Earticle

연구목적: 본 연구는 국내 범죄예방환경설계(CPTED) 사업의 운영 한계를 설계 기법이나 범죄 감소 성 과의 문제로 환원하지 않고, 운영 단계에서 판단 기준과 판단 구조가 구조화되지 않은 상태라는 관점에 서 검토한다. 연구방법: CPTED 이론과 선행연구 검토, 국내 CPTED 정책·제도 및 운영 실태 분석, 해외 CPTED 운영 사례 비교를 통해 사업 전 과정에서 발생하는 판단 지점과 운영 구조를 질적으로 분석하였 다. 연구결과: 분석 결과, 국내 CPTED 사업은 설계 단계까지는 제도적으로 작동하나, 운영 단계에서는 구조화된 판단 기준과 판단 구조가 부재하여 판단의 개인화, 운영 단계의 판단 공백, 결과 중심 책임 논 란이 반복되고 있음을 확인하였다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 CPTED 사업의 운영 한계가 설계 성과의 문제 가 아니라, 운영 단계에서 판단 기준과 판단 구조가 구조화되지 않은 상태로 사업이 추진되어 온 데서 비롯된 구조적 문제임을 보여준다.

Purpose: This study examines the operational limitations of CPTED projects in Korea by focusing on the absence of structured decision-making criteria and structures in the operational phase, rather than on design techniques or crime reduction outcomes. Methods: A qualitative analysis was conducted through a review of CPTED literature, an examination of domestic CPTED policies and practices, and a comparative analysis of international CPTED operational cases. Results: The findings indicate that although CPTED projects function institutionally through the design stage, the operational phase lacks structured decision-making criteria and structures, resulting in personalized decision-making, decisionmaking gaps, and repeated outcome-oriented accountability disputes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the operational limitations of CPTED projects are more closely related to the absence of structured decision-making criteria and structures during the operational phase than to the effectiveness of design techniques.

It is aimed to define what contributions the Yuan Dynasty khans put to the historical heritage of Mongolian Management mentality development and display policies and features of operations to manage its economy; identify main characteristics of policies and operations applied by them to manage the economy of the royalty. The study aims to define contributions made by the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty to the economy of Mongolia and the historical heritage of Managerial mentality development and display policies and features of operations to manage its economy. The research was conducted based on the historical method, historical sources and historical documents. Moreover findings were revealed by comparing outcomes of studies conducted by archeologists from different countries such as Germany, Russia, China, India and Mongolia. Some Mongolian and foreign researchers have studied features and historical heritage of Management mentality development of Mongolia that has a history of 25 centuries. However, there is not only little work done on the Great Yuan Dynasty, but marvelous merits in economical management have not been studied yet.

Khubilai Khan, his state management, organizational characteristics, foreign relation, trade and commerce policy, state policy on economic management, state policy on social management, state management relations, stations’ structure, management rewards and those’ implementations of great Yuan Dynasty were studied in this paper. It is aimed to define what contributions the Yuan Dynasty khans put to the historical heritage of Mongolian Management mentality development and display policies and features of operations to manage its economy; identify main characteristics of policies and operations applied by them to manage the economy of the royalty. The study aims to define contributions made by the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty to the economy of Mongolia and the historical heritage of Managerial mentality development and display policies and features of operations to manage its economy. The research was conducted based on the historical method, historical sources and historical documents. Moreover findings were revealed by comparing outcomes of studies conducted by archeologists from different countries such as Germany, Russia, China, India and Mongolia. Some Mongolian and foreign researchers have studied features and historical heritage of Management mentality development of Mongolia that has a history of 25 centuries. However, there is not only little work done on the Great Yuan Dynasty, but marvelous merits in economical management have not been studied yet

This article explores the elements of the relationships between strategy and operations and the ways to be able to create a management structure that enables organizations to operate with more clarity in their actions. A tool set is proposed as well as ways to make it work for best results.

