Earticle

Fire occurs due to various reasons, but among them, electric fire is one of the most common causes of fire occurrence. Many studies have analyzed the metallurgical structure of electric wires. However, that studies tend not to actively reflect the situation at the fire site. A firefighter who can grasp the situation of the fire site most accurately limits the ignition spot at the priority site and checks the cause more clearly through the discrimination and emotion of the evidence collected at the point estimated to be the ignition point You can do. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics of the metallurgical structure of electric wires in case of heat generation due to overcurrent. Also, we verified the comparative analysis and the validity of emotion through the case of the topic presumed to be overcurrent at the site and the experiment. In the experiment, First, the case where the copper wire is blown with overcurrent with air cooled, secondly, in the case of water cooling after external heat is added for a certain time after being melted by overcurrent and finally, four experiments were carried out in the case of applying external heat, then cooling in the case of air and water cooling. Therefore, in this research, by analyzing the metallic structure of electric wiring based on the knowledge information at the time of field work and carrying out feelings, it is helpful to conclude the cause of the fire clearly of electric fire.

The smart meter can measure the power consumption and also a variety of factors related to the power measurement. It has been used to expand increasingly home users due to the uses of convenience. Recently, according to the Smart Grid road map schedule which is a government project, the government announced the remote meter reading will be conducted perfectly until 2020 and electric meter reader will be disappear. At the time of expanded use, we need to review the risk of fire for smart meter. This paper propose a way to complement the problems coming from the results of reviewing the fire risk.

Recently, the International Maritime Organization is strengthening regulations for ships operating in polar regions. Hence, insulated multi-core tubes as components for vessels operating in extreme cold need to be investigated in various aspects. Furthermore, the demand for research on electric propulsion vessels is also increasingly growing. Thus, to utilize a 4-core insulated multi-core tube with glass wool as insulation, which was previously developed for ships operating in polar regions, as a water-cooled electrical cable, this study conducted an experiment on the temperature change when water at normal temperature 25℃ was supplied as a coolant under the overcurrent varied from 10A to 25A. As a result, the temperature increase of the core in 10A condition was 3.3℃, but it increased to 13.05℃ in the 25A condition. This showed that a temperature difference of approximately 9.75℃ occurred according to the overcurrent load. However, the coolant inlet and outlet temperatures were relatively uniform around 1℃ in all conditions. This suggests that increasing the residence time by proper control of the coolant flow in the future could achieve a higher cooling effect.

화재의 원인을 밝힐 때, 현장의 증거들은 화염에 의한 파괴 등의 화재의 특수성 때 문에 완벽하게 수집되지 않는 경우가 많다. 그리고 현장에 남아 있더라도, 대규모 파 괴 속에서 전기적 용융흔적과 같은 미시적인 증거를 발견하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 현장 에 남아 있는 증거들은 조사관들에게 발견되기 어렵거나, 해석이 간과되는 경우도 종 종 있었다. 본 연구의 2021. X. X.에 서울 XX 소재의 금속절삭 작업장에서 발생한 화재의 조사 사례를 검토하여 현장에서 수행한 화재원인 가설 전개의 오류 가능성을 검토하고 사 례에 적합한 새로운 가설을 탐색하였다. 증거의 발견과 해석이 간과됨으로서 잘못된 화재원인 가설을 도출하였던 화재조사 오류사례를 보고하면서 추후 유사사례 재발 방 지를 촉구하고자 한다.

When Investigate the cause of a fire, the evidence on the scene is often not completely collected due to the nature of the fire, such as destruction by flame. And even if it remains in the scene, it is very difficult to find microscopic evidence such as electrical melting traces in large-scale destruction. The evidence left on the scene has often been difficult to find by fire investigators or often overlooked. In the Case of this study, the fire occurred at a metal cutting workshop located in Seoul was reviewed, the possibility of errors in the development of the fire cause hypothesis performed at the scene was reviewed, and other suitable and new hypotheses were developed for the scene. As the discovery and interpretation of evidence is overlooked, we report this case of a fire investigation error that derives an incorrect fire cause hypothesis, and urge the prevention of recurrence of similar cases in the future.

