Earticle

본 연구는 결혼이주여성을 위한 문화·예술 프로그램의 발전 방향을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 서울지역 25개 가족센터의 2024년 운영 현황을 2013년 선행연구의 분석결과와 비교·검토하고, 비영리 사회적협동조합기관의 문화예술프로그램에 1년 이상 참여한 결혼이주여성 12명의 경험을 심층면담과 참여관찰을 통해 질적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 가족센터는 단기 체험 중심 운영, 전문인력 부족, 참여 지속 구조의 제약이 나타났으며, 민간기관 사례에서는 정기적 참여, 비언어적 예술활동, 자녀 병행 참여를 통해 정서적 안정, 스트레스 완화, 관계 형성, 자기표현 확대의 경험이 나타났다. 연구의 한계로는 장기 참여자 중심 표집의 제약이 있으며, 지속성·접근성·관계성을 고려한 운영구조의 필요성을 시사한다.

This study aims to explore directions for improving cultural and arts programs for marriage migrant women. To this end, it comparatively reviewed the 2024 operational status of 25 family centers in Seoul against a prior study conducted in 2013, and qualitatively analyzed the experiences of 12 marriage migrant women who had participated for more than one year in a cultural and arts program operated by a non-profit social cooperative organization through in-depth interviews and participant observation. The findings showed that family centers were characterized by limitations such as single-session, experience-oriented programs, a lack of professional personnel, and constraints on sustained participation. In contrast, in the case of the non-profit organization, regular participation, nonverbal arts activities, and the possibility of participating together with children were associated with emotional stability, stress relief, relationship building, and expanded self-expression among participants. The limitations of this study include its sampling focus on long-term participants; nonetheless, the findings suggest the need for an operational structure that takes sustainability, accessibility, and relationality into account.

본 논문은 고령사회의 대두에 즈음하여 도입·운영되고 일본의 개호보험제도와 한국의 노인장기요양보험제도의 운영구조의 특징을 분석틀을 통하여 이를 고찰한다. 이때, 분석틀의 형성과 관련하여 선택된 요인은 크게 보험자, 피보험자, 노인요양서비스 공급기관 및 정부 등이다. 이와 같은 요인을 중심으로 양 제도 간에 나타나는 제도운영과정에 따른 차이점 및 관련 내용을 설명한다. 논의 통하여 나타난 중요한 결과를 요약하면, 한국의 노인장기요양보험제도는 일본의 개호보험제도에 비하여 상대적으로 행정관리 및 행정효율성을 중시하며, 피보험자에게 재정부담을 더 지우고, 이용가능한 서비스체계가 단순한 운영구조로 되어있다. 한편, 노인장기요양보험제도의 경우, 조기제도정착을 위해서는 제도운영과정에 대한 지방자치단체의 역할 제고 및 피보험자의 참여확대의 방안을 모색할 필요가 있을 것으로 본다.

The Purpose of this paper is to examine the characteristics of operational structure of long-term care insurance system for the elderly of Korean and Japan. To accomplish this purpose, the framework which was made as four factor was formed. The finding results were shown as follows. The long-term care insurance system of korea retains more centralization system than that of Japan. In addition, the former keeps the simpler structure of service system than the latter. Therefore, to intend to institutionalize as the client-oriented system about the former, the extension of citizen participation would be requested relating to use service.

몇 년 전까지는 대부분의 로봇 애플리케이션은 산업 및 제조와 관련된 산업용에 내장되었으며, 산업용 로봇은 제한적이고 표준화된 환경에서 단순하고 반복적인 동작을 수행하였다. 산업용 로봇과 달리 서비스 로봇은 다양한 환경에서 복잡하고 자율적인 동작을 해야 하므로 어려운 문제를 안고 있으며 산업용 로봇에 비해 다소 더 딘 성장을 보였다. 그러나 서비스 로봇은 가정, 사무실, 공장 등 사람들의 생활 및 작업 공간에 적용될 수 있는 장 점이 있다. 로봇 공학의 패러다임은 특정 산업 기술에서 소비자, 가정 및 서비스 시장으로 이동하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 로봇 공학의 패러다임에 대한 서비스 로봇의 구조와 구동환경을 중심으로 서비스 로봇의 작업공간, 구조, 동작특성 등을 살펴보고자 한다.

Until a few years ago, most robotic applications were built into industrial and manufacturing-related industries, and industrial robots performed simple and repetitive motions in a limited and standardized environment. Unlike industrial robots, service robots must perform complex and autonomous movements in various environments. As a result, the field of service robots has a difficult problem and has shown a somewhat slower growth compared to industrial robots. However, service robots have an advantage that can be applied to people's living and working spaces such as homes, offices, and factories. Therefore, in this paper, we will look at the service robot's work space, structure, and motion characteristics, focusing on the structure and operational environment of the service robot for the robotics paradigm.