The main purpose of this study is to define antecedents that influence e-SCM synchronization and to investigate how it affects e-SCM performance. We, therefore, investigate (1) the impact of firms' internal IT planning capabilities on e-SCM synchronization and on SCM process management capability, (2) the impact of firms' internal IT infrastructure on e-SCM synchronization and on SCM process management capability, (3) the impact of firms' internal SCM process management capabilities on e-SCM synchronization, and finally (4) the impact of e-SCM synchronization on SCM performance. A survey has been administrated to the firms' SCM and marketing staffs and 171 returns analyzed. The results show that (1) IT plan has not direct impacts on e-SCM synchronization, but has direct impacts on organizational support, purchasing, and operations processes except logistics process. IT plan, however, has indirect impacts on e-SCM synchronization through purchasing and operations of SCM process management capability. (2) IT infrastructure has both direct and indirect effects on e-SCM synchronization, and also has direct impacts on organizational support, purchasing, and operations processes except logistics process. (3) SCM process management capabilities have direct impacts on e-SCM synchronization. Among these SCM core processes purchasing positively influences operations, which in turn positively influences logistics process management capability. (4) e-SCM synchronization has positive impacts on SCM performance indicator (SCOR), such as delivery reliability, responsiveness & flexibility, and cost. These results indicate that e-SCM synchronization can be critical to achieve better internal performance like cost and external performance like delivery reliability, responsiveness & flexibility of firms' SCM. In sum, this study demonstrates that the intervening role of e-SCM synchronization between e-SCM performance and IT management capability and between e-SCM performance and SCM core process management capability has been significant in achieving better e-SCM performance. Therefore, it can be suggested that e-SCM performance should be accomplished in consequence of the acceleration of e-SCM synchronization through the enhancement of preceding factors for the e-SCM synchronization.

In 1960s and 1970s, consumers and society mainly were interested in quality and cost of corporate`s products. In 1980s, particularly, 1990s, they became more concerned about environmental issues. The environmental policies and regulations of government against industries were at the beginning perceived as resource inefficiency, cost escalation and disadvantages in productivity and competition of corporates. Recently, however, the outcome of those policies and regulations such as environmentally-conscious manufacturing and environmental operations management not only are responding to the expectations of consumers and society but become the source of corporate`s competitive advantages. Corporates have to produce environmentally conscious "green" goods. Product management of comrporates have to observe pollution regulation and it further needs to prevent pollution in advance. Further, environmental operations management can be the most effective when it becomes lifecycle oriented(responsible from cradle to grave) or when it evaluates product life cycle.

2011년3월에 발생한 동일본대지진에서는 일부지역에서 대규모 쓰나미 경보 사이렌의 고장 및 긴급시 사 용하는 방조제 개폐장치의 고장 등, 상상외의 여러가지 일들이 발생하면서 그 피해가 더 커졌다. 이러한 사태를 바탕으로 대규모 지역에서의 피난 계획 및 시뮬레이션의 필요성이 최근에 대두되고 있다. 본 연구 에서는 이러한 광역 피난계획을 풀기 위한 동적 네트워크 흐름 문제(dynamic network flow problem)를 적용한 방법론을 소개하고, 동적 네트워크 흐름 문제를 풀기 위한 일반적인 방법론 중 시간 확대 네트워 크 문제 및 시간 확대 네트워크의 문제점인 계산시간을 해결하기 위한 고속연산 휴리스틱 알고리즘을 제 시하고자 한다.

In this study, we propose an operations model to automate a home energy management system (HEMS) that utilizes an energy storage system (ESS) in consideration of consumer utility. Most previous studies focused on the system for the profits obtained from trading charged energy using large-scale ESS. By contrast, the present study focuses on constructing a home-level energy management system that considers consumer’s utility over energy consumption. Depending on personal preference, some residential consumers may prefer consuming additional energy to earn increased profits through price arbitrage and vice versa. However, the current system could not yet reflect on this aspect. Thus, we develop an operations model for HEMS that could automatically control energy consumption while considering the level of consumer’s preference and the economic benefits of using an ESS. The results of simulations using a dataset of the Korean market show that an operations policy of charging and discharging can be changed depending on consumer’s utility. The impact of this policy is not ignorable. Moreover, the technical specifications of ESS, such as self-discharge rate and round-trip efficiency, can affect the operations policy and automation of HEMS.

Steep and difficult terrain presents persistent operational, safety, and environmental challenges for forest harvesting. This presentation outlines recent innovations in forest operations that aim to improve efficiency, safety, and sustainability under such conditions. Historically reliant on manual labor and conventional ground-based equipment, steep slope forestry is undergoing rapid transformation driven by technological advancement and international best practices. Key developments include the emergence and adoption of winch-assist systems—mechanized equipment supported by tensioned cables that improve traction and stability on inclines. First adopted in Europe and New Zealand, these systems are now increasingly used in North America. Their benefits include expanded use of mechanized felling and extraction on slopes previously limited to manual operations, reduced soil disturbance, and enhanced operator safety. Cable yarding systems remain vital, especially in coastal and mountainous regions. Ongoing improvements in grapple yarders and integration with winch-assist systems support more flexible and efficient operations. Future opportunities lie in automation, in-forest connectivity, and autonomous machinery, which offer the potential to revolutionize forest logistics and wildfire mitigation. This presentation also discusses the broader system-level considerations such as road infrastructure, equipment compatibility, workforce training, and regulatory factors. Insights are drawn from applied research and industry experience across North America and international contexts. Through these innovations, the forest sector is better positioned to operate on steep terrain while minimizing environmental impact and improving safety and productivity across the value chain.

Forest areas in Türkiye are 23.4 million hectares, covering approximately 29.8% of the country's total area. Approximately 94.72% of the forests are operated as high forests and 5.28% as coppice forests. The wood-based forest products constitute the main source of economic gain from the forestry sector. In recent years, the use of advanced mechanized harvesting equipment in industrial forests has increased in order to meet the high volume wood raw material demands of companies producing wood-based panels. Therefore, harvesting equipment such as skidder, feller-buncher and harvester are used more widely. In mountainous regions, cable yarders have been effectively used by utilizing cable yarders (MOZ 300, 500GR), recently purchased by General Directorate of Forestry from Tajfun company. In recent years, certified training programs have been organized for jobs done during forest harvesting. Personnel with certification are provided with the opportunity to specialize in the profession, thus increasing production quality and labor efficiency in forest harvesting. This paper aimed to describe the current conditions in forest harvesting operations and present new approaches and strategies in forest harvesting operations in Türkiye. Besides, some suggestions have been provided to improve the proportion of using mechanization in forest operations while considering environmental, economic, social constraints.

캐주얼게임은 게임의 난이도나 규칙이 어려운 하드코어 게임에 비해 상대적으로 규칙이 쉽고 간단한 게임을 말한다. 캐주얼 게임은 게임의 특성상 짧은 여유시간에 즐기는 킬링 타임용 플레이에 더 적합하며, 단순한 규 칙을 바탕으로 다양한 사용자층이 쉽게 즐길 수 있는 장점을 가진 콘텐츠이다. 2016년 이후글로벌 게임 산업 의 비중에 있어서도 모바일 게임 시장 규모가 다른 플랫폼을 넘어섰으며, 캐주얼 게임의 장점과 특징이 모바일 게임 시장의 성장과 확대에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 캐주얼 게임은 간단하고 사용자가 게임을 이해하기 쉬운 구성을 가지고 있으며, 순차적인 난이도 구성을 통해 사용자에게 지속적인 도전의식을 부여하여 안정적인 과금 설계 및 수익 모델 구축이 가능하다. 최근 중ž소 개발사들의 신규 게임 서비스 이후 생존이 점차 어려워지고 있으며, 이는 게임의 서비스 이후 체계적이고 효율적인 운영 솔루션 구축의 부재로 인한 결과로 유추가 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 모바일 게임의 글로벌 서비스를 위해 게임 사용자의 요구사항에 빠르게 대처하며, 개발 비용을 절 감하고 업무의 효율성을 증가시킬 수 있도록 운영 툴을 설계하고 구현한다.

