Earticle

본 연구는 90년대 후반 외환위기와 함께 겪은 은행산업의 대규모 구조조정의 효과를 효율성 측면에서 실증분석하여 최근 논의되고 있는 은행의 대형화와 겸업화에 대한 효과를 분석한다. 특히 효율성 요인에 관한 선행연구에서 이용한 자료포락방법(data envelopment analysis)의 계량경제학적 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 Censored Tobit모형과 부트스트랩방법을 이용하여 기존의 연구방법의 추정과 추론상의 문제점을 살펴보았다. 결과적으로 기존 연구방법을 이용할 경우 유의하게 나타난 공적자금비율과 합병여부는 유의하지 않게 나타났으며 이는 기존 연구 결과를 이용한 정책 평가에 주의가 필요함을 보여준다.

This paper investigates the effects of restructuring Korean banking industry following the Asian financial crisis on the economies of scale and scope based on efficiency. The present analysis takes into account the censored dependent variable and the serial correlation that have been ignored in the previous research. The result shows that the proportion of public investment fund and the merger and acquisition, which appeared significant in previous studies, do not have significant effects on the efficiency, but BIS is the only factor that has a significant effect. The study suggests that the policy implications in the literature should be applied with a special care.

The importance of information technology (IT) has been emphasized in developing countries recently. Despite the importance of the topic area of the productivity of IT in developing countries, the literature to date is relatively sparse. The findings of almost all these studies are based on data collected in developed countries. Few studies have been conducted to validate these results and to see if they are still applicable in developing countries. This study tries to investigate the effects of IT investment on productivity in the electronics industry of China, which is a representative developing country, with production function model. The results show that there is a positive impact of IT investment on productivity in China similar to previous studies in developed countries.

목적 : 본 연구는 국내 65세 이상 노인의 웰빙 수준을 측정하기 위하여 웰빙 수준에 대한 사회적 생산 기능 도구(Social Production Function Instrument for the Level of well being; SPF-IL)를 한국어로 번역하고 신뢰성과 타당성을 검증하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구 대상자는 온라인 설문조사로 모집한 65세 이상의 국내 노인이었으며, 척도의 타당성을 검증하기 위하여 내용타당도와 구성타당도를 평가하였다. 척도의 신뢰도를 검증하기 위하여 내적 일관성 검증과 검사-재검사 신뢰도를 평가하였다. 결과 : 총 350명의 대상자가 설문을 완료하였다. 내용타당도는 작업치료학과 교수 및 연구자들에 의하여 평가되었으며, 내용타당성 평가 과정에서 삭제된 문항은 없었다. 확인적 요인분석 결과 적절한 모형 적합도(X2 = 91.164 (p = .002), df = 55, RMSEA = .43, CFI = .977, TLI = .967, SRMR = .039)를 보였다. Cronbach’s alpha 값은 .62~.88로, 원본 평가도구와 다른 언어로 번안된 같은 척도와 함께 비교하였을 때 양호한 내적 일관성을 나타내었다. 검사-재검사 신뢰도 검증에서 초기검사와 재검사 사이의 유의미한 차이가 없는 것이 확인되었다. 결론 : 한국판 SPF-IL 척도는 국내 노인의 웰빙 수준을 평가하는데 있어 한국 인구에 대한 신뢰성과 타당 성을 확보하였다.

Objective : This study translated the Social Productive Functioning Instrument for the Elderly(SPF-IL) into Korean, and evaluated its reliability and validity for assessing the well-being of older adults aged 65 years and above in South Korea. Methods : The participants included Korean older adults aged 65 years and above, who were recruited through an online survey. The validity of the scale was assessed using content and construct validity. Reliability was determined by evaluating the internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Results : A total of 350 participants completed the survey. Content validity was evaluated by professors and researchers of occupational therapy, and no items were removed during the assessment process. The confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an adequate model fit. Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from .62 to .88, indicating good internal consistency when compared to the original and other translated versions of the scale. The test-retest reliability analysis confirmed no significant differences between the initial and retest scores. Conclusion : The Korean version of the SPF-IL scale demonstrated reliability and validity in assessing the well-being of older adults in the Korean population. This makes it a suitable tool for future research and practice.