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the onset of upper extremity muscle activities during forward reaching performance. Methods: Fifteen healthy men (age, 24.2±1.55y) participated in this randomized double-blind crossover study. Each participant received both a sham and 2-mA stimulation over M1 bilaterally for 20 min, with a minimum washout period of 4 days. Muscle activation was evaluated for all the participants during the task of reaching out for a marked target as fast as possible, using electromyography (EMG) before and immediately after tDCS application. Results: For the within arm-length reaching performance in the 2-mA stimulation session, the muscle activities of the anterior deltoid (AD), posterior deltoid (PD), biceps brachii (BB), and inferior spinatus (IS) were decreased significantly during, immediately after, and 20 min after the tDCS period compared with the baseline values (p for all values ＜0.05). The pectoralis major (Pec) muscle showed a significant decrease only in the 20-min period after tDCS compared with the baseline values (p=0.001). For the beyond arm-length reaching performance, the 2-mA application on the AD, PD, BB, and IS showed significant decreases in onset time in all the periods after tDCS as compared with the baseline (p for all values ＜0.05). The onset of the triceps brachii muscle activity significantly decreased immediately and 20 min after the tDCS periods. For the Pec muscle, the onset time of muscle activation significantly changed only in the 20 min after the tDCS period compared with the baseline values. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that bilateral tDCS over M1 facilitates muscle activation rapidly during the reaching performance, regardless of the reaching target distance.

목적: 본 연구는 기관(병원)에서 일하는 전문지원인력의 전국적인 운영 실태를 조사하고자 시도되었다. 방법: 자료는 2016년 5월 25일부터 7월 12일기간 동안 설문지를 통해서 수집되었다. 설문지에 응답한 1,666명의 자료가 분석에 사용되었다. 결과: 전문지원인력은 다양한 명칭으로 불리고 있었고, 크게 전문간호사, 전담간호사, PA, 코디네이터, 기타직군의 5개 그룹으로 분류하였다. 전문지원인력은 지역, 간호등급, 병상수에 따라 운영 실태가 다양하였다. 전문지원인력 배치 기준도 기관마다 차이를 보였는데, 참여기관의 절반 가까이가 배치 기준이 없다고 보고하였다. 직군별로 연령, 교육수준, 임상경력, 보상, 업무 만족도 등이 차이를 보였다. 특히 PA군은 다른 직군에 비해 낮은 급여, 열악한 근무환경과 업무 시 애로사항이 더 많고, 직무 만족도도 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 대부분의 전문지원인력(99.5%)가 위임된 처방권을 사용하고 있었지만, 표준화된 직무기술서는 68.3%, 문서화된 위임장이 있는 경우는 19.9%에 불과하였다. 결론: 전문지원인력의 법적 보호와 효과적인 의료서비스를 위해 적절한 교육, 문서화된 위임장과 업무 지침서 확립 등이 필요하다.

Purpose: This study was to investigate the nationwide operational status of the professional medical support staffs (PMSS) who practice the expanded roles in the hospital setting. Methods: The data were obtained through survey from 36 hospitals with over 500 beds from 25th May to 12th July 2016. Data from 1,666 PMSS were analyzed. Results: Since the job titles varied, we classified them into 5 groups according to their roles; advanced practice nurse, clinical nurse expert, PA (physician assistant), coordinator, and others. There were differences in the operation status of PMSSs depending on the region, nurse staffing grade and number of hospital beds. Qualification criteria varied from hospital to hospital, and almost half of the hospitals didn’t have any qualification standards for them. There were differences in age, educational level, clinical careers, rewards, and job satisfaction in 5 groups. Especially PA group had low salary, poorer working conditions, more difficulties in performing their work, and lower job satisfaction than other groups. Most PMSS (99.5%) were using a delegated prescription authority, however only 68.3% had job description and 19.9% had documented delegated role. Conclusion: Adequate training curriculum, documented delegated roles, and the protocols for legal protection and efficient medical services are needed.

본 연구에서는 소송으로 제기된 성차별적 해고사건에 대한 사례연구(case study)를 통해 실제 노동시장에서 발생하는 성차별사건이 적용되는 법적 구조(legal structure)를 분석하였다. 연구결과 현재 성차별사건이 적용되는 법적 구조는 피해자구제의 측면에서도, 사업주처벌의 측면에서도 실효성을 갖기에는 많은 한계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 우선, 계약직근로자의 경우 고용형태에 의한 성차별이 해고의 근본적인 원인이더라도 법적 문제로 재구성될 때는 근로자들이 성차별을 주장하지도 못하고, 법원도 전혀 성차별을 판단할 이유가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로, 근로자들이 해고의 원인으로 성차별을 주장하는 경우라도 이른바 ‘법리’에 의해 성차별에 대한 판단이 실종되는 경우가 존재했다. 법정에서 판단근거가 되는 ‘법리’는 성차별이론과 무관하게 작동하고 있는 것이다. 또한 사업주가 차별하지 않았음을 입증하도록 한 남녀고용평등법의 입증책임전환 조항도 소송과정에서 전혀 현실적인 힘을 발휘하지 못하고 있었다. 한편, 본 연구사례를 통해 볼 때 ‘법적으로’ 성차별을 주장하는 사건의 경우 민사절차를 진행하면서 동시에 남녀고용평등법 위반으로 사업주를 고소하지만, 노동부-검찰에 의해 사업주가 처벌받은 경우는 없었다. ‘성차별이지만’ 증거가 없기 때문에, ‘성차별이지만’ 공소시효가 완료되었기 때문에, ‘성차별 여부와 상관없이’ 사업주가 차별할 고의가 없었기 때문에 형사처벌이 어렵다는 것이 그 이유였다. 특히, 처벌을 위해서는 ‘고의’를 필요로 하는 형사법조항과 차별의 ‘의도’를 요구하지 않는 간접차별에 대한 형사처벌조항이 법체계 내에서 모순적으로 공존하고 있었다.

The present study analyzed the legal structure applied to sex- discrimination cases occurring in the real labor market through a case study on lawsuits over sex?discrimination dismissals. According to the results of this study, the legal structure applied to the cases of sex?discrimination dismissals has many limitations not only in the aspect of remedying victims but also in the aspect of punishing offenders. First of all, in case of female contingent workers and indirectly employed workers who are increasing rapidly today, even if the fundamental reason for dismissal is sex discrimination based on the form of employment, neither the victim worker nor the court can insist or judge that it is sex discrimination. Another problem is that even if a worker complains of sex discrimination as the reason of dismissal, judgment on sex discrimination is sometimes lost by ‘legal principles.’ On the other hand, according to cases studied in this research, if a case involves ‘legal’ sex discrimination, with the proceeding of the civil action, the victim sues the employer for the violation of the Equal Employment Act, but there have been no case that sex discrimination was acknowledge by the Ministry of Labor?the prosecution. The reasons are ‘it is sex discrimination but without evidence,’ ‘it is sex discrimination but the statute of limitations has run out,’ ‘the employer had no intention to discriminate regardless of whether it is sex discrimination or not,’ etc.

Circuitry to be connected to a Telecommunication Network consists of SELV CIRCUITS or TNV CIRCUITS. So International Standards, like as ITU-T Recommendation K.11, UL 1950, CSA C22.2 950 have been taken to reduce the risk that the Overvoltages from the power lines and from electrictraction lines, that may be received from the telecommunication network. Legal requirements may exist regarding permission to connect equipment having PTC components to a telecommunication network. Surge suppressors that bridge the insulation shall have a minimum d.c. sparkover voltage of 1.6 times the rated voltage or 1.6 times the upper voltage of the tared voltage range of the equipment. If left in place during electric strength testing of insulation, they shall not be damaged. In this work, The Conception ＆ Fail-Mode Analysis of PTC components for Over-Current Protection is proposed. It guarantees the protection for PL Claim about this Subject.

Objectives: This study aimed to provide basic data for policies related to the classification of long-term care hospitals admitting the elderly, according to receipt or otherwise of specialized rehabilitation treatment, and to analyze the status and characteristics of medical use. Methods: The Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service 2018 Elderly Patient Data was used to analyze 33,821 inpatients who had applied for the daily flat-rate system for long-term care hospitals. Results: The ratio of the paralysis group, cerebrovascular disease group, and musculo-skeletal system group was higher for the rehabilitative long-term care hospital, and the ratios of medical high, medical middle, physical function low, fee-for-service, and medical low groups were also higher than those of general long-term care hospitals. The long-term hospitalization rates were low for patients admitted to rehabilitative long-term care hospitals. Conclusions: It is necessary to establish policies so that patients in need of specialized rehabilitation treatment are not admitted to general long-term care hospitals, which delays their recovery.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate distribution of the admitted patients with disease of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws, current clinical treatment condition and clinical dental practice. Methods: The subject were 4,564 patients with disease of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws of the Korean National Hospital Discharge Injury Survey 2004-2008 data. This study was carried out using the administrative database including patients’ characteristics and comorbidity. The statistical analysis for ratio, gender, age, region, primary diagnosis, comorbidity, operation, hospital location and bed size of inpatients in Korean National Hospital Discharge Injury Survey was conducted by frequency analysis. Results: Among the total discharge injury patients in 2004-2008, the trend showed decrease of ratio of patients with disease of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws. The portion of male was higher than female, and 20~29 age group was the highest portion compared with other age groups. Seoul-Gyunggi region was the highest among the other residences. patients with Dentofacial anomalies[including malocclusion] as primary diagnosis, digestive system as comorbidity and operations on facial bones and joins showed the highest portion respectively. Seoul-Gyunggi region was the highest portion compared with other residences. 500~999 bed size showed the highest portion. Conclusion: In this study showed that distribution of patients with disease of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws, current dental clinical treatment condition using the Korean National Hospital data.

신라는 가무를 중시한 사회로서 진흥왕은 화랑도를 제도화하고 가무를 장려하였다. 신라 화랑 에서의 가무의 중요성은 사료에서 확인할 수 있지만, 어떠한 식으로 추어졌는가에 대한 연행 형식 은 기록으로 남아 있지 않다. 본고는 실증 사료의 한계에 있는 신라 화랑들의 무용 연구에 대한 자 료제공의 일환으로, 화랑가무와 유사한 성격과 기능을 가지는 일본의 치고마이(稚児舞)를 조사ㆍ 고찰하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 고찰 대상으로는 가야계신라인 설이 우세한 도래인 하타씨(秦 氏)와 관련된 치고마이로 하였다. 일본의 치고마이는 가구라(神楽)와 부가쿠(舞楽), 엔넨(延年), 덴가쿠(田楽), 후류(風流) 등의 다양한 형태로 전국 각지에서 연행되고 있다. 먼저 화랑의 기능인 무사(武事), 악사(樂事), 제사(祭事)로 분류한 후, 이것을 기준으로 화랑 가무와 치고마에에 대해 비교적 관점에서 검토하였다. 사례지는 가고시마현의 사무라이오도리(士踊り)와 교토 기온마쓰 리(祇園祭り)의 치고마이(稚児舞), 호쿠리쿠 지역의 시모무라가모신사(下村加茂神社)의 치고부 가쿠(稚児舞楽)로 하였다. 이 중 호쿠리쿠 지역의 치고부카구에서 화랑가무의 성격과 상당한 유 사점이 발견되었다. 첫째 하타씨에 의해 전수된 무악의 영향을 받았고, 둘째 화랑이나 하타씨의 신앙과 유사한 산악신악과 관련 있고, 셋째 무예무가 많으며, 넷째 분장법과 춤 동작에서의 유사 성이 발견되고, 다섯째 지리적으로 신라와 해상 교류가 용이한 위치에 있기 때문이다. 이러한 이 유로 이 지역의 치고부가쿠는 향후 비교연구의 대상지로서 충분한 연구가치가 있다고 판단된다.

The purpose of this article is to study Japan's Chigomai which is similar to the nature and functions of Hwarang as part of providing data on how the prototype of of Shilla Hwarang's dances looked like. To conduct this study, Chigomai is targeted since it is related to the Hata clan who was widely regarded as the Silla people from Gaya. First of all, the functions of Hwarang are classified as martial, musical affairs and ancestral rites and then Hwarang's dances and songs and Chigomai are examined accordingly, The case study is performed in Samuraiodri of Kagoshima prefecture, Chigomai of Gionmatsuri in Kyoto and Chigobugaku of Shimomuragamo shrine in Hokuriku areas. It turned out that many similar characteristics of Hwarang's singing and dancing are found in Chigobugaku of Hokuriku areas and therefore, this place is highly regarded as one of the most suitable ones for the future comparative research on Hwarang's

The paper provides a simulation model of IEEE 14 bus system for short circuit studies and analysis of symmetrical fault using MiPower software. At the event of a fault occurrence, short circuit studies are performed to obtain current flow magnitude at different time intervals for a power system until steady state condition is achieved. The paper gives simulation result for the current which flows in different parts of the power system immediately after occurrence of a fault. The data obtained is further used to decide switch gear ratings and circuit breakers and also aids in setting and coordination of protective relays. Further the simulation result provides data regarding the contribution of different power system apparatus to the fault located at different buses in the power system and it gives an efficient, accurate and easy way to analyze symmetrical faults in a given power system.