Earticle

본 연구는 평생교육사 1급 승급과정 프로그램을 사례로 하여 자격연수 교수방법에 대해 살펴보 았다. 분석을 위해 강의 자료, 참여관찰, 동료학습자들과의 면담자료를 활용하였다. 평생교육사 직 무연수관련 선행연구에서는 대부분 교수요목과 평생교육사의 직무역량에 대한 관심은 높았으나 교수방법과 전략에 대한 논의는 거의 다루지 않았다. 이 연구는 교수자의 평생교육사 전문역량에 대한 기준을 분석했고, 각종 사례분석 기준에 대해서도 답하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 교수자의 교수방법 중 수강자에게 던진 발문 등 교수자의 사고과정에 주목했다. 교수자가 수업장면에서 제시한 각각의 사례에 대해 탐색하고 그 과정을 분석했다. 연구문제는 교수자는 평생교육사의 전문역량을 무엇으로 보았는가, 교수자가 제시한 각종 사례들은 어떻게 분석되었는 지를 보고자 하였다. 이는 평생교육사의 전문적 역량을 강화하는 교수방법을 분석하고자 했다. 그 분석결과 는 세 가지의 사고방식과 사고력으로 요약된다. 교수자의 수업진행을 위한 사고방식은 간주관성 을 핵심으로 한 재미요소와 수행공학적 접근, 문제명료화로 파악되었다. 학습자들의 역량강화를 위한 사고력 향상기준도 확인되었다. 그것은 첫째, 현실의 상황을 개선할 사례를 변별해 내는 능력이었다. 둘째, 수집한 사례들에 대한 비판적인 분석・해석력이었다. 셋째, 문제해결을 위해 직무와 관련하여 결합(연결)하는 능력이었다.

This study looked at the method of teaching qualification training, using the first-degree promotion program of lifelong education professional training. For analysis, lecture materials, participation observations, and interview data with fellow learners were utilized. Most of the preceding studies on job training for lifelong educators showed a high interest in teaching syllabus and job trading volume for lifelong educators, but few discussions on teaching methods and strategies were made. The study analyzed the criteria for a professor's expertise in lifelong education history and tried to answer various case analysis criteria. In this study, he noted the professor's thought process, including the pronunciation he threw at the student during the professor's teaching method. The professor explored each of the cases presented in the classroom and analyzed the process The question of research was to see what the professor saw as the expertise of lifelong educators and how the various cases presented by the professor were analyzed. It wanted to analyze the method of teaching that strengthens the professional capabilities of lifelong education teachers. The analysis results are summed up in three ways of thinking and thinking. The professor's mindset for the course of class was identified by the factors of fun, performance engineering approach, and problem clarity with the deemed inertia at the core. The criteria for improving the capacity of learners were also identified. It was, first, the ability to discern cases that would improve the situation in the real world. Second, critical analysis and interpretation of the cases collected. Third, it was the ability to combine (connect) in relation to a task for problem solving a problem.

In this paper, the flowability, strengths, impact resistance and sulfuric acid resistance of steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete (SFHPC) for the steel fiber content and fly ash and blast furnace slag as admixtures were presented. For evaluating flowability particularly, tests of slump flow, box-type passing ability and L-type filling ability were performed. The slump flow of SFHPC was some decreased with increase of the steel fiber content. At the box-type passing ability, the difference of box height of SFHPC is greatly increased with increasing the fiber content. The L-type filling ability of SFHPC was not excellent above $0.75\% of the steel fiber content. Also, the compressive strength of SFHPC was decreased with increase of the steel fiber content, but the flexural strength of SFHPC was much higher than that of the concrete without the steel fiber. At the impact resistance, drop number of SFHPC for reaching final fracture was increased with increase of the fiber content. Also, the drop number for reaching initial fracture of lmm was increased with increase of the fiber content. At the sulfuric acid resistance, 4-week weight change of SFHPC with the steel fiber was almost similarity that of HPC without the steel fiber and was in the range of 73.6 to 81.5.

HRD 프로페셔널은 계획, 조직 개발, 조직 디자인 등과 같은 전략적인 경영 협력 활동을 통해 생산성의 향상을 도모한다. 특정한 개입 방안만을 제시하는 것은 조직의 기본적인 시스템을 변화시키거나 향상시킬 수 없으므로 시스템적 관점을 지향하는 것은 전략 개발에 중요하다. 조직을 시스템적으로 운영하기 위 해 HRD 프로페셔널은 문제해결에 있어서의 조직 내 저항을 잘 다룰 뿐만 아니 라 변화관련당사자와의 협업을 통해 제시된 문제해결의 효과를 양적으로 측정 할 수 있는 방법을 밝힐 수 있어야한다. 또한 HRD 프로페셔널은 경영 목표들 간의 일치 혹은 통일성, 프로세스 디자인, 프로세스 운영에서 핵심적인 역할을 할 필요가 있다. 성과에 대한 정책과 실행을 지역의 문화적 특성을 고려하여 기 획하는 것 역시 중요한 과제 중의 하나이다.

HRD professionals should be able to contribute to performance improvement by focusing on strategic business partner activities such as planning, organizational development, and organizational design. Taking a systems view is important in the development of strategy because simply offering specific interventions neither changes nor improves the fundamental systems of an organization. In order to guide the management of organizations as systems, HRD professionals need to not only deal with resistance to change in solution implementation but also identify quantifiable measures to judge the effectiveness of implemented solutions with partnerships with relevant stakeholders. HRD professionals are particularly required to play a critical role in aligning process goals, process design, and process management to improve performance. Adjusting human performance policies and practices to local cultural differences is also among the urgent tasks for HRD professionals.

해양환경에 노출된 콘크리트는 육상에서 건설되는 콘크리트와 달리 해풍, 조력, 파도, 파랑 등에 의한 물리적 작용과 해수의 $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$ 및 $Mg^{2+}$ 이온 등에 의한 화학적 침식작용 및 동결융해 등 가혹한 환경에 노출되어 콘크리트의 내구성을 크게 저하시킨다. 해중 콘크리트의 대규모 시공은 콘크리트의 강도손실은 물론 알칼리(pH) 및 중금속 등 환경유해물질이 용출될 수 있어 이에 대한 충분한 검토와 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 전기로 환원슬래그로부터 CSA 자극제를 개발하고 전기로 산화슬래그를 콘크리트용 골재로 활용하여 인공리프용 친환경콘크리트를 개발하였다. 초기강도는 Normal concrete보다 낮게 나타나 친환경콘크리트의 초기강도 품질향상을 위한 추가적인 연구가 필요하였으며, 친환경콘크리트의 해수저항성은 양생일 1년 대비 평균 강도손실이 8~9% 발생하였다. 고함량 고로슬래그 미분말과 고비중 전기로 산화슬래그 골재를 사용한 친환경콘크리트를 동결융해저항성 재료로써 충분히 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. 친환경콘크리트의 중금속 용출특성은 콘크리트의 수화반응을 통한 경화과정에서 중금속 성분은 화학적 결합을 통해 고정화되기 때문에 환경유해성 기준 이하이거나 검출되지 않아 유해물질 용출에 안전하다는 것을 확인하였다.

Unlike the concrete structure built on land, that exposed to the marine environment is greatly degraded in durability due to the exposure to not only the physical action caused by sea wind, tide, and wave, but also the harsh conditions, including the chemical erosion and freeze-thaw which result from $SO_4{^{2-}}$, $Cl^-$ and $Mg^{2+}$ ions in seawater. In the process of the large scaled construction of submerged concrete structures, of course environmental hazardous substance, such as alkaline (pH) and heavy metals, may be leached. Thus, this issue needs to be adequately reviewed and studied. Therefore, this study attempted to develop a CSA (Calcium Sulfo Aluminate) activator using electric arc furnace reducing slags, as well as the eco-friendly concrete for artificial reefs using electric arc furnace oxidizing slag as aggregate for concrete. The strength properties of the eco-friendly concrete exposed to the marine environment were lower than those of the normal concrete by curing 28 days. This suggest that additional studies are needed to improve the early strength of the eco-friendly concrete. With respect to seawater resistance of the eco-friendly concrete, the average strength loss against 1 year of curing days reached 8-9%. the eco-friendly concrete using high volume of ground granulated blast furnace slags and high specific gravity of electronic arc furnace oxidizing slag demonstrated the sufficient usability as a freeze-thaw resistant material. With respect to heavy metal leaching properties of the eco-friendly concrete, heavy metal substances were immobilized by chemical bonding in the curing process through the hydration of concrete. Thus, heavy metal substances were neither identified at or below environmental hazard criteria nor detected, suggesting that the eco-friendly concrete is safe in terms of leaching of hazardous substances.

본 연구는 이공계 기피의 한 원인으로 지목되고 있는 이공계출신자의 상대적으로 낮은 경제적인 지위가 그들의 능력수준과 관련되어 있을 가능성에 대해 분석하였다. 시간당 임금 지표를 가지고 대졸자의 초기 노동시장성과에 대해 분석한 결과, 이공계 출신자는 수능성적으로 대변되는 각 능력수준에서 음의 임금프리미엄을 얻고 있다는 점과 개인의 능력수준이 높아질수록 그같은 처우상의 불리함은 커진다는 점을 발견하였다. 즉 이공계 출신자가 상대적으로 낮은 처우를 받고 있는 것은 사실이지만 그와 같은 낮은 처우가 능력의 차이에 기인된 것은 아닌 것이다. 이와는 대조적으로 미국에서는 개인능력을 통제하더라도 공학계 출신자는 높은 임금프리미엄을 얻고 있으며 그같은 프리미엄은 능력수준에 따라 감소하지 않는 것이 확인되었다. 한국에서 이공계 출신자들이 상대적으로 낮은 처우를 받고 있는 이유로는 이공계 인력의 과도한 공급이 한 이유로 제시되었다.

Some recent studies ascertained that the economic status of the scientific and engineering personnel is relatively low in Korea. This paper examines if the relatively lower labor market performance of science and engineering graduates is related to their ability. It turns out that average ability, the proxy of which is the average SAT score of the freshmen at the time when they entered the colleges, is higher for engineering graduates and lower for science graduates. The paper finds that the hourly wage rate of the young workers with science and engineering degrees is indeed lower than that of other college graduates, which is true even when 'ability' is controlled. In contrast, wage premium is very high for science and engineering graduates in the USA, whether ability is controlled or not. The paper suggests that the relatively low wage of scientific and engineering personnel in Korea is possibly due to the 'oversupply' of those workers.

In this paper, durability verification of forged wheels for automobiles were performed using the finite element method for bending fatigue analysis and impact analysis. In addition, the durability analysis environment of forged wheels was implemented. By analyzing the stress distribution on the surface of the forged wheel, the area with a high possibility of breakage was identified and improved. The durability analysis of the initial model forged wheel was performed by bending fatigue analysis and impact analysis, The stress distribution of the forged wheel surface was analyzed through the analysis results of the initial model. and the spokes, flanges, hubs, and rear parts are less likely to be damaged were cut to reduce the weight by about 10%, and the reliability of the improved model was confirmed.

용융염 전해정련공정은 사용후핵연료로부터 전기화학적인 방법을 통해 음극에서 우라늄을 회수 하는 공정이다. 이 때 우라늄은 약 30wt%의 염을 포함하고 있어 순수한 우라늄을 얻기 위해서는 염을 제거하는 Cathode Process (CP)가 필수적이다. CP는 대량의 우라늄을 처리해야 하므로 파이로공정의 난관중의 하나로 인식되고 있으며, 우라늄의 순도가 최종적으로 결정되는 단계이므로 매우 중요한 공정이다. 현재, 이에 대한 연구는 주로 실험적 방법에 근거 하고 있어 염 제거 공정 중 온도, 압력, 염 가스의 거동을 관찰하기 어렵다. 따라서 본 연구에서는, 공정의 운전 조건에 대해 적합한 수학적 모델을 이용하여 전산모사 해석을 진행하였다. 본 연구는 증류부에서 염 가스의 증류 량, 확산계수에 의해 계산된 장치 내 염 가스의 이동 그리고 응축부에서의 응결속도를 중점적으로 연구하였다. 장치내의 각각의 염 가스 거동을 정의하기 위해 Hertz-Langmuir 관계식, Chapman-Enskog Theory, ANSYS-CFX의 상용 코드를 사용하였다. 그리고 HSC Chemistry에서 염의 물성 값을 이용하여 모델을 구성하였다. 본 연구의 전산모사 해석을 통해 얻은 연구 결과를 이용하여 염 가스의 거동과 장치의 최적 운전조건을 예측하였다. 따라서 본 해석 결과는 CP의 물리적 현상을 깊게 이해하는데 쓰일 뿐 아니라, 공학규모의 CP 장치를 상용규모로 확장하는데 이용 할 수 있다.

Molten salt electrorefining process achieves uranium deposits at cathode using an electrochemical processing of spent nuclear fuel. In order to recover pure uranium from cathode deposit containing about 30wt% salt, the adhered salt should be removed by cathode process (CP). The CP has been regarded as one of the bottle-neck of the pyroprocess as the large amount of uranium is treated in this step and the operation parameters are crucial to determine the final purity of the product. Currently, related research activities are mainly based on experiments consequently it is hard to observe processing variables such as temperature, pressure and salt gas behavior during the operation of the cathode process. Hence, in this study operation procedure of cathode process is numerically described by using appropriate mathematical model. The key parameters of this research are the amount of evaporation at the distillation part, diffusion coefficient of gas phase salt in cathode processor and phase change rate at condensation part. Each of these conditions were composed by Hertz-Langmuir equation, Chapman-Enskog theory, and interphase mass flow application in ANSYS-CFX. And physical properties of salt were taken from the data base in HSC Chemistry. In this study, calculation results on the salt gas behavior and optimal operating condition are discussed. The numerical analysis results could be used to closely understand the physical phenomenon during CP and for further scale up to commercial level.

Considerable challenges are encountered when bulk CMOS devices are scaled into the sub-100 nm regime for higher integrated circuit (IC) density and performance. Due to their excellent scalability and better immunity to short channel effects, double-gate (DG) MOSFETs are being easily assessed for CMOS applications beyond the 70 nm of the SIA roadmap. For channel lengths below 100 nm, DG MOSFETs still show considerable threshold voltage roll off and to overcome this effect, different gate engineering techniques can be widely used. In this paper, we investigate the influence of gate engineering on the analog and RF performances of dual material double gate (DM-DG) MOSFETs for system-on-chip applications with high K dielectrics using a 2D device simulator. Equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of gate oxide can be reduced by the usage of high K dielectric materials. The gate engineering technique used here is the dual metal gate technology. This novel structure shows better immunity to DIBL and improved analog performance like trans conductance generation factor, early voltage, output resistance.

In this paper an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, for predicting the performance of a sophomore student enrolled in engineering majors in the Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology in Al- Azhar University of Gaza was developed and tested. A number of factors that may possibly influence the performance of a student were outlined. Such factors as high school score, score of subject such as Math I, Math II, Electrical Circuit I, and Electronics I taken during the student freshman year, number of credits passed, student cumulative grade point average of freshman year, types of high school attended and gender, among others, were then used as input variables for the ANN model. A model based on the Multilayer Perceptron Topology was developed and trained using data spanning five generations of graduates from the Engineering Department of the Al- Azhar University, Gaza. Test data evaluation shows that the ANN model is able to correctly predict the performance of more than 80% of prospective students.

본 연구는 초고령사회로 진입한 한국의 노인의료서비스가 직면한 정보 단절, 중복 진료, 비효율적 자원 배분 등 구조적 문제를 해결하기 위한 전담병원-협력병원 간 지능형 연계 시스템(ICP, Intelligent Collaboration Protocol) 구축 방안을 제시한다. ICP는 블록체인 기반 분산원장기술(DLT, Distributed Ledger Technology)을 핵심 인프라로 활용하여 의료정보의 신뢰성, 무결성, 보안성을 확보하고, ISO/IEEE 11073 및 HL7 FHIR(Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) 표준을 준수하는 확장형 의료정보 교환 프로토콜을 설계하였다. 또한 IoT 기반 실시간 모니터링 데이터를 안전하게 수집하고 AI 예측 분석 모델과 연계하여 의료진의 의사결정을 지원하도록 설계하였다. 공학적 타당성 검증을 위해 기술적 성능, 운영 효율성, 서비스 품질, 보안성을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 성능 평가 모델을 제안하였다. 시뮬레이션 기반 예측 결과, 본 모델은 Uptime ≥ 99.9%, Integrity Index ≥ 100%, 중복검사율 ≥ 10% 감소, 재입원율 ≥ 5% 감소와 같은 핵심 지표의 성능 목표 임계값을 정의하며, ICP의 기술적 실현 가능성을 체계적으로 입증하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 통합적 접근을 통해 노인 환자에게 개인화되고 연속적인 의료 서비스를 제공하고, 지역사회 기반 지속가능한 디지털 헬스케어 생태계 구축에 기여함을 입증하였다.

This study proposes an Intelligent Collaboration Protocol(ICP) between dedicated and partner hospitals to address the structural challenges of Korea's community-based geriatric healthcare system, including information fragmentation, redundant care, and inefficient resource allocation. The ICP leverages blockchain-based Distributed Ledger Technology(DLT) as its core infrastructure to enhance the reliability, integrity, and security of medical data. It designs a scalable medical information exchange protocol compliant with the ISO/IEEE 11073 and HL7 FHIR(Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources) standards to ensure interoperability across institutions. Additionally, the system integrates IoT-based real-time monitoring data with AI-driven predictive analytics to support clinical decision-making. To verify engineering feasibility, a comprehensive Performance Evaluation Model is proposed to quantitatively assess technical efficiency, operational performance, service quality, and security. We are designed to define critical performance thresholds based on simulation-driven prediction, including targets such as Uptime ≥ 99.9%, Integrity Index ≥ 100%, a reduction in redundant care by ≥ 10%, and Readmission Ratio reduction by ≥ 5%. Through this engineering-oriented approach, the study systematically proves ICP's technical feasibility and demonstrates its potential to provide personalized and continuous healthcare services, contributing to the sustainability of the community-based digital healthcare ecosystem.

본 논문은 공학교육 개선을 위하여 재정지원 사업을 수행한 대학의 사업성과 분석을 통해 지방 공과대학의 교 육방향을 모색하고 개선점을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위해 공학교육혁신지원사업을 수행한 대학의 3년간 의 사업 만족도 조사를 통해 성과분석을 진행하였다. 사업에 참여한 이해관계자를 대상으로 지원사업의 교육프로그램 과 운영에 따른 성과 등 통계적 분석을 진행한 결과 지원사업의 종합만족도 평점은 73.8%에서 83.4%로 상승하고 있 으나, 산업체 만족도는 상대적으로 감소하고 있다. 조사 결과 신입사원들의 업무수행의 창의성 및 문제해결 능력의 만족도가 낮아 사업의 종합 만족도가 감소한 것을 알 수 있다. 향후 공학교육 혁신을 위한 교육프로그램 설계를 통해 창의적 문제해결 능력이 배양될 수 있는 공학교육 개선방안을 마련하고자 한다.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the educational direction and present improvements of the local college of engineering through the business feasibility and analysis of the universities that conducted financial support projects to improve engineering education. For this study, we analyzed a three-year of survey on the business satisfaction of the university that implemented aid for innovation in engineering education. A result of statistical analysis on the performance of the education programs and operations that performed by the participants in the project shows that the overall satisfaction rate of the support projects has increased from 73.8% to 83.4%, but the average rate of the related industries has relatively decreased. The research shows that the satisfaction level of creativity and problem-solving ability of new employees in task performance was low so that the overall satisfaction level of the business decreased. We are going to come up with improvement plan to develop creative problem solving skills through the design of program for engineering education innovation in the future.

The fundamental performance of any construction material should cover at least two phases: safety and serviceability. Safety commonly represents adequate strength, while serviceability encompasses the control of cracking and deflections at service loads. With respect to rapid hydraulic binders as a construction material, the above two phases should also be considered. Recent research on rapid cooling ladle furnace slag (RC-LFS) has drawn much attention, particularly given that it shows remarkable rapid hydraulic ability to pulverize to a fineness of $6,300cm^2/g$. This industrial byproduct could contribute to developing the sustainability of the rapidly hardening cementitious material system. This paper aims to expand upon the applicability of an RC-LFS-based binder that is composed of two parts. It also seeks to illustrate the engineering performance of an RC-LFS-based hybrid fiber-reinforced composite and to increase the strength of the RC-LFS-based composite. Each step of this experiment followed ASTM standards. The engineering performance, in both fresh state and hardening state, was tested and discussed in this paper. According to the experimental results for fresh concrete, the air content increased following the addition of polypropylene fiber. For hardened concrete, the toughness and strength improved following the addition of a hybrid fiber. The hybrid fiber mixture, which contains 0.75% of steel fiber and 0.25% of polypropylene fiber, shows even better engineering performance than other mixtures.

It is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of the midwater trawl in reducing fuel consumption and increasing catch performance for the development and improvement of the Antarctic krill fisheries. A 1/35 scale trawl model for Antarctic krill fisheries was designed based on modified Tauti's law and tested in a flume tank, and the effects of flow velocity, horizontal spread ratio, sinking force, and the ratio of buoyancy to fishing line weight on its engineering performance were analyzed in this study. The results indicated that the lower flow velocity and the ratio of buoyancy to fishing line weight conducted to the greater hydrodynamic forces and geometrical performances. The higher horizontal spread ratio and sinking force were found to have exhibited the greater drag force, net mouth opening, wing-end spread, bridle angle, net mouth area, swept area, and volume covered by trawl net. It was revealed that the engineering performance of the midwater trawl (minimal ratio between drag and swept area) was efficient when the horizontal spread ratio was at 0.55 (corresponding to the trawl horizontal opening of 64.65 m in full-scale), the sinking force was at 97.96 g (600 kg of full-scale), and the ratio of buoyancy to fishing line weight was at 4.2 and 2.6 compared to those actually used during Antarctic krill fishing. In addition, the study demonstrated that the modification of the horizontal spread ratio, sinking force, and the ratio of buoyancy to fishing line weight can be one alternative to improve the geometrical shape performance of the midwater trawl net that could improve catchability of the trawl net.

The mounting demand for sustainable, self-powered biomedical devices, particularly those engineered for extreme environments, has established triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) as a prominent technology in energy harvesting research. This review examines state-of-the-art biomaterial synthesis strategies essential for developing high-performance bioelectronics TENGs that can operate reliably under harsh conditions, including elevated temperatures, extreme humidity, and mechanical strain. It begins with a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles of triboelectricity and subsequently addresses the pivotal challenges associated with efficient charge generation and retention in such challenging settings. The content places particular emphasis on recent advancements in composite material engineering and structure design for high-efficiency mechanisms, with a particular focus on biocompatible and environmentally resilient materials. The integration of TENGs into wearable sensors, implantable devices, and self-powered monitoring systems is also investigated, demonstrating their transformative potential for bioelectronic applications. Our goal subsequently underscores persistent limitations to overcome, including those pertaining to fabrication scalability and long-term operational stability, while concurrently proposing prospective research directions. Consequently, this work underscores how innovative biomaterial synthesis and bioelectronic devices can enable the development of next-generation, high-performance, self-powered devices suited for extreme biomedical environments.

The Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center has been developing a performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) methodology, which is based on explicit determination of performance, e.g., monetary losses, in a probabilistic manner where uncertainties in earthquake ground motion, structural response, damage estimation, and losses are explicitly considered. To carry out the PEER PBEE procedure for a component of the nuclear power plant (NPP) such as the cable tray system, hazard curve and spectra were defined for two hazard levels of the ground motions, namely, operation basis earthquake, and safe shutdown earthquake. Accordingly, two sets of spectral compatible ground motions were selected for dynamic analysis of the cable tray system. In general, the PBEE analysis of the cable tray in NPP was introduced where the resulting floor motions from the time history analysis (THA) of the NPP structure should be used as the input motion to the cable tray. However, for simplicity, a finite element model of the cable tray was developed for THA under the effect of the selected ground motions. Based on the structural analysis results, fragility curves were generated in terms of specific engineering demand parameters. Loss analysis was performed considering monetary losses corresponding to the predefined damage states. Then, overall losses were evaluated for different damage groups using the PEER PBEE methodology.

This study investigates the writing of engineering freshmen in an introductory college composition class in Korea. Using Appraisal framework developed by Martin and White (2005), writing samples of 12 Korean students across three graded levels strong (A), average (B), and weak (C) were compared from their ? ? draft stage to their final version. Applying the Appraisal system and the subsystem of Attitude (Affect, Judgment, and Appreciation), Appraisal coding of the 24 samples of student writing was conducted. The results reveal a significant achievement gap between high-graded (strong) and low-graded (weak) students’ writing in their utilization of Appraisal resources, specifically in the use of Attitude resources. Moreover, it was found that while significant or satisfactory progress was made during the revision process in the instances of Appraisal resources in the strong as well as average students’ writing, low graded level students’ writing did not show any sign of progress but rather a regression or setback in their performance. This study calls for the application of Appraisal lexis as a rhetorical strategy to enable student writers to utilize the constructive role of evaluation in creating interpersonal meaning with readers, specifically among those engineering majors who possess weak writing skills.

본 연구에서는 GPT, Stable Diffusion과 같은 생성형 인공지능을 이용한 교수·학습 자료 추천 성능 향상을 위해 프롬프트를 개선하는 프롬프트 엔지니어링에 대해 탐색하였다. 분석할 교수·학습 자료의 종류는 그림 자료이다. 프롬프트 구성에 따른 영향을 탐색하기 위해 명령만 담긴 Zero-Shot 프롬프트, 학습 대상 학년 정보가 담긴 프롬프트, 학습 목표가 담긴 프롬프트, 학습 대상 학년과 학습 목표가 모두 담긴 프롬프트를 설계하여 각각을 GPT-3.5모델에 입력하고 응답을 수집하였다. 수집한 응답을 Sentence Transformers로 임베딩 하고 t-SNE를 활용하여 차원 축소하여 시각화 한 다음 프롬프트와 응답 간의 관계를 탐색하였다. 그리고 각 응답을 k-means clustering algorithm을 활용하여 군집화 한 다음 가장 넓은 클러스터의 첫 번째 값을 대표로 선택하여 Stable Diffusion을 이용하여 이미지화 한 다음 교수·학습자료 평가 기준에 따라 초등학교 교사 30명에게 평가 받았다. 초등학교 교사 30인은 추천한 4종의 그림 자료 중 3종은 교육적 가치가 있다고 판단하였으며, 그 중 2종은 실제 수업에 사용할 수 있다고 하였다. 가장 가치 있는 그림 자료를 추천한 프롬프트는 대상 학년과 학습 목표가 모두 담긴 프롬프트로 나타났다.

In this study, prompt engineering that improves prompts was explored to improve the performance of teaching and learning materials recommendations using generative artificial intelligence such as GPT and Stable Diffusion. Picture materials were used as the types of teaching and learning materials. To explore the impact of the prompt composition, a Zero-Shot prompt, a prompt containing learning target grade information, a prompt containing learning goals, and a prompt containing both learning target grades and learning goals were designed to collect responses. The collected responses were embedded using Sentence Transformers, dimensionalized to t-SNE, and visualized, and then the relationship between prompts and responses was explored. In addition, each response was clustered using the k-means clustering algorithm, then the adjacent value of the widest cluster was selected as a representative value, imaged using Stable Diffusion, and evaluated by 30 elementary school teachers according to the criteria for evaluating teaching and learning materials. Thirty teachers judged that three of the four picture materials recommended were of educational value, and two of them could be used for actual classes. The prompt that recommended the most valuable picture material appeared as a prompt containing both the target grade and the learning goal.

The number of students graduating from accredited programs has been increasing annually since the first students graduated from accredited engineering programs in Korean universities in 2004. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of engineering education accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering Education of Korea (ABEEK). We developed performance evaluation indices based on the balanced scorecard concept and applied the proposed indicators to graduates, faculty, and industry employers to see if there are significant differences between accredited and non-accredited groups. Overall, regardless of survey object, engineering education accreditation was perceived to contribute to the elevation of engineering and science and the level of national growth. However, the differences between accredited and non-accredited groups for some key performance indicators were statistically insignificant. The results of this paper are expected to provide crucial feedback information for the improvement of engineering education accreditation in Korea.