Casual games refer to games that are relatively easy and simple to rule compared to hardcore games where the difficulty of games or rules are difficult. Casual games are more suitable for killing-time plays in short leisure time due to the nature of the game, and based on simple rules, they have the advantage of being easily enjoyed by various users. Since 2016, the size of the mobile game market has surpassed other platforms in terms of the weight of the global game industry, and the advantages and characteristics of casual games have greatly affected the growth and expansion of the mobile game market. Casual games have simple and easy-to-understand configurations, and through sequential difficulty configurations, users can continue to be challenged, enabling stable billing design and profit model construction. Recently, survival has become increasingly difficult after new game services by small and medium developers, which can be inferred as a result of the lack of systematic and efficient operation solutions after the service of games. This study designs and implements operational tools to respond quickly to game users' requirements for global services of mobile games, to reduce development costs and increase work efficiency.

세계의 주요 무역 국가들은 WTO규정 등에 의해 정부의 수출 지원 활동에는 한계가 있으므로 수출의 증대를 위하여 수출보험제도를 적극적으로 운용하고 있다. 그 중에서 한국과 미국 정부가 제공하는 수출보험제도는 포괄적이며 한국에서 는 한국수출보험공사 (KEIC)가, 미국은 수출입은행 (Ex-Im Bank)과 해외투자공사 (OPIC)가 수출보험 을 제공하고 있다. 이 기관들은 현재 흑자로 운영되고 있으나 수출보 험제도는 정부의 수출지원제도로 운영되므로 WTO 의 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures 협 약의 정부보조금 규정을 도외시하기 어렵다. 이 논문에서 이 두 나라의 수출보험제도 를 비교하며 미국 수출보험은 신용이 낮은 상대국가들과의 우의적 무역협의를 위해 조성한 것이며 한국 의 수출보험은 한국의 신용도를 높이고 수출증대를 위한 측면이 많다는 사실을 제시한다. 특히 한국의 수출보험제도의 확대운용은 수출 증대를 위하여 바람직하며 영화수출을 위한 문화수출보험 등의 적극적 운용이 기대 된다. 이 논문에서는 주로 한국과 미국의 수출보험제도의 트렌드와 운영에 대해 탐구적으로 살펴보고 수출보험종목의 확대운영에 대한 문제의식을 제기한다.

The world's top trading nations are faced with limitations on government support of export activity and have turned to export insurance as a means for promoting exports. Among these nations, South Korea and the United States have comprehensive export insurance systems officially supported at the government level, Korea's by the Korea Export Insurance Corporation and America's by the Export-Import Bank and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation. The officially supported export insurance systems of the two nations are illustrated in detail, and a comparison is offered suggesting that the United States provides export insurance policies that give leverage in negotiations with countries with lower credit status and that Korea provides export insurance to support the establishment of its credit position. Trends and future advancements in the export insurance systems of these two nations are presented, and suggestions for adjustments of or expansion in export insurance policies are offered.

Forest operations are generally strenuous, and there is a significant risk of heat stroke. According to data from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, the number of casualties due to heat stroke while working in the forest was approximately seven per year from 2017 to 2022. This figure is not negligible. However, there is a paucity of research on the heat environment and the risk of heat stroke during forest operations. In this study, we measured summer WBGT in artificial forests in central Japan under different site conditions. Our goal was to clarify the characteristics of WBGT depending on site conditions and to investigate acceptable forest operations based on RMR. Furthermore, the body weight loss, fluid intake, and sweat loss status of four forestry workers at forest work sites were determined using sweat loss patches and questionnaire surveys. The maximum WBGT reading was recorded between 11:00 and 14:00. The larger the canopy openness, the higher the WBGT during the peak period. It is imperative to incorporate active breaks during such periods in weeding and logging operations, ensuring adequate fluid intake. It was also deemed necessary to reconsider the working hours. The sweat loss increased significantly from the end of July to the middle of August. The study revealed that some workers maintained enough fluid intake to combat sweat loss, while others did not. It is possible that the placement of water bottles and other containers far from the work site might have hindered fluid intake.

Since the dawn of modern forestry, optimization of forest operations has been at the forefront of maintaining profitable organizations. One of, if not the most expensive aspect of a boreal softwood operation is road construction which has a direct relationship with the ability to extract timber efficiently. Matthews (1942) expressed that extraction distance and road spacing optimization could be enhanced by mathematical equations; however, experience and a knowledge of the land is not replaceable. The experience Matthews (1942) referred to can undoubtably be associated with the countless variables that any given parcel of land can contribute to reducing the accuracy of “armchair, slide ruler” management. This study was conducted in the Jellicoe area of the Nipigon Forest in Ontario, Canada. Two cut blocks were each divided into four separate distance compartments. The first compartment, 0-300 meters being the assumed optimal extraction area from the landing, with three consecutive compartments of 100-meter increases that follow (301-400 meters, 401-500 meters, and 501- 600 meters). Timber extraction productivity (m3 PMH-1) variables (volume extracted, area, and PMH) were recorded to observe variation between distance compartments and within the associated production metrics. The hypothesis that spruce-pine-fir timber extracted by grapple skidder in a mostly dry site with minimal slope in a northwestern Ontario boreal forest will maintain a comparable level of productivity up to 400 meters could not be rejected as no statistical difference was found between the 0-300 and 301-400 compartments.

Although mechanical harvesting equipment used in forestry operations increases productivity, it also causes significant physical impacts on the soil. Among the most prominent of these effects are road deformations and wheel rut depths caused by tractors and similar vehicles. Such deformations can disrupt the physical structure of the soil, increase the risk of erosion, and damage forest ecosystems. In this study, wheel rut depths formed during ground-based skidding operations were comparatively analyzed using both manual measurement techniques and imagery obtained via Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The fieldwork was conducted during forestry production activities in the Dağtekke Forest Management Chief. Manual measurements were performed using a ruler and lath along skidding trails, and the same areas were captured using UAVs and converted into digital surface models. The results obtained from both methods were compared using correlation analysis and paired sample t-tests. The findings revealed a high level of consistency between UAV-based and manual measurements, indicating that UAV technology offers a fast, contactless, and reliable alternative for monitoring. This study provides valuable insights into precision soil monitoring and assessing the environmental impacts of mechanical equipment in forestry operations.

For sustainable forest management and the circular use of forest resources, it is essential not only to undertake afforestation and silviculture but also to perform timber-harvesting operations within a safe working environment. In Korea, the number of workers engaged in timber harvesting has been declining and aging, prompting active research into the mechanization of harvesting systems to enhance productivity. In particular, conventional chainsaw-based felling and forwarding operations are gradually being replaced by excavator-based processes. However, excavators operated in rough terrain during felling and forwarding operators to elevated whole-body vibration, which may precipitate musculoskeletal disorders and ultimately degrade work performance. Currently, research investigating operators’ whole‐body vibration exposure during individual task elements of excavator‐based forestry machinery remains scarce. Therefore, in this study we categorize the vibrations experienced by excavator operators during felling and forwarding into discrete sub-tasks and analyze their dynamic characteristics using parameters such as crest factor, maximum vibration amplitude, cumulative vibration exposure, and root-mean-square (RMS) acceleration. Finally, by applying the calculated TWRMS and TVDV values cumulative exposures to the health-guidance risk levels and comfort-response criteria defined in ISO 2631-1, we quantitatively evaluate the whole-body vibration exposure of operators performing excavator-based harvesting and forwarding operations. Excavator-based harvesting and forwarding tasks exhibited TWRMS and TVDV values exceeding ISO 2631-1 health thresholds during 4–8 hours of operation, inducing comfort ratings from “uncomfortable” to “very uncomfortable.” Forwarding showed higher exposure than felling, and attachments alone provided insufficient mitigation. Future research should explore remote-controlled harvesting to reduce operator vibration exposure.

Sustainable tourism acknowledges the imperative to strike a balance between meeting present demands and ensuring the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While tourism brings economic benefits, it also poses environmental and social challenges to the host communities. Sustainable tourism seeks to mitigate these negative impacts and foster positive outcomes by integrating environmental protection, social inclusion, and economic viability. This study examines how resorts in Puerto Galera, Philippines, are approaching sustainable tourism. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive examination of resort business operations in Puerto Galera, focusing on their practices toward sustainable tourism. By profiling respondents and resorts, identifying current practices, and analyzing barriers to sustainability, this research seeks to provide insights for policymakers, stakeholders, and academia. Understanding the dynamics of sustainable tourism in Puerto Galera is crucial for preserving its natural resources and ensuring long-term socio-economic benefits for the region.

전 세계적으로 온도상승이 가속화 되는 가운데, 우리나라 서울의 경우 면적당 무더위쉼터 비율이 전국 1위인데도 불구하고 여름철 온열 환자 수는 상승세에 있다. 본 연구는 서울시 폭염 취약계층의 무더위쉼터 이동성 확보를 위해 System Dynamics-GIS 모델을 이용하여 셔틀 운영의 효과를 분석하 였다. 모델링에 사용된 공간정보는 서울시 동별 취약계층 인구, 무더위쉼터(수용인원, 위치), DEM 데이터이며 GIS의 공간분석을 통해 모델링에 최적화된 형태로 가공하여 System Dynamics에 입력하 였다. 입력된 공간정보를 기반으로 Stock Flow 모델을 설계하여 취약계층의 대피율에 따라 폭염 노출률(Exposure Rate)이 감소하는 추세를 시계열적으로 분석하였다. 시나리오는 셔틀을 운행하지 않을 경우(Scenario 0), 운행할 경우(Scenario 1), 운행과 함께 효율적인 셔틀 분배를 수행할 경우 (Scenario 2)로 구성하였고, 각각의 취약계층 폭염 노출률은 83.5%, 74%, 59.58%로 나타났다. 셔틀 운영에 의한 취약계층의 폭염 노출률은 최대 23.92% 수치만큼 감소하였으며, 해당 결과는 시 단위로 셔틀 운영 관련 정책 수립 시 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

Amid the accelerating rise in temperature worldwide, the number of summer heat patients continues to increase despite the nation's No. 1 rank in terms of ratio of heat shelters per area in Seoul. This study analyzed the effect of shuttle operations using the System Dynamics-GIS model to secure the mobility of cooling shelters for the vulnerable population in Seoul. To input into the System Dynamics model, spatial information consisting of the vulnerable population for each Dong in Seoul, cooling shelter (capacity, location), and DEM data were analyzed in GIS. By designing a stock-flow model based on the spatial input information, the pattern of decrease of the heat wave exposure rate according to the evacuation rate of the vulnerable was analyzed in time series. The scenarios consisted of not operating a shuttle bus (Scenario 0), operating a shuttle bus (Scenario 1), and efficient shuttle distribution with the operation (Scenario 2). The heat wave exposure rates of each scenario were 83.5%, 74%, and 59.58%. The heat wave exposure rate of the vulnerable group due to shuttle operations has decreased by as much as 23.92%, and this study’s results can serve as primary data when establishing policies related to shuttle operations.