength of the joint, respectively. Lower welding current produced the incomplete bonding of the metals and indicated the low tensile strength. Microstructure investigation of the welded joint showed a columnar grain in the weld metal and a coarse grain in the heat affected zone (HAZ). The unknown hard precipitated phases were also found at the grain boundaries of the weld metal and HAZ. The hardness profile did not show the difference of the hardness on the joint that was welded by various welding currents but the hardness of the weld metal was higher than that of the other location.

과실의 연화 및 변색이 가장 적게 발생되는 과실 크기별 봉지 규격을 구명하고 이와 더불어 연화 및 변색과 상관관계를 가지는 봉지 내 산소와 이산화탄소 농도와의 관계를 이용하여, 최적 기체 농도가 이루어지도록 PE 필름 봉지의 적정 규격을 모델링하고자 하였다. 다섯 등급으로 선과된 과실(LL:261g, L:217g, M:188g, S:168g, SS:154g)을 작업성과 미관을 고려하여 과실과 봉지 사이의 간격을 1-1.5cm 되게 PE 필름 봉지를 적용시켰을 때, LL은 150mm, L은 140mm, M과 S는 130mm, SS는 120mm의 봉지 폭에 각각 376mm, 357mm, 344mm, 333mm, 318mm의 봉지 길이가 적절하였다. 연화 및 흑변과 갈변 발생을 최소화하는 봉지 내 산소와 이산화탄소 농도는 각각 0.5-1.0%와 6.0-8.0%였으며, 이를 유지할 수 있는 과실 크기별 PE 필름 봉지의 최적두께는 LL은 45μm, L은 50μm, M은 55μm, S는 60μm, SS는 65μm로 조사되었다. 주어진 과실 크기에 맞는 봉지의 면적(mm2)은 과실의 중량(g)에 대한 2차 단순회귀(Y=-4055.707+627.993X1-0.701X12)가 매우 적합하였고, 이 때 PE 필름 봉지 내에 원하는 수준의 산소나 이산화탄소 농도(Y, %)를 유지할 수 있는 PE 필름의 두께를 구하는 회귀식은 과실 중량(X1, g)과 봉지 두께(X2, μm)의 선형 중회귀(O2:Y=5.798-0.0109X1-0.0491X2, CO2:Y=-2.427+0.01927Xl+0.09646X2)가 가장 적합하였다.

Model for optimally dimensioned PE film bag was developed according to fruit size to maintain best quality of 'Fuyu' persimmon in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) storage based on relationship between quality and oxygen and carbon dioxide in PE film bag. Harvested persimmons were graded into five sizes, and average weights were LL:261, L:217, M:188, S:168, and SS:154 g. Five fruit units of each grade were optimized in five PE film bag sizes of 150×376, 140×357, 130×344, 130×333, and 120×3l8 mm. To minimize quality deterioration such as softening and discoloration, optimal oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in PE film bag were 0.5-1.0 and 6.0-8.0%, respectively, and optimal thickness of PE film bag according to fruit size were LL:45, L:50, M:55, S:60, and SS:65 μm. For all fruit sizes, model for PE film bag area (mm2) was good quadratic simple equation by fruit weight (g): Y=-4055.707+627.993X1-0.701X12) and PE film thickness (X2, μm). Equations for oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations (%) were Y=5.798-0.0109Xl-0.0491X2 and Y=-2.427+0.01927Xl +0.09646X2, respectively.

Digital watermarking technologies with spread spectrum sequences (SS) have previously proposed. However, the SS sequences used in previous studies do not necessarily have good correlation properties. The previous studies also have proposed the complete complementary codes (CCC), which have an ideal auto-correlation and cross-correlation properties and methods for the construction and extension of the complete complementary codes. However, some methods in the studies do not have good auto-correlation or cross-correlation properties. In this paper, we used the latest complete complementary code constructor to detect the embedded secret information from the watermarked images. In the experimental results, we successfully detected the secret information from the watermark against various attacks.

ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) 조달용 일차벽의 제조 건전성을 검증하기 위해서, 일차벽을 구성하는 Cu/SS mock-up을 제작하여 고열부하 시험을 수행하였다. Cu/SS mock-up은 CuCrZr과 SS316L이 사용되었으며, 두 금속은 $1050^{\circ}C$, 150 MPa의 조건에서 고온등방가압법 (HIP, Hot Isostatic Pressing) 과정을 통해 접합되었다. 시험에 사용된 고열부하 장치는 일본 원자력연구소의 JEBIS (JAEA Electron Beam Irradiation Stand)를 이용하였으며, 시험 조건은 FEM 코드인 ANSYS 해석을 통해 결정하였다. 시험은 $5MW/m^2$의 고열부하를 15초간 인가하고, 30초간 냉각하는 방법으로 수행되었으며, 시험 종료 후 얻어진 시험결과와 해석결과가 잘 일치함을 확인하였다.

In order to verify the integrity of the first wall (FW) of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the fabricated Cu/SS mock-up is tested in the JAEA Electron Beam Irradiation Test Stand (JEBIS). To fabricate the Cu/SS mock-up, CuCrZr and 316L authentic stainless steel (SS316L) are used for Cu alloy and steel, respectively The hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used as a manufacturing method with a $1050^{\circ}C$ and 150 MPa. The high heat flux (HHF) test is performed using an electron beam with a heat flux of $5MW/m^2$ and a cycle of 15-sec on time and 30-sec off time. The temperature measurement in the HHF test shows good agreement with the results obtained from ANSYS code analysis, which is used for determining the HHF test conditions.