This study investigates the effects of digital interface structure on the operational performance of unmanned and manned–unmanned integrated mechanical systems from a human factors perspective. Using case-based comparative analysis, changes in response time, operation error rate, and situational awareness accuracy before and after interface redesign were examined. The results indicate that improvements in interface integration, procedural simplification, and consistency significantly enhance operational performance without modifying mechanical hardware or control algorithms. The study highlights the importance of incorporating human factors engineering into the early design and evaluation stages of complex mechanical systems.

우리 정부에서는 외국 도서관의 운영사례를 참고하여 지역중앙관과 거점도서관, 소규모 분관으로 구분하는 ‘지역 도서관 서비스 실행 체계’에 관한 추진계획을 수립한 바 있다. 그러나 이에 대한 도서관계의 관심이 저조하고, 무엇보다 운영주체의 이원화로 인한 구조적 문제에 가로막혀 지금까지 어떠한 실행전략도 마련하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 부산광역시를 사례로 하여 지역 공공도서관들을 유기적으로 연계하는 통합 운영체계(안)을 제안하고, 이러한 통합 운영체계 속에서 도서관의 지위에 따른 역할과 기능을 구상하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 구체적으로, (1) 공공도서관의 통합적 운영체계에 대한 그간의 실행계획을 검토하고, (2) 해외 도서관의 운영체계에 대한 면밀한 분석을 시도한 다음, (3) 부산광역시를 사례로 하여 통합 운영체계를 전제로 한 도서관별 지위와 역할 설정 등 현실적인 적용 방안을 제안하였다. 연구에 필요한 자료는 방문조사 및 문헌연구를 통해 수집하였으며, 필요한 경우 이메일 질의와 각종 통계자료로 보완하였다.

The Korean government has established a plan on the ‘service operating system of public libraries’, which divides the local libraries into a central library, regional libraries, and small branches. However, due to the low interest of the libraries and, above all, the structural problems caused by the dualization of the library administrative bodies, no action plans have been developed. This study intends to propose an integrated operating system for public libraries in Busan metropolitan and to design specific roles and functions according to the library status. To the ends, this study examined the Korean government’s plan for public library operation, analyzed the operation cases of foreign public libraries, and finally suggested the detailed action plan of an integrated operating system based on the case of Busan Metropolitan City. The data were collected from literature review and on site field survey, supplemented by e-mail inquiry and official statistical information.

이 연구의 목적은 부산광역시 대표도서관인 부산대표도서관의 조직과 효율적인 운영 방안을 제시하는 것이다. 부산대표도서관은 ‘부산광역시 차원의 거점 도서관’, ‘정책도서관이자 연구도서관’, ‘부산학 도서관’ 등 복합적 성격을 갖는 도서관으로 그 성격을 규정하였으며, 부산대표도서관의 5대 핵심 기능은 도서관정책 수립, 지원협력, 자료보존, 정보서비스, 행정지원이다. 부산대표도서관의 기능과 역할의 원활한 수행을 위해서는 도서관정책과, 지원협력과, 자료보존팀, 정보서비스과, 행정지원과 등의 4과 1팀의 운영 조직이 필요하며, 관장은 3급 또는 개방형 직급으로, 각 과장은 4급 또는 5급으로, 그리고팀장은 5급 또는 6급의 직급으로 제안하였다. 부산대표도서관의 최소 필요 인력은 기반조성단계에서 행정직 10명, 사서직31명, 전산직 2명 등 모두 43명의 인력이, 정착단계에서는 각각 12명, 44명, 5명 등의 61명이 필요할 것으로 산출되었으며, 연간 운영 예산은 인건비 1,527,360천원, 자료구입비 735,000천원, 기타 운영비 2,130,000천원 등으로 연간 4,392,360 천원의 예산이 필요할 것으로 추정되었다.

The objective of this study is to present the organization and management plan for the new main library in Busan metropolitan city. The characteristics of the Busan Library was defined as follows: stronghold library of Busan, policy and research library, and research hub for Busan studies. The five core functions of the library are to be library policy making, support and collaboration, preservation, information services, and administrative support. In order to fulfill the duties and the roles of the library, it has been suggested to maintain 4 departments along with 1 team including the department of library policy, the department of support and collaboration, the department of information services, the department of administrative support, and the preservation team. It has also been suggested to secure proper number of personnel including 43 staff members for the opening of the library, which consist of 10 administrative staff, 31 librarians and 2 computer specialists. The annual operating budget has been estimated to 4.33 billion won including labor cost (1.53 billion won), acquisitions (.735 billion won) and, other operating cost (2.13 billion won).

본 연구는 조선시대 궁중 연향에서 사용된 상화(床花)의 운용 구조를 의궤 기록을 중심으로 분석하였다. 기존 연구가 채화의 제작 방식과 상징성에 주목한 것과 달리, 본 연구는 상화를 독립적 분석 대상으로 설정하고 다수 의궤를 비교하여 반복 기재와 공간·상차 위계에 따른 배치 구조를 검토하였다. 분석 결과, 19세기 후반으로 갈수록 상화의 반복 기록과 공간별 구분이 점차 분명해지는 경향이 나타난다. 특히 1902년 4월 「임인 진연의궤」에서는 상화가 복수 공간에서 위계에 따라 차등적으로 기재되는 특징이 확인된다. 이는 상화가 단순한 장식물이 아니라 의례 과정 속에서 체계적으로 운용된 화물이었음을 보여준다. 상화의 수량과 유형 구분은 왕실 공간 위계를 시각적으로 구성하는 요소로 작용하였으며, 본 연구는 상화를 궁중 연향의 화물 운용 구조 속에서 재해석하였다는 점에서 의의를 지닌다.

