Earticle

목조문화재에 사용되는 생물피해 방제약제는 안전성 및 성능 검증에 대한 규정이 명시 되지 않았으나 2019년 문화재수리표준시방서 개정으로 문화재에 사용되는 방제약제도 국립환 경과학원으로부터 승인을 받은 제품이어야 한다고 명시하고 있다. 그리고 방제약제의 성능시 험은 한국임업진흥원 표준시험법에 따른 성능기준에 적합한 것을 사용한다고 명시함으로써 성능평가에 대한 지침을 제시하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현재 목조문화재 생물피해 방제에 사용하고 있는 약제 3종을 대상으로 표준시험법에서 제시한 성능 평가로 방부효력, 방미효력, 방의효력, 철부식성과 흡습성 시험을 수행하였고, 옥외 폭로시험으로 자연적인 열화과정에서 방제약제의 지속력을 확인하기 위하여 유효성분 잔류량을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 처음으로 문 화재수리표준시방서에 제시한 방법과 기준에 따라 공인기관으로 명시한 한국임업진흥원에서 평가를 진행하였다. 시험과정과 방법을 정리하여 보완점을 확인하고 시험결과 보고서를 바탕 으로 생물피해 방제약제 평가를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

Although no regulations specify safety and performance evaluations for biological pest control agents used on wooden cultural artifacts, the revised 2019 Cultural Heritage Repair Standards state that the agents used on cultural artifacts must be approved by the National Institute of Environmental Sciences. In addition, the performance evaluations of these agents should comply with the performance standards specified in the Korean Forestry Promotion Institute Standard Test Method, as stated in the standards. This study performed performance evaluations on one type of agent currently used for biological pest control on wooden cultural artifacts and two types of imported wood preservative products on the domestic market. For performance evaluation, we conducted tests for decay resistance, termite resistance, mold resistance, corrosion resistance, and moisture absorption, and analyzed residue levels of active ingredients through outdoor exposure tests to confirm the persistence of the biocide during natural weathering processes. The results of this study aim to summarize the testing procedures and methods for performance evaluation, identify areas for improvement, and utilize the test results as a basis for establishing standards for the evaluation of biocidal agents.

최근에 $135^{\circ}C^{\circ}C$ 이하의 온도에서 생산되는 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물의 새로운 생산 기술이 전세계적으로 개발되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 가열 아스팔트보다 낮은 온도에서 아스팔트를 효과적으로 골재에 분산시켜 코팅할 수 있는 폼드 아스팔트 기술을 이용하여 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물을 생산하였으며, 최근 개발된 새로운 Simple Performance Testing 장비를 이용하여 다양한 온도와 하중조건 하에서 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물의 공용성 특성을 평가하였다. 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 FG 64-22의 아스팔트를 거품상태로 만들어 중온으로 가열된 골재에 뿌려서 제조하였으며, 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온의 골재에 FG 64-22의 아스팔트를 액상 상태로 첨가하여 제조하였다. 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물보다 높은 동탄성계수와 Flow Number를 나타내었다. 따라서, $100^{\circ}C$로 가열된 골재를 사용하여 생산된 중온형 폼드 아스팔트 혼합물은 중온형 아스팔트 혼합물에 비하여 피로균열 및 소성변형 저항에 우수한 것으로 평가되었다.

To produce asphalt mixtures at temperature significantly below $135^{\circ}C$, called "Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA)", new technologies are currently being developed worldwide. To produce WMA mixtures in this research, foaming technology is adopted to effectively disperse asphalt binder at lower temperature than hot mix asphalt (HMA) in the field. The main objectives of this study are to develop WMA process using foaming technology (WMA-foam) and evaluate its performance characteristics under various temperatures and loading conditions. WMA-foam mixtures were produced by injecting PO 64-22 foamed asphalt into warm aggregates whereas WMA mixtures were produced by adding PO 64-22 asphalt (without foaming) in the warm aggregates. Both dynamic modulus and flow number of WMA-foam mixtures were higher than those of WMA mixtures. Based on the limited dynamic modulus and repeated load test results, it is concluded that the WMA-foam mixtures using warm aggregates at $100^{\circ}C$ are more resistant to fatigue cracking and rutting than WMA mixtures.

Background: Time-resolved optically stimulated luminescence (TR-OSL) is a very useful method for calculating the lifetimes of crystalline quartz and feldspar. Materials and Methods: A compact TR-OSL system was developed, comprising a heater assembly manufactured using Kanthal wire, 2 powerful blue light-emitting diodes (LED, LXHLPB02) for optical stimulation equipped with VIS liquid light guides, and a photomultiplier tube combined with an optical filter for luminescence detection. A pulse generated from the data acquisition board (NI PCI 6250) was used to initiate on/off signals in LED and TR-OSL measurements. Results and Discussion: The TR-OSL and background signals measured using this TR-OSL system using quartz samples were very similar to those reported in a previous study. Additionally, the lifetimes of the build-up and TR-OSL signals were calculated as 27.4 ± 2.2 μs and 30.3 ± 0.6 μs, respectively, in good agreement with the findings of a previous study. Conclusion: It was concluded that the developed TR-OSL system was very reliable for TR-OSL signal measurements and lifetime calculations.

The test results of the ITER toroidal field conductors demonstrated a decrease of the current sharing temperature (Tcs) with an increase in the number of electromagnetic cycles in general. This is associating with several factors. One of them is the superconducting Nb3Sn filaments cracking and another one is the redistribution of the relative deformation of the Nb3Sn strands under Lorentz forces. Despite these factors, some conductors have shown the absence or significantly less degradation of Tcs during electromagnetic cycling. This article considers another possible reason for a more stable conductors Tcs behavior, namely, the local compression of Nb3Sn wires in the cross section of a conductor. In this article presents the results of a quantitative analysis Nb3Sn superconducting filaments cracking of strands extracted from a conductor that has passed electromagnetic cycling and the model of a conductor compaction, as well as calculation results based on this model are presented also.

As the web game market grows, ensuring service stability through load testing has become increasingly important. Web games comprise a variety of functions with distinct internal logic, ranging from simple data retrieval to complex transaction processing. Therefore, a comparative performance analysis of load-testing tools that accounts for these functional characteristics is crucial for achieving reliable and efficient service operation. This paper evaluates the performance of four widely used load-testing tools—JMeter, k6, Gatling, and Locust—under representative web-game workloads. To emulate realistic database read and write patterns, we implement the core server logic of the web game Pokerogue in a cloud environment rather than simply issuing HTTP requests. We classified workload patterns into write-intensive, read-intensive, and mixed types using distributed tracing, and measured request-generation capability and system resource consumption across five key game functions. Our experiments show that each tool demonstrates distinct strengths depending on the characteristics of individual web-game functions. Specifically, k6 demonstrated high request-generation performance in write-intensive scenarios, while JMeter showed strong performance in read-oriented tasks; Gatling exhibited efficient memory usage in mixed workloads, whereas Locust proved suitable for resource-constrained environments. These results indicate that the selection of a load-testing tool should be informed not only by its request-generation performance but also by the workload characteristics of the target game function. By systematically analyzing function-specific workload patterns together with the performance and resource-usage behavior of each tool, this study aims to provide empirical evidence that can be usefully applied in practical load-testing workflows for web-game services.

본 연구는 도로 하부에 설치된 노후 철근콘크리트(RC) 암거를 대상으로 코어 압축강도 기반 비파괴시험(NDT) 보정기법을 적용하여 구조성능 평가의 신뢰성을 검토하였다. 현장 조사 결과 비파괴시험 추정강도가 코어 압축강도 대비 다소 높은 값으로 나타났으며, 보정계수를 적용함으로써 추정값과 실측값 간의 차이를 감소시켜 구조성능 평가의 신뢰성을 향상시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 구조물의 전반적인 내구성 상태는 양호하나 일부 특정 구간에서 균열, 누수, 이음부 변형 등의 국부적 손상이 관찰되었으며, 이는 철근콘크리트 암거의 재료 열화보다 지반의 부등침하와 밀접한 관련이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 연구에서는 다양한 형식의 암거 구조물을 대상으로 장기 모니터링 자료와 지반 거동 분석을 함께 적용하여 비파괴시험 보정기법의 일반화 가능성을 검증할 필요가 있으며, 지반침하에 따른 구조물의 물리적 변화와 구조적 거동 간의 정량적 관계를 고려한 통합 평가 모델이 개발될 경우, 지하시설물의 유지관리 효율성 향상에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study evaluates the reliability of structural performance assessment for an aged reinforced concrete (RC) culvert installed beneath a roadway by applying a core compressive strength–based calibration method to nondestructive testing (NDT). Field investigation results showed that the strength estimated from nondestructive testing was slightly higher than the measured core compressive strength. By applying a calibration coefficient, the discrepancy between the estimated and measured strengths was reduced, thereby improving the reliability of the structural performance assessment. Although the overall durability condition of the structure was generally sound, localized defects such as cracks, leakage, and joint displacement were observed in certain sections. These defects were found to be more closely related to differential ground settlement than to the material deterioration of the RC culvert. The development of an integrated assessment model that considers the quantitative relationship between ground settlement and structural behavior is expected to improve the maintenance efficiency of underground infrastructure.

최근 "Log4j 보안 취약점 사태" 가 발생함에 따라 오픈소스인 "Log4j"를 활용하는 정보시스템이 취약점에 노출되었다. 이번 사태로 인해 전 세계뿐만 아니라 국내 주요 정부 기관 또는 기업들의 정보시스템에 큰 취약점이 발생하여 오픈소스의 취약점에 대한 문제가 대두되었다. 오픈소스는 여러 장점에도 불구하고 오픈소스를 활용하여 개발하는 현재의 개발 패러다임으로 인해 소프트웨어 보안 취약점이 손쉽게 확산될 수 있다는 문제점이 많아 오픈소스의 안전성 및 신뢰성 확보하기 위해 오픈소스에 대한 취약점 점검이 필요하다. 하지만 오픈소스 취약점 스캐닝 도구는 종류도 많고 지원하는 언어와 기능들이 상이한 다형적인 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서, 기존 소프트웨어 평가 기준으로는 평가하기 모호하고 장단점을 평가하기 어려우므로 본 논문에서는 오픈소스 취약점 분석 도구에 대한 새로운 평가 기준을 개발하였다.

The recent "Log4j Security Vulnerability Incident" has occurred, and the information system that uses the open source "Log4J" has been exposed to vulnerabilities. The incident brought great vulnerabilities in the information systems of South Korea's major government agencies or companies and global information systems, causing problems with open source vulnerabilities. Despite the advantages of many advantages, the current development paradigm, which is developed using open source, can easily spread software security vulnerabilities, ensuring open source safety and reliability. You need to check the open source. However, open source vulnerability scan tools have various languages and functions. Therefore, the existing software evaluation criteria are ambiguous and it is difficult to evaluate advantages and weaknesses, so this paper has developed a new evaluation criteria for the vulnerability analysis tools of open source

위성항법지역보강시스템(GBAS)은 항공기 정밀접근을 지원하는 차세대 항행안전무선시설로, 최근 GBAS 설치 및 서비스를 제공하는 공항들이 전 세계적으로 증가하고 있다. 한국도 2013년 김포국제공항에 국내 최초로 미국 Honeywell사의 GBAS 지상장비인 SLS-4000을 설치하였으며, 지상시험을 통해 설치된 장비의 기능 및 성능을 점검하였다. 본 논문에서는 GBAS 지상시험에 대한 국내 GBAS CAT-I 시험평가 기준 및 방법을 소개하고, 김포국제공항에서 진행된 GBAS 시험평가 방법에 대해 기술하였다. 또한 GBAS 지상시험의 12개 시험항목 중 주요 5개 시험항목에 대한 상세한 시험평가 방법 및 분석 결과를 기술하였다.

Ground based augmentation system (GBAS) is a next generation radio navigation aids to support precision approach of aircraft. Recently, airports installing GBAS and providing GBAS service are increasing all over the world. For the first time in Korea, SLS-4000 which is the GBAS ground equipment of Honeywell had been installed at Gimpo International Airport in 2013, and evaluated its functionality and performance of through the ground testing. This paper introduces a ground test and evaluation criteria on the CAT-I GBAS system, and describes testing methods for GBAS ground testing of Gimpo International Airport. In addition, detail testing methods and analysis results on major five of 12 ground test items are described.

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of various environmental effects associated with performance testing results in pig population of domestic pig breeding farms. Performance test data collected from 2,000 to 2,010 were a total of 265,901 heads. By breeds, data consisted of Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire. Environmental factors considered in models were breed, sex, farm, year of test, season of test, and parity. Broad range of age at testing day averaged at 155 days of age were grouped as A (up to 140 days) B (141~150 days), C (151~160 days), D (161~170 days), and E (greater than 170 days). Traits analyzed were ADG, days to 90 ㎏, end weight (body weight at the test day), rib eye area, back fat thickness. Age group effects were all significant for all the traits studied (p<0.05). As ages at test day get greater, ADG, days to 90 ㎏ and end weight tended to be greater while ultrasound measures of rib eye area and back fat thickness tended to be less. This would be the results of linear age adjustments on ultrasound measures, that caused overestimation in younger age groups and underestimation in older age groups than in average age group (C). This was evidenced by looking at ultrasound measures before linear age adjustments were applied. We conclude that, for more accurate performance testing, testing within guided age interval should be abided. And further researches should be made on biologically justifiable methods of age adjustments especially for ultrasound measures.

누수 균열 보수재료로 사용되고 있는 점착 유연형 고무 아스팔트계 누수보수용 주입형 실링재는 KS F 4935에 의해 품질관리가 이루어지고 있으나, 품질 관리 방법 중 습윤면 부착성능 시험방법에 대한 재료적, 방법적인 오류를 가지고 있는 것으로 판단되었다. 이에 반복적 실험을 통해 문제점을 분석하고 분석된 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 시험체 및 시험기기를 제작하여 이를 활용한 개정방안을 제시 및 검증을 진행하였다. 개선방안 시험방법의 검증결과 기존에 갖고 있던 재료적 측면, 방법적 측면의 문제점들을 객관적으로 해결할 수 있었다.

In the current construction industry, physical property evaluation of sealant materials is conducted in accordance to KS F 4935. Among the KS F 4935 test criteria, there is a methodological problem with the wet surface adhesion test method. The issues were outlined and analyzed through repeat testing and based on the results, new test method and apparatus were developed to provide an improved and more accurate evaluation. As a result, this new method was able to objectively evaluate the wet adhesion properties of waterproofing sealant materials.

The deficiency of competent native English speaker raters and the inherent problem with intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the oral proficiency interview (OPI) has precluded the full-fledged implementation of English performance testing, inevitably ushering in the computer- based oral proficiency interview (COPI) as its viable alternative with the help of automatic speech recognition (ASR). The plausibility and feasibility of implementing ASR-based COPI has recently been investigated with favorable results, which warrants more sophisticated research focusing on development of desirable test methods that will meet the rigorous criteria required by high-stakes language tests. In this respect, employing varied statistical methods as correlational, regression analyses, and ANOVA, the present study attempts to explore strengths and limitations of test method facets and to identify valid test methods to maximize the validity and reliability of ASR-based COPⅠ. Within the theoretical framework of communicative language components to be measured, the statistical findings reveal that some test methods prove to be more effective than others in producing COPI test results with better discriminability and reliability. The survey of students and teachers also suggest their favorable attitudes toward utilizing the COPI for in-class evaluation. Both findings strongly corroborates potential of the COPI in question as a valid performance testing tool to measure overall communicative competence. The current research is expected not only to shed light on advancement of performance testing, but also to serve the purpose of enhancing communicative English teaching.

Objective: This study aimed to explore the readability and comprehensibility of the drug information on a patient leaflet for the senior by employing performance-based user-testing. Methods: We included 36 elderly (65 years old or older) as the senior group (intervention group) and 36 adults (40~59 years old) as the adult group (control). We developed a questionnaire to test if participants could access to drug information. After completing a questionnaire, the participant was interviewed about their understanding over the patient leaflet. We performed t-test, χ 2-test or Fisher's exact test to examine differences between two groups in primary outcomes. Results: The senior were less likely able to find information (78%) than the adult (91%); they were much less likely able to understand information (42%) than the adult (69%). While we found differences between the ability of finding and understanding drug information in both groups, the senior group had greater difficulties in understanding all kinds of drug information. They had significant difficulties to remember information after reading the patient leaflet and frequently failed to find proper information even though they were allowed to access freely to the leaflet during interviewing. Conclusion: To secure safe and effective use of drugs for the senior, it is necessary to develop drug leaflets for the senior.

본 연구는 합병, 유상증자 및 자사주 취득 등과 같은 개별기업의 주요 의사결정이 영업성과에 미 치는 영향을 측정하기 위해 회계 정보를 활용하여 기대영업성과를 측정하고 초과영업성과의 유의성 을 검정하는 사건연구방법의 설정 오류(misspecification)와 검정력을 시뮬레이션 기법을 이용하여 분석한다. 또한, 이러한 시뮬레이션 분석 결과를 바탕으로 한국증권시장에서 통계적으로 가장 신뢰 할 수 있는 회계 정보 기반의 사건연구 즉 기대영업성과 측정모형과 초과영업성과의 유의성 검정 방법의 도출을 시도한다. 먼저, 임의표본을 대상으로 한 실증분석 결과에 의하면, 기대영업성과를 측정하는 모형으로는 사전성과 기준포트폴리오를 벤치마크로 한 수준모형(M3)을 활용하고, 유의성 검정 방법으로는 Wilcoxon 부호-순위 검정을 사용하는 것이 한국증권시장에서의 영업성과 연구에 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 반해, 특정한 표본 편의를 지닌 비임의표본을 대상으로 한 연구 에서는 표본 편의와 직접 관련된 재무적 특성을 가진 기준포트폴리오를 벤치마크로 한 수준모형을 성과측정 모형으로 하고, 유의성 검정으로는 임의표본에서와 마찬가지로 Wilcoxon 부호-순위 검정 을 활용하는 것이 설정의 오류를 피할 수 있는 적절한 연구방법으로 밝혀졌다.

This paper investigates the empirical power and misspecification of event study methods detecting accounting-based measures of abnormal operating performance following major corporate events, such as stock repurchases, security offerings, mergers and acquisitions, or earnings announcement, in the Korean Stock Market. Based on the simulation analysis that is similar to that of Brown and Warner(1985), this paper examines the choice of a model of operating performance and a statistical test of abnormal operating performance. We find that the level model of expected operating performance that matches sample firms to reference portfolios of one-digit KSIC code and similar pre-event performance yields well specified, powerful test statistics in the random samples. We also find that nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test statistics are uniformly more powerful than conventional t-statistics. We document, however, that there is no method that yields test statistics that are well specified in every sampling situation due to the impact of size or performance based sampling biases on statistical tests.

본 논문에서는 문화재 건축물의 화재안전과 관련하여 건축자재 중 실내에서 발생하는 화재와 관련된 내장재에 대한 국내 에서 적용하고 있는 시험방법에 대하여 고찰하고자 하였다. 국내의 경우 건축법에 건축물 내부 마감재료의 난연성능 및 화 재확산방지구조에 대한 불연재료, 준불연재료, 난연재료의 성능기준과 이에 대한 시험방법이 규정되어 있으며, 이에 대한 내용을 고찰하여 문화재 건축물의 리모델링, 수선 등에 적용될 수 있는 화재안전과 관련된 기초자료를 제시하고자 하였다.

In this paper, we intend to consider the domestic testing method for interior materials related to fire generated indoors among building materials related to fire safety of cultural heritage buildings. In Korea, the building law stipulates the performance standards of non-flammable, semi-flammable, and flame retardant materials for the flame retardant performance and fire prevention structures of the finishing materials, and the basic data related to fire safety were proposed.

IT에서 보안은 위험 및 위협으로부터 시스템을 보호하고, 피해를 방지하며 Risk를 최소화해야 한다. 이와 같은 맥락으로 정보보안 제품의 정보가 처리, 저장, 전달되는 과정에서 정보와 시스 템의 보안기준, 즉 기본적인 기밀성, 가용성, 무결성과 부차적인 명확성, 증명가능성, 감지, 경보 및 방어능력 등이 충분히 보장될 수 있도록 하여야 한다. 웹 서비스에서 보안은 가장 중요한 요 소이며, 웹 특성상 서비스를 위해 80번 포트 같은 통로를 열어놔야 하는 구조로서, 웹 어플리케 이션, 웹 소스 및 서버, 네트워크 모든 요소가 근본적인 취약점을 안고 있다. 이에 따라 이런 요 소를 통해 웹 프로그램의 설정오류나 개발 오류 및 웹 애플리케이션 자체의 취약점을 이용한 홈페이지 와 웹 서버 해킹을 방지하며, 효율성을 높이는 웹서비스 보안 BMT 수행 방법론을 제 시하고자 한다.

The risks and threats in IT security systems to protect, prevent damage and Risk should be minimized. Context of information security products such as information processing, storage, delivery, and in the process of information system security standards, That is the basic confidentiality, availability, integrity and secondary clarity, potential evidence, detection, warning and defense capabilities, to ensure sufficient and should be. Web services are the most important elements in the security, the web nature of port 80 for the service to keep the door open as a structure, Web applications, web sources and servers, networks, and to hold all the elements are fundamental weaknesses. Accordingly, these elements through a set of Web application development errors and set-up errors and vulnerabilities in Web applications using their own home pages and web servers to prevent hacking and to improve the efficiency of Web services is proposed methodology performs security BMT.

Objective: Written information could be helpful for senior population to adhere to complex medication therapies, but must be well prepared and empirically assessed to achieve such end. We purposed to develop a drug information leaflet for senior citizens by applying 'performance-based user-testing.' Methods: We employed a user-testing, a mixed method to figure difficulties out with patients' leaflets from the user perspective. The cycle made of test and revision can be repeated as necessary. We recruited senior citizens with age of 65 or above who were taking antihypertensive medications at the point of participating and excluded the elderly who suffered illiteracy. We firstly rectified a drug information leaflet of antihypertensive medications for the general public distributed by the Korean authority based on focus group interviews (9 participants). The revised leaflets were tested four times with 8~12 participants in each round (40 seniors in total). We targeted to develop a leaflet which more than 80% of participants understood 10 key information. Main outcomes measures were to be able to find information and be able to understand information. This study was approved by the Yeungnam University Research Ethics Committee. Results: Focus group interviews identified difficulties with small font of words, professional language, long information, and a poor structure. The leaflet was revised and in the first round questionnaire found problems with 4/10 information points; interviews disclosed all but one (normal blood pressure range) were ill-understood. The second round questionnaire and interview found fewer problems but the comprehensiveness of participants was still poor in several points. For the third and fourth rounds we revised the leaflets in the individual- targeted manner. Finally, the fourth round showed all key information found and understood by at least 80% of participants except one question about drug name. Conclusion: The drug leaflets need to be developed in a personalized mode for the seniors. There was a limit for Korean seniors to understand nonproprietary name of their drugs because they used to producers' trade names which the Korean health system predominantly works with.

Objective: The study purpose was to develop a drug information leaflet for the elderly and to evaluate it with performance-based user-testing. Methods: We performed a stratified randomized controlled trial. We recruited 62 elderly patients with age of 65 or above who were taking antidiabetic medications at the point of participating and excluded those who suffered illiteracy. We randomly allocated them into the intervention group with a leaflet for the elderly and the control group with a leaflet for the general public. Main outcome measures were to ‘be able to find information’ and to ‘be able to understand information.’ We measured outcome variables by employing performance-based user-testing and analyzed data to find any differences between two groups with t-tests, chi-squared tests or Fisher’s exact tests accordingly. Results: More participants in the intervention group understood how to store their medications than those in the control group (intervention group 93% vs. control group 70%; p=0.02). There were no significant differences in other information items between two groups. Mostly ‘being able to understand information’ was lower than ‘being able to find information.’ The gaps between two outcome variables were about 10% in the intervention group and about 18% in the control group. The lowest understanding was observed in information relating to drug names and their potential adverse events. Conclusion: Without providing personalized drug information, it might be hard for the elderly to improve their drug knowledge even with leaflets that were developed specifically for the elderly.