In this study, we analyzed effects of drone pupae aqueous extract powder (DEP) on proliferation and differentiation of Hanwoo myosatellite cells (HSC). Results of amino acid, vitamin, and mineral analysis of drone pupae revealed the presence of branched-chain amino acids, Glu, essential amino acids, vitamins B6, C and Mg, K, and so on. Additionally, drone pupae were shown to have an antioxidant ability. HSC were cultured for proliferation by adding 0, 10, 100, 200, and 400 μg/mL DEP to the medium. As a result of MTS analysis, DEP increased the proliferation capacity of HSC, with cell viability being significantly higher after treatment with DEP, especially when DEP was used at 100 μg/mL (p < 0.05). To measure the differentiation ability of HSC, 0 and 100 μg/mL DEP (CON, D100) were added to the medium, and cells were cultured. Myotube formation was confirmed through images using immunofluorescence staining. Fusion index and myotube area in the D100 were higher than those in the CON (p < 0.01). DEP promoted differentiation ability and myotube formation by increasing the expression of MYH2, MYOG, and DES genes and MYH2 and DES proteins in HSC. Additionally, in HSC differentiation culture, proteome expression intensity was higher in D100 than in CON. Proteins upregulated in the D100 group included Myosin, IL18, MYO1D, and so on. In conclusion, characteristics of various components present in DEP could improve the proliferation and differentiation ability of HSC. This suggests that drone pupae can be used as a functional substance to enhance muscle growth.

이 연구에서는 수공법이 시행된 수평 생산정 유전을 대상으로 저류층 시뮬레이션에서 고려할 수 있는 포화도 함수의 끝점 스케일링 적용기법을 시험하고 수치모델에서의 유동영향을 비교분석하였다. 2점, 3점 및 경사진 저류층의 전역에 걸친 깊이별 포화도 끝점 스케일링, 활성유체 경계면 및 전이지역의 유동제어와 관련된 끝점 스케일링 등 6 가지 경우에 대해 생산측면에서의 특징적 영향을 분석하였다. 이러한 결과는 제한된 정보로부터 포괄적 포화도 함수의 구현이나 저류암의 특성별 포화도 함수의 생성 등 분석유전의 다상유체분포 및 유동 해석과 예측의 중요한 자료이며 통합적 history matching 후속 작업에 직접 활용될 것이다.서론

This study aims to analyze the endpoint scaling effect of saturation function on fluid behavior in the reservoir simulation of waterflood oil field with a horizontal production well and two injection wells. The six cases of endpoint scalings have been studied through the reservoir performances, including 2-point, 3-point, endpoint variation with depth, quiescence, mobile fluid correction of fluid contacts and endpoint variation in transition zone. Implementing endpoint scalings and generating saturation functions modified were examined with characteristic nature of reservoir responses. The results of endpoint scaling are vital for the integrated matching of multiphase behavior and performance predictions of the reservoir studied.

대기오염물질 배출 수준은 배출 국가의 경제 성장 수준과 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있고, 경제가 성장함에 따라 초기에는 배출 수준도 상승하다가 점차 환경 보호 의지와 규제 수준이 강화되어 배출 수준이 감소되는 역U자형의 환경쿠즈네츠 곡선을 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있다. 온실가스의 경우에도 최근 많은 국내외 연구를 통해 경제성장과 역U자형의 관계가 존재하는지에 대한 연구가 활발해졌다. 본 연구는 시계열 자료에 기초한 타 연구와 달리 우리나라 156개 시군에 대한 온실가스 배출량과 지역총생산간의 비선형 관계에 초점을 맞추고, 지역총생산 수준이 다시 노동과 자본, 에너지 투입량에 관한 생산함수에 의해 결정되는 연립 방정식 모형을 적용하였다. 3SLS에 의한 연립 방정식 추정 결과를 SUR 추정 결과와 비교한 결과 환경쿠즈네츠 곡선이 전자에서만 관찰되었다. 또한 일인당 지역총생산액이 3천만원 수준이 되었을 때 온실가스 배출 수준이 감소하기 시작하였고, 소득 전환점을 통과한 시군은 16개로 나타났다. 한편 노동과 자본, 에너지 투입수준의 온실가스 배출 수준에 대한 탄력성을 추정한 결과 에너지보다 노동에 대한 탄력성이 더 높게 나타났고, 이는 향후 시군 단위에 서 온실가스 저감을 위해서는 에너지와 노동 투입량보다 자본 투입량을 상대적으로 늘려야 함을 의미하는 것으로 해석될 수 있다.

It is generally known that emission level of air pollutants has inverse U shape relationship with the economic growth as the economy gradually transforms from developing stage to developed one. This inverse U shape between the emission of air pollutants and economic growth is called an 'Environmental Kuznets Curve(EKC)'. Many studies have focused on whether there exists the EKC phenomena for either developed or developing countries with regard to the green house gases(GHGs). While most studies on the EKC hypothesis are based on time series data in country level, This study focuses on cross sectional data regarding Korean basic municipalities. This study applies a production function approach reflecting the relationship between the gross regional products (GRP) and factor inputs and a simultaneous equation method was employed to link the production function with the EKC equation. A 3SLS estimation method was used to estimate coefficients of the simultaneous equation. The EKC was identified for the simultaneous equation and turning point of the GRP was 30million KRW. 16 municipalities are expected to show the EKC and elasticity of the GHGs for labor input was higher than that for energy which was higher than that for capital. Ultimately, we emphasize that each municipality should invest more on capital in order to replace labor or energy by capital input in coping with the future nation-wide or global GHGs regulation.

본 연구는 국내 16개 시․도의 통계자료를 이용하여 통신설비투자(총통신자본, 유선통신자본, 무선통신자본)가 총요소생산성에 미친 효과를 확률계수모형을 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 우선 생산함수에 통신설비투자를 포함시켜 추정한 계수 값은 유형별로 각각 0.0232(총통신자본), 0.0118(유선통신자본), 0.0318(무선통신자본) 모두 1% 유의수준의 기여도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 다양한 생산함수를 바탕으로 총요소생산성을 종속변수로 하여 결정요인을 분석한 결과 공통적으로 1인당 자본과 1인당 노동이 총요소생산성과 음(-)의 관계성을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 유형별 통신설비투자는 정(+)의 관계성을 보였고, 1인당 에너지소비와 연구개발투자비 역시 총요소생산성과 정(+)의 관계성을 보였다. 본 연구를 통해서 통신설비투자가 지역경제성장에 미치는 영향성을 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 향후 지역별 통신설비자본을 통한 지역경제정책 등에 기초자료로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study conducts an analysis on the determinants of the total factor productivity with telecommunication facilities investments by using random coefficient model for the 16 metropolitan and provincial regions in Korea. The estimation coefficients with including the telecommunication facilities investment in production function as a production factor show that total telecommunication investment, fixed telecommunication investment, and the mobile telecommunication investment have statistically significant effects on the output. In addition, the results of the determinants for the total factor productivity which is characterized as an dependent variable indicates that capital and labor per capita have a negative effect on the total factor productivity, however, three different types of telecommunication investment, energy consumption per capita, and research and development per capita have a positive relationship with total factor productivity. We except from this results that telecommunication investment based on the different regional production structure can increase the total factor productivity and can be used as a policy guidelines.

Recently Korea has shown continuous growth in game, character and animation contents industry. To keep this trend in the future, we need to nurture contents related human resources. One of the good methods to nurture those quality resources is to find potential resources in early times. To do this we need to know their potentiality. To evaluate such potentiality of these candidates, we performed short-term education and evaluated contents functional production capabilities of two groups such as 27 Grade 5 students from 17 schools and 5 Grade 6 students from 5 schools in Nowon-gu, Seoul. With the same evaluation methods, they showed 100 and 95 out of 100. In Contents functional production, two groups showed 4.29 and 3.96 respectively. Therefore, we can contribute contents industry and national competitiveness if we recruit and nurture them in early times.

Now days, the marketing environment is rapidly changed. Therefore, a lot of companies try to reduce production cost. Especially, Design is a important activities in new product development. While the concepts of design for manufacturable and concurrent engineering have made significant advances in integrating the design function with other areas in the firm. There are still major gaps in timely and accurate costing information available to designers. Inappropriate design could result in high redesign cost and delay in product relation. The generation of design and improvement is a time-consuming and mentally exhaustion process. It involves combining design features to generate as many potential design as possible. As not all features combinations are feasible, decision-makers have to narrow down the potential solutions and subsequently select appropriate design for further development. This new study is composed of 3 steps aiming at the Low Cost Design of the product. The three steps are consisted that setting up the target Cost, estimating the current functional cost, the design of a unit's reviewing according to the priority of the difference between the target cost and the functional cost.

The water production function model of rice based on RAGA-BP neural network model is established by taking the advantages of RAGA-BP neural network model (high ability in solving nonlinear problem, high rate of convergence, etc.). Compared with traditional Jensen model, this method is featured by high flexibility and intelligence, avoiding the inconvenience caused by pre-establishing mathematical expression. Compared with classical BP neural network model, this method can overcome the problem in local minimum value and low rate of convergence. The deficient irrigation experiment of rice in 2015 shows that RAGA-BP neural network model has high adaptability during the process of fitting for solution of water production function of rice; the accuracy and speed are high, which provides new effective method for calculation of water production function of rice.

經驗的으로 볼 때 同一한 量의 投入에도 불구하고 相異한 産出을 보여주는 生産活動으로부터 우리는 生産의 非效率性에 관하여 보다 큰 관심을 가지게된다. 따라서 주어진 投入要素를 利用함으로서 나타나는 最高生産水準들의 集合을 우리는 frontier set라고 말할 수 있으며 이러한 最高水準과 나타난 觀測値와의 差異가 바로 個別次元의 非效率性을 說明하게 된다. 따라서 Stochastic Frontier나 Gamma Frontier의 推定方法을 利用한 最高水準生産値는 人爲的으로 達成하기 不可能한 部分만큼의 生産量을 고려한 것이므로 훨씬 經驗的으로 說得力있는 數値가 될 것이다. 그러므로 이러한 最高生産水準은 一般企業의 水準에서 볼 때 達成可能한 生産水準을 나타내며 最高生産水準과 個別生産水準의 差異는 企業의 非效率性을 說明하여 주는 指標로서 重要한 意義가 있다. 특히 Stochastic frontier 推定方法은 종래 LP(Linear Programming)와 QP(Quadratic Programming) 推定方式보다 좀더 一般的이고 現實的인 推定方式이어서 특히 生産效率의 測定에 큰 도움을 줄 수 있으며 本文에서는 Stochastic Frontier와 Gamma Frontier와의 長短點을 中心으로 그 推定方法을 論議하고자 한다.

The preliminary analysis of the direct economic losses of meteorological disasters in the nearly 20 years, using the C-D production function and the factor of meteorological disasters, to measure the overall impact of meteorological disasters on the national economy. Using the 1989-2008 meteorological disasters data with economic and social statistics information established a production function model including meteorological disasters factor. The results showed that meteorological disasters have brought a loss of 9.72% to the national economy each year , is nearly four times of the average annual direct economic losses to GDP ratio (2.44%); meteorological disasters of the best and the worst year for GDP fluctuating between 11.5% -14.5% , meteorological disasters impact on the national economy is huge.

Saccharomyces sake를 이용한 알콜발효에서 배지의 첨가물로 egg albumin 및 phoshatidylcholine이 최종 알콜 농도에 미치는 영향과 그의 기작에 대햐여 분석하였다. Phosphatidycholine-egg albumin이 첨가될 때 최종 알콜 농도는 120g / l 정도 얻어졌으며, 첨가물이없는 경우에 비해 대략 30% 정도, 첨가물 linoleic acid-ergosterol에 비하여 20% 정도 증가되었다. 최종 알콜농도가 높을수록 균체의 알콜내성도 비례적으로 증가하였으며, 두 첨가물 사이의 차이는 지방산보다는 albumin과 ergosterol의 영향으로부터 주로 비롯되었다. 열반성 혹은 가수분해된 albumin을 첨가한 결과로 부터 albumin은 균체외부에 보호막을 형성하기보다는 영양분으로 균체내에 흡수되어 균체성질을 변화시켜 알콜내성을 증진시키며, 이로부터 궁극적으로 최종 알콜 농도를 증가시키는 것으로 판단되었다

In ethanol fermentations with Saccharomyces sake, phosphatidylcholine-egg albumin as a supplement in fermentation media was much more effective in enhancing ethanol production than linoleic acid-ergosterol. It came from the differences in alcohol-tolerance between egg albumin and ergosterol. The egg albumin was supposed to function as a nutrient rather than to form protective layers around the cells against ethanol.

Type I collagen is the primary component of the skin dermis. Both the quantity and quality of extracellular collagen are primarily related to skin ageing. In this study, we investigated the possibility that Camellia japonica oil (CJ oil) may be introduced as an anit-wrinkle agent. As a first step to this end, human COL1A2 promoter luciferase assay was performed in human dermal fibroblast cells. CJ oil was determined to activate human COL1A2 promoter in a concentration-dependent manner. In a consistent with this result, while MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-1 activity was inhibited by CJ oil, human type I procollagen synthesis was also induced by CJ oil. These results suggest the possibility that CJ oil may be involved in the skin ageing. For the evaluation of CJ oil’s safety and efficiency on human skin, human skin primary irritation test and trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) were performed. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before treatment then, 1 h and 2 h after treatment; the forearm site was selected to measure TEWL. Also, a human skin primary irritation test was performed on the normal skin (upper back) in 30 volunteers to see if a certain material included in CJ oil has irritation or sensitization potential. In these assays, CJ oil reduced trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) and did not induce any adverse reactions. Therefore, based on these results, we suggest the possibility that CJ oil may be considered as possible wrinkle-reducing candidates for topical application.

본 연구는 RFID 리더에서 머신 팩터(Machine Factor)와 맨 팩터(Man Factor)를 네트웍상으로 실시간 전송하여 정확한 원가 계산이 가능하도록 한 실시간 생산 원가 계산 기능을 갖는 생산관리시스템에 관한 것이다. 이를 위하여 본 연구는 생산 설비 제어장치에 마이크로프로세서를 도입하였고, 생산 설비의 일측에 RFID 리더를 추가로 설치하였다. 제어부와, 작업의 시작과 종료 시 카드를 통과시키는 카드리더와, 산출된 머신 팩터와 맨 팩터를 PLC 통신포트, 직렬통신포트, 이더넷 통신포트 등을 거쳐 네트웍상의 서버로 전송할 수 있도록 하였다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 생산원가나 정확한 생산효율을 실시간으로 산출할 수 있으므로 효과적인 생산관리가 가능하게 되어, 원가절감과 생산성 향상에 크게 기여할 수 있게 되었다.

In this paper, the implementation of a production control system has been studied in order to obtain Realtime Cost Calculation using an exact Machine Factor and Man Factor based on RFID reader data transferred through network. For the study, microprocessor built in the controller of production facilities is used and also RFID reader is built additionally. Control part, card reader used for check the beginning and ending working time of workers, and Machine Factor and Man Factor calculated are transferred to server via PLC transmission port, serial transmission port, or Ethernet transmission port. By using the system, the production cost or the production efficiency is calculated exactly. Therefore it is possible to improve production rate and cost reduction by the use of the proposed production control system.

Distance function introduced by Shephard (1953) can be used to describe multi-inputs multi-outputs production technologies without price information. Estimated distance functions have been used for analyzing the economies of scale, the substitutability of inputs and outputs, the shadow prices of inputs and outputs, the tehcnical and allocative efficiencies of production organizations. Distance functions can be estimated using several techniques which include corrected ordinary least squares (COLS), stochastic frontier analysis (SFA), linear programming model (LPM), and quadratic programming model (QPM). In this paper we compared the merits and demerits of the four distance function estimation methods from a theoretical standpoint. Also we applied the estimation methods to the real data set used in some previous studies and we observed a guideline which allow researchers to select an appropriate distance function estimation method.

확률적 변경생산함수를 이용한 기술적 효율성 추정에 관련된 이론적, 실증적 연구는 국내외 연구자들을 중심으로 비교적 활발히 진행되어 왔다. 본 연구는 1993～2002년간 세계 주요 철강기업을 중심으로 기술적 효율성을 추정하고 더 나아가서 그 요인을 분석하는 것으로 목적으로 하고 있다. 철강산업은 제품의 특성상 동질적인 성격이 강하고 기술변화도 적어 패널자료를 통한 기술적 효율성의 추정과 그 요인을 분석하는데 매우 적합한 산업인 것인 것으로 판단된다. 분석기간 동안 세계 철강산업의 평균 기술적 효율성은 0.76인 것으로 추정되었으며 기술적 효율성에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 자본집약도, 생산설비의 노후, 기업연수, 가동률 등인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 철강기업의 재무적인 성과가 기술적 효율성 및 기타 가격과 비용요소와 어느 정도 관련이 있는가에 대해서도 분석하였다. 분석결과 기술적 효율성이 철강기업의 영업이익률에 가장 중요한 요인인 것으로 추정되어, 철강기업은 수익성을 높이기 위해서 무엇보다도 기술적 효율성을 향상해야 한다는 것을 보여주고 있다.

The goal of this paper is to analyze factors determining technical efficiency in the world steel industry. We also try to find out the effect of technical efficiency on steel firms' profitability. For this purpose, we use an extensive data set of 260 steel firms in the world during the period 1993-2002. The technical efficiency of the world steel industry estimated by a stochastic frontier production function model is 0.76 on average. The major determinants of technical efficiency are the capital intensity, the deterioration of plant equipments, the age of the firms, and the operation ratio. We also find that the technical efficiency has significant effects on operating income. This implies that steel firms make technical efficiency progress in order to get higher profitability.

This paper analyzes the rice production technology in Korea in the context of multi-output framework. The estimation uses a set of national farm-level panel data within the primal approach. The particular focus of the study is to analyze the existence of heterogeneous technologies for different farm sizes, and the possibility of output substitution. Unlike many previous studies, this paper employs a farm-sepcific fixed effects model that accounts for the effects of individual specific characteristics or constraints on production. The results suggest that considerable differences in technology exist across various farm sizes. Interestingly, input substitution and output substitution possibilities are more limited for smaller farms. However, in general, output substitution possibilities are very limited across all farm sizes.

The introduction of productivity, either in the form of a function of labor productivity or a function of wages in a linear production function (LPF), opens numerous possibilities for the correct estimation of the main parameters of capital and labor prices, as well the capital and labor shares in the national economy. The LPF is also successfully combined with the Cobb?Douglas production function to confirm the estimations of these parameters. In addition, we provide evidence as to why the wage share in the economy has been declining. Several other relations are also generated, such as the constancy of the GDP to capital ratio. Moreover, some related policies are examined regarding wages and profits.

It is well known that economic growth and services have a positive association. In particular, the more developed an economy is, the higher the share of the services sector. While most research has focused on service output, this study also examines services as input. Recently, the need for taking services a separate input in the production function has come to the fore. Therefore, the OECD productivity manual generalizes the KLEM model to KLEMS (capital-labor-energy-materials-services) model by including the services as an input. We use KLEMS data in this study. In addition, we augmented the standard production function with other variables such as the inventory to sales ratio, R&D to sales ratio, education expenditure to sales ratio, and the debt to sales ratio. The findings are encouraging and lead us to formulate some important conclusions; for example, after the 1998 Financial Crisis, the Korean economy has increased in efficiency and this is partly due to an increased importance of services as both output and input.