This study examines the operational structure of Sanghwa (table flowers) used in Joseon royal court banquets based on Uigwe records. While previous studies have focused on the production techniques and symbolic meanings of Chaehwa (silk flowers), this study treats Sanghwa as an independent analytical subject. Multiple Uigwe documents were comparatively analyzed to identify patterns of repeated recording and spatial placement. From the late nineteenth century onward, Sanghwa entries became increasingly differentiated according to spatial configuration and hierarchical table settings. The April 1902 Imin Jin-yeon Uigwe, in particular, reveals differentiated documentation across multiple royal spaces. This pattern suggests that Sanghwa functioned not merely as decorative objects but as ritual materials systematically deployed within ceremonial processes, with variations in quantity and type reflecting hierarchical distinctions. This study reinterprets Sanghwa as structural elements embedded within the spatial and hierarchical organization of royal banquets, contributing to a clearer understanding of Joseon royal ceremonial organization.

After unifying the Later Three Kingdoms, Goryeo began to assert direct control over local societies and implemented measures to incorporate them into the centralized national order. As part of this process, the Juhyeongun(州縣軍) was restructured, with command authority becoming exclusive to designated officer positions. The guiding principle behind this reorganization was to prevent any particular social class from monopolizing military authority. Accordingly, restrictions were introduced to ensure that individuals holding other titles could not interfere with the command of the Juhyeongun. The Juhyeongun could not maintain its full listed troop quota mobilized within the region at all times. Troops were organized into rotating shifts and periodically dispatched to perform guard duties in the capital or other designated areas. As a result, the number of active soldiers in a given locality did not correspond to the figures recorded in the Juhyeongun section. Considering those on duty and those resting between rotations, the actual number of troops present in the region was significantly reduced. This limited deployment reduced the need for a large number of commanders, resulting in a relatively simplified command structure for the Juhyeongun. Nevertheless, given its multiple functions, including those in peacetime, personnel were still required to direct and oversee troop movements. Since the officer corps remained stationed in their respective regions, subordinate leaders known as Gidu(旗頭) assumed these operational responsibilities. This illustrates one aspect of the Juhyeongun’s operational structure.

Jeollado(全羅道) was established at Hyeonjong(顯宗) 10 years in Koryo Dynasty, which combined by Gangnamdo(江南道) and Heayangdo(海陽道). The Jeollado had governed the 2 Moks(牧), 2 Bus(府), 18 Guns(郡), 81 Hyeons(縣) as a wide administrative district included today’s North and South Jeolla provinces, Gwangju and Jeju. On the administrative system, the possessive relationship was connected by the Yeonggun-hyeon(領郡縣) and Sokgun-hyeon(屬郡縣) that controlled by Gyaesu-gwans(界首官) of Jeonju-mok and Naju-mok respectively. The direct relationship between the central government and the local government was formed by charging management works by the Gyaesu-gwan, witch played a role as a bridge between the central and local government. So the Jeonju and Naju had the status of middle administration and also had an equal political relationship. The central government of Koryo Dynasty sent different Samyeongji-im(使命之任) like Anchal-sa(按察使) to the Jeollado. And the Anchal-sa controlled the local government by supervising the local officials and investigating mass condition. With the establishment of the 5 do-Yanggyae(5道兩界), the Anchal-sa had become the representative Samyeongji-im of the regional ruling. Although the first case about sending the Anchal-sa(按察使) to the Jeollado appeared at Yejong(睿宗) 13 years, but there is a possibility which sending the Anchal-sa before that time. The Anchal-sa of Jeollado charged management works by supervising the local officials who were below the Gyaesu-gwans and investigating mass condition. For this reason, the Jeollado ruled by the Anchal-sa has a stronger character of the supervisory organ than the administrative organ, politically. The Anchal-sa had been changed to the Anryeom-sa(按廉使) in King Chungnyeol(忠烈王) 2 years. The function of it had been strengthened and gradually the Anryeom-sa had a character of generalizing everything of the Jeollado as governor. Along with this trend, the Jeollado as an administrative organ with the Anchal-sa camp(按廉使營) had a status of local administrative institution between the central and local government.

본 연구는 신극 단체 극예술연구회(1931.7.8~1938.3, 이하 ‘극연’)의 운영 제도와 조직 구성(원) 및 그 추이에 따른 연출 체제와 제작 체계를 고찰하고 당시에 형성된 제작 판도를 파악하는 데 목적을 두었다. 연구 결과, 극연은 운영상 동인제(1931.7.8~1932.12)로 시작하여 회원제(1933.1~1938.3)로 전환하였고 조직의 구조는 그 동안 네 차례 이상 변경하였다. 특히 연출과 제작을 관할한 부처는 사업부(동인제 시기)에서 실천부(회원제 전반기)로 개정한 후에 다시 연출부(회원제 후반기)로 개편하는 도정을 거쳤다. 그 목적은 전문적 극단 체제를 갖추며 ‘우리 신극’을 상연하기 위함이었다. 결과적으로, 극연은 회원제 후반기(1936.7~1938.3)에 조직체를 ‘총무국과 산하의 연출부, 문예부, 미술부, 경리부 및 산하의 반’의 구조로 수립하였다. 그 중 연기 부문은 연출부 산하의 연기반으로 두어 당시까지 연기 체계가 미약한 실정을 노정하였다. 그 후 극연은 자금난 해소를 위해 영화부(1937.6~1938.3)를 추가로 특설하기도 했다. 극연은 첫 시연부터 ‘연출(자)와 다른 직무의 무대감독’을 기용하면서 연출(자)의 독립성과 제작 부문의 분업화를 도모하였다. 그 후 연출 부문은 ‘연출자, 연출보, 무대감독, 무대감독 조수, 프롬프터’의 구성(원) 체제를 갖추었다. 그 가운데 동인(회원)은 무대감독 또는 연출보를 거쳐서 연출자로 데뷔하는 경로를 이루었다. 그러나 연출자와 연출의 조력자들 간에 직무 권한과 경계는 확립되지 않았다. 따라서 실무적 분업화는 실현되지 않았고 무대감독을 비롯한 조력자들은 연출자의 지시를 추종하는 입장에 있었다. 무대미술 부문은 장치, 조명, 효과, 의상, 대․소도구 등 제반 분야에서 구체적인 개인에게 구체적인 책임을 맡기는 분업 체제를 수립하였다. 특히 장치와 조명 부문은 외부의 실기 전문가를 영입하는 노력의 결과로 해당 분야의 전공자와 숙련자가 전담하는 추세를 보였다. 하지만 무대 부문에서도 분업 체제와 그 실천 사이에 적잖은 간극이 실재하였다.

This study aims not only to examine the operational system, organization composition and members of the Shingeuk troupe Geukyesulyeonguhoe (hereinafter referred to as ‘Geukyeon’) but also to discuss the formation process of both directing and production systems according to the trend of the Geukyeon, thereby elucidating the landscape in production of plays at that time. As a result of the study, Geukyeon started with the coterie system (1931.7.8~1932.12), which shares the responsibilities and obligations by all members, in its operational scheme and then switched to a membership system(1933.1~1938.3), the organization structure was changed over five times. The department in charge of directing and production, in particular, went through a revision process from the Business department (during the period of coterie system) to the Practice department (during the period of membership system), then changed back to the Directing department. The purpose of such changes was to equip with a professional theater group system and to perform the Shingeuk. The organization structure of operation in Geukyeon was established with ‘General affairs bureau and its sub-departments including Directing department, Literary department, Stage Arts department, and Accounting department(1936.7~1936.6). Moreover, each department had several sections. Under such a structural system, the ‘Movie Department (1937.6~1938.3)’ was newly established as a special case in order to address the financial pressures. However, it was revealed that the acting system in terms of the acting domain was still weak position because of staying at ‘Acting section’ under the Directing department. Geukyeon introduced the ‘formation system of both stage-director and stage-management & -manager’ in the first demonstration of the coterie system period. This was a pioneering attempt that drives the division of labor in theater production together with securing the independence of directing (or a director). Afterward, the directing system of Geukyeon consisted of ‘stage-director, assistant stage-director, stage-manager & -management, stage-manager & -management assistant, and prompter’, and most of founding members and members typically took a path to debut as a stage-director after passing through stage-manager & -management or assistant stage-director. However, no boundary and authority of tasks have been established between stage-director and their assistants until the Geukyeon was dispersed. Accordingly, the division of their labors was not implemented and the assistants of a stage-director were just in a position to follow the instruction of a stage-director. In the case of stage production in Geukyeon, a division of labor system in which each individual takes responsibility in all domains such as devices, lighting, effects, costumes, and small and medium tools was established. In particular, as a result of efforts to recruit practical experts from outside in the device and lighting domains, a tendency of the ‘dedicated experts and skilled people’ was very prominent. It is, however, still questionable to what extent the collaboration system in each domain has been implemented and how much the effectiveness has been achieved. This is a task to be discussed based on the performance cases in a future study.

This study seeks to examine the fundamental natures and operational situation of the local governments of Korea during the Japanese colonial period. For the purpose of this study, previous studies were reviewed on regulations on local governmental organization and system of the colonial period along with the official documents produced by the Japanese Government General of Korea and local governments. The research findings are as follows:The local government system was found to have a huge gap from the assimilation policy of the Japanese Government General of Korea. This is because Japanese people living in Korea demanded the level of autonomy as high as that of the Japanese mainland while maintaining discrimination against Korean people and even against economically-vulnerable Japanese people living in Korea. The Japanese Government General of Korea introduced to Korea systems already proven in its local government system for mainland Japan and special-exemption regions. In the process it modified systems for more efficient governance. However, such policies caused resistance from Japanese people in Korea who tried to for a local government on their own based on the contradictory foundation of both autonomy and discrimination. The local government system, after all, was diverged between areas with densely populated Japanese people and areas without. Japanese people in local Korean regions tried to directly recommend candidates for the head of local government which was at the same time a position in local administrative government offices of the Japanese Government General of Korea when the Government General pursed for strong governance centralization in the initial colonial period. Sometimes they appointed candidates against the opposition of the Government General. Their strong influence on local governments lasted for a considerable period of time. And the Japanese Government General of Korea worked hard to incorporate them into a unified local government system until the later part of the colonial era.

본 논문은 남원부의『 南原府鄕約節次成冊』과 옥구현의『 沃溝七面鄕約 稧節目』자료를 중심으로 1893년에 전라도관찰사 김문현이 향약을 시행한 배경과 김문현의 신칙에 의해 시행된 남원향약과 옥구향약의 임원 조직, 운영, 재정에 대해서 살펴보았다. 1893년 김문현은 전라도관찰사로 부임하면서 동학의 확산을 제어하기 위한 방안으로 전라도에 향약을 시행하였으며, 당시 향약은 조선 정부의 영향에 의해 시행되었을 가능성이 크다. 남원향약과 옥구향약의 임원 조직에서는 공통적으로 향약 전체를 총괄하는 도향약장과 부향약장을 두었으며, 면에는 면약장과 색장, 리에는 별검을 두었다. 남원향약의 임원 직역을 살펴볼 때 도향약장을 비롯한 면약장, 색장, 별검은 幼學이 주로 담당하였다. 반면 남원향약에서는 리의 임원인 별검 아래 리정이 확인되는데, 둔덕방호적중초를 기반 리정의 직역을 살펴보았을 때 리정은 평민 이하일 가능성이 농후하다. 1893년 남원향약과 옥구향약의 운영에서는 과실상규에 대한 직접적인 처벌보다는 선행자와 악행자의 기준이 되는 「善籍秩」, 「惡籍秩」을 기반으로 선적과 악적의 작성을 강조하였다. 선적과 악적의 작성 강조는 1893년 경상도에서 시행된 향약의 사례에서도 확인된다. 즉, 19세기 말 시행된 향약은 과실상규에 대한 직접적인 처벌보다는 선적과 악적 작성을 중심으로 향촌 통제와 교화를 시도했던 것으로 보여진다. 또한 선행자와 악행자 기준은 효, 우애, 이웃과의 화목 등뿐 아니라 이설 숭배에 대한 경계, 조세와 부역 납부, 법령 준수가 기준이 되었다. 옥구향약은 향약전 관련 자료가 남아 있는데, 이를 살펴볼 때 향약전은 각 리의 별검이 관리하고, 리에서 거둔 돈을 면에서 취합하여 도향약소에 내었음을 알 수 있다. 또한 향약전의 경우 각 리마다 거둔 돈이 일정하지 않은데, 이를 보았을 때 약원에게 일정하게 돈을 거둔 것이아닌 家力 등의 사정에 따라 돈을 다르게 거두었음을 확인할 수 있었 다. 남원향약과 옥구향약의 경우 자료의 한계 등으로 인하여 동학에 대한 대처, 향약전의 지출 등에 대해서는 파악할 수 없었다. 추후 1893년에 시행된 전라도 다른 지역의 사례 연구를 통하여 연구의 공백을 메우도록 하겠다.

This paper examined about the background information on implementation of Hyangyak in 1893 by Kim Munhyun, the Governor of Jeolla-do Province and the organization of executives, operation and financial affairs of Namwon Hyangyak and Okgu Hyangyak, which was implemented by his forcible press, based on the data from『Namwonbuhyangyakjeolchaseongchaek』of Namwonbu and『Okgu7myunhyangyakjeolmok』of Okguhyun. Kim Munhyun implemented Hyangyak in Jeolla-do Province to control the spread of Donghak as he was appointed as the Governor in 1983. And it has a strong chance that Hyangyak was implemented by the influence of Joseon Government. Namwon Hyangyak and Okgu Hyangyak shares some common elements in the structure of executives. They both assigned Dohyangyakjang, the leader in city level of the organization and buhyangyakjang, the secondary leader in city level. Also, there were myunyakjang and Saekjang in Myun and Byuljeom in Li. Looking at the major tasks of the executives in Namwon Hyangyak, mostly Yuhak, a scholar not serving the government position, took the role of Dohyangyakjang as well as Myunyakjang, Saekjang and Byulgeom. However, Lijeong was found, one level lower than Byulgeom who was an executive in Li, at Namwon Hyangyak. By researching about the Lijueog’s primary role based on “Doondeokbanghojeokjoongcho” it is highly possible that Lijeong belonged to a social class below the commoners. In 1893, It was emphasized to record virtue and vice based on “Sunjukjil” and “Akjukjil” which set the standard of good and evil person, rather than directly punishing as an application of Kwasilsanggyu in the operation of Namwon Hyangyak and Okgu Hyangyak. The emphasis on recording good and bad behavior was also confirmed from a case of hyangyak implemented in Kyungsang-do Province in 1893. In other words, hyangyak, which was implemented at the late 19th century was considered to control and reform hyangchon utilizing the recording of virtue and evil deed as opposed to punishing under the rule of Kwasilsangkyu. Also, the standard of good and bad people was not only a keeping of filial duty and brotherly love, and being a good neighbor but being cautious on heresy, keeping the duty to pay taxes and force labor, and observance of law. There are data remaining related to Hyangyakjun in Okgu Hyangyak. By looking at the data, Hyangyakjun was managed by Byulgeom in Li and the funds collected from Li was gathered by Myun to submit to Dohyangyakso. Moreover, as for Hyangyakjun, the amount of funds collected by each Li differ from one another. This confirms that the fee was collected based on the economic condition of household rather than the same amount was assigned to the members of Hyangyak. In case of Namwon Hyangyak and Okgu Hyangyak, response against Donghak and expenditure of Hyangyakjun can’t be identified due to the limitation in data. Through another case study regarding Hyangyak implemented in other regions of Jeolla-do Province the gap in this research will be completed in the future.

본 논문은 『6·15 남북공동선언』 이후 전개된 남북군사회담을 대상으로, 북한이 군사회담을 어떠한 인식과 전략하에서 운용해왔는지를 분석하고, 그 과정에서 형성된 군사회담의 구조와 한계를 규명하고 있다. 본 연구는 남북군사회담을 협력과 대결, 성과와 실패라는 이분법적 평가에서 벗어나, 북한의 전략적 선택 논리에 주목한 ‘조건부 협력’ 분석 틀을 적용하였다. 분석 결과, 북한은 남북군사회담을 평화체제 구축을 위한 제도적 협의체로 인식하기보다는, 체제안전과 전략적 유불리에 따라 활용 가능한 조건부 수단으로 운용해 온 것으로 나타났다. 북한의 대남군사회담 전략은 전략적 실험기(2000~2007년), 전략적 조정기(2008~2017년), 전략적 교착기(2018년 이후)의 세 시기로 구분되며, 각 시기마다 협력 담론과 전략적 행태는 변화하였으나, 협력의 조건 설정, 협력 수준의 조정, 합의 이행의 선택성이라는 ‘조건부 협력’의 구조적 작동 방식은 일관되게 유지되었다. 남북군사회담이 제도화 단계로 발전하지 못한 것은 북한의 ‘조건부 협력’ 전략이 원인이었다. 북한은 이익이 있는 회담은 참석하였으나, 체제안전과 군사적인 쟁점사항 논의는 회피한 것이다. 또한 북한은 국제정세, 한미동맹, 북미관계 변화도 민감하게 반응하며, 회담 참석의 자율성을 제약하였다. 북한에게 있어서 남북군사회담은 단순한 정책의 선택지가 아닌, 전략·전술적 구조의 선택적 협상인 것이다. 북한의 대남군사회담은 기만이나 위장이 아닌 ‘조건부 협력’의 선택으로 이해된다.

The 6·15 Inter-Korean Joint Declaration, inter-Korean military talks have developed in ways that reflect North Korea‘s evolving strategic thinking. This study examines how those talks were conducted, focusing less on whether they succeeded or failed and more on the logic behind North Korea’s decisions. To do so, it adopts the concept of “Conditional cooperation” as analytical lens. The analysis suggests that these talks were not treated by North Korea as a stable institutional channel for building a peace regime. Instead, they were used selectively, depending on perceived advantages and concerns related to regime security. Over time, three broad phases can be identified: a period of experimentation(2000-2007), a period of adjustment(2008-2017), and a more recent period of stalemate(since 2018). Although the language of cooperation and the style of engagement varied across these phases, certain patterns remained consistent. North Korea continued to set preconditions, adjust the scope of cooperation, and implement agreements in a selective manner. The limited institutional development of these talks can be understood in this context. Participation tended to occur when it aligned with North Korea’s interests, while discussions involving sensitive military or regime-related issues were often avoided. At the same time, external factors-such as shifts in the international environment, the ROK-U.S. alliance, and relations with the United States-shaped and constrained North Korea’s willingness to engage. In this sense, inter-Korean military talks were not simply one policy option among many. They functioned as a structured strategic choice. Rather than viewing North Korea’s behavior as deception, it is more appropriate to interpret it as a form of conditional cooperation.

이 연구는 2000년대 이후 중국의 가오카오 역사시험의 변화 양상을 다루고 있다. 2000년대 과정표준의 전환과 함께, 일원화되었던 가오카오는 다종의 시권이 개발되면서 다양한 평가 문항과 함께 다원화된 평가 목표를 추구하고 있다. 무엇보다 한국의 수능과 달리 ‘역사’ 단일 수험과목 내 중국사, 세계사가 망라되고 있으며 거대규모의 시험에도 불구하고 주관식이 절반 이상의 비중으로 구성되고 있다는 점은 매우 특징적이다. 주관식 문항을 통해 역사적 사실 이해를 넘어서 역사 탐구, 자료 검토와 해석, 역사적 상상과 평가 등 다양한 시도가 이루어지고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 역사 이해의 기초 소양으로서 사료 취급에 관한 문항도 주목할만하다. 그러나 이러한 특장점과 달리 2019년 이후 통편교과서의 출현과 그에 동반된 중국몽을 겨냥한 애국주의 역사교육은 점차 가오카오 문항에도 영향을 주고 있다. 중국식 사회주의 건설, 중국의 성장과 발전, 세계강국으로서의 도약이라는 내러티브를 주입하기 위한 평가 문항이 등장한다. 더 나아가 세계 속의 중국의 영향을 부각하기 위해 유럽과 미국의 근현대 역사상을 자본주의의 폐해라는 시각에서 강조하고 있는 지점도 노출되고 있다. 이러한 변화는 가오카오가 시도하고 있는 역사적 사고력과 소질 교육의 강화라는 도전에 제동을 거는 한계가 되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 자국사 중심주의의 불편한 반향을 불러일으킬 우려가 다분하다.

This study examines the changes in China's Gaokao history examination since the 2000s. Along with the shift in curriculum standards in the 2000s, the unified Gaokao has developed a variety of municipalities, which has led to a diversification of assessment items and pluralistic assessment goal. Most notably, unlike the Korea SAT, the Gaokao covers Chinese history and world history under the single subject of “history,” and despite its super large test system, it is characterized by more than half of the essay questions. Through the essay questions, students are encouraged to go beyond understanding historical facts to explore history, review and interpret data, and imagine and evaluate history. In addition, it is noteworthy that there is a question on the handling of archives as a basic skill for understanding history. It is noteworthy that various attempts are being made to explore history, review and interpret data, and imagine and evaluate history beyond understanding historical facts through subjective questions. However, in contrast to these features, the emergence of one-size-fits-all textbooks since 2019 and the accompanying patriotic history education aimed at the ‘Chinese dream’ have gradually influenced the gaokao questions. Assessment questions are increasingly designed to instil the narrative of building Chinese-style socialism, China's growth and development, and its rise as a world power. Furthermore, in order to emphasise China's influence in the world, points in European and American modern history are being emphasised in terms of the evils of capitalism. These changes are not only a limitation to the challenge of strengthening historical thinking and literacy education that Gao Kao is attempting to address, but they also have the potential to create uncomfortable echoes of nationalism.

본 연구는 글로벌 공연 산업에서 대규모 실내 아레나(arena)가 어떠한 조건에서 높은 성과(티켓 판매·매출)를 창출하는지를 실증적으로 분석하였다. Pollstar ‘Top Arena 200’(2025)을 기반으로 구축한 전 세계 207개 아레나 데이터를 활용해 기초통계분석과 다중회귀분석을 수행한 결과, 티켓과 매출은 소수 아레나에 집중되는 슈퍼스타 시장 구조를 보였다. 회귀분석에서는 시설 규모가 성과를 가장 강하게 설명했으며, 민간 운영 아레나가 공공 운영 대비 유의하게 높은 성과를 기록하였다. 또한 동일 도시 내 경쟁 아레나의 존재는 성과를 저해하기보다 시장 두께(market thickness)를 강화하는 방향으로 작용하는 경향이 확인되었다. 반면 혼합개발 여부, 스포츠팀 유무, 토지 소유 구조, 시설 연령, 도시 규모 등은 유의한 영향을 보이지 않았다. 이는 글로벌 아레나 성과가 단순한 시설 공급이 아니라 규모–운영 역량–도시 공연 생태계의 결합 속에서 형성됨을 시사하며, 향후 공연 인프라 정책은 시설 신축을 넘어 전문적 운영 체계와 도시 차원의 시장 기반 구축을 함께 고려해야 함을 보여준다.

This study empirically examines the conditions under which large indoor arenas generate high performance?measured by ticket sales and gross revenue?in the global live entertainment industry. Using a dataset of 207 arenas worldwide constructed from the Pollstar Top Arena 200 (2025), the study conducts descriptive statistical analysis and multiple regression analysis. The findings reveal a superstar market structure in which ticket sales and revenue are heavily concentrated among a small number of arenas. Regression results indicate that venue capacity is the strongest predictor of performance, while privately operated arenas achieve significantly higher outcomes than publicly operated ones. The presence of competing arenas within the same city is found to reinforce market thickness rather than dilute demand. In contrast, mixed-use development, the presence of anchor sports teams, land ownership structure, facility age, and city size do not show statistically significant effects. These results suggest that global arena performance is shaped not merely by facility provision but by the combined effects of scale, operational capability, and the urban live entertainment ecosystem. The findings further imply that arena policy should move beyond infrastructure expansion to emphasize professional management and the development of city-level market foundations.

This study analyzes the establishment and organizational structure of the Jongbusi (宗簿寺, Office of the Royal Genealogy), and the development and transformation of the Seonwonrok (璿源錄, Royal Genealogical Register) compilation system in Joseon dynasty Korea, examining the two as an integrated and continuous historical process. The Jongbusi inherited the functions of the Goryeo-era Jeonjungseong (殿中省) and Jongjeongsi (宗正寺), and was reorganized as an independent government office during the reigns of Kings Taejong and Sejong. Its two principal functions—compiling royal genealogical records and supervising members of the royal clan—were formally codified in the Gyeongguk daejeon (經國大典, Grand Code of State Administration). In the early Joseon period, supervision of royal clan members constituted the office’s primary role within a dual administrative structure headed by a royal prince serving as chief superintendent (dojejo, 都提調) and supported by superintendents with nonroyal surnames (seoseong jejo, 庶姓提調). However, from the reign of King Injo onward, a combination of factors—including the decline of the royal male-line population, the abolition of the jonghak (宗學, royal clan school), and the frequent vacancy of the chief superintendent position—rendered the supervisory function increasingly nominal, while the genealogical compilation function became predominant. Accordingly, the office’s personnel structure was reorganized to center on officials who had passed the civil service examinations. Royal genealogical records in early Joseon initially existed as a pluralistic system composed of separate compilations such as the Jongchinrok (宗親錄) and the Yuburok (類附錄). By the reign of King Sukjong, however, these materials were consolidated into a unified compilation known as the Seonwonrok. This integration represented not merely an administrative reorganization but also a conceptual transformation, formally recognizing the entire royal family as a single jong (宗, lineage). Furthermore, the systematic management of descendants beyond the tenth generation through separate registers, together with the regularized procedures of collecting and correcting genealogical submissions every triennial cycle, led to the development of royal genealogical administration into a continuous system of information management. The Seonwonrok system established during King Sukjong’s reign later served as the institutional foundation for verifying the legitimacy of the Namyeongun (南延君, 1788-1836) line’s succession to the throne amid the nineteenth-century crisis of royal lineage discontinuity. Even after the integration of the Jongbusi into the Jongchinbu (宗親府, Office of the Royal Clan) in 1864 (the first year of King Gojong’s reign), its accumulated expertise in compilation and verification procedures was inherited within the new institutional framework. Ultimately, the history of the Jongbusi reflects a fundamental transformation in the governance of royal kinship—from coercive supervision to institutional recognition grounded in records and documentation.

국내 손해보험산업은 소수 회사의 시장점유율(market share)이 상대적으로 크게 확대되면서 성장을 이루어 왔다는 데 특징이 있다. 이러한 특징을 고려하여 본 연구는 시장구조를 반영하는 시장집중도(market concentration)와 효율성을 반영하는 시장점유율이 손해보험회사의 영업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 즉, 시장지배력이 높은 회사가 담합과 같은 불공정행위를 통해 높은 성과를 올린다는 SCP(Structure-Conduct-Performance)가설과 효율적인 회사가 높은 영업성과를 달성한다는 ES(Efficient Structure)가설 중 어떠한 가설이 지지되는가를 손해보험회사를 대상으로 검증하였다. 특히 기존 연구들과 달리 영업성과뿐만 아니라 영업성과의 지속성에 대해서도 이러한 가설을 검증하였다. 분석 결과 시장집중도는 영업성과에 영향을 미치지 못하고 효율성을 반영하는 시장점유율과 판매채널 변수가 영업성과에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, ES가설을 지지하는 증거를 발견할 수 있었다. 다음으로 전체 회사 중 매년 약 24%에 해당하는 손해보험회사들이 우수한 혹은 저조한 영업성과를 지속하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 우수한 영업성과의 지속성과 시장점유율은 정(+)의 상관성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며, 판매채널과 유동성 변수도 우수한 영업성과 지속성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 저조한 영업성과의 지속성은 시장점유율과 음(-)의 상관성이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으며, 재무레버리지와 유동성 변수도 저조한 영업성과 지속성에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 영업성과의 지속성 측면에서도 보다 효율적인 회사가 높은 성과를 달성한다는 ES가설을 지지하는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

As a few insurance companies expand relatively more market shares, domestic property-liability insurance industry has grown rapidly. Considering these market structure, this study examines the impact of market concentration and market share on operational performance in the industry. To analyze this, two specific hypotheses are tested: Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) and Efficient Structure (ES). In theory, the SCP hypothesis is the proposition that the companies with higher market power (i.e. market concentration) will achieve better operational performance while the ES hypothesis posits that more efficient companies (i.e. market share) will accomplish better operational performance. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the SCP hypothesis or the ES hypothesis hold true for domestic insurance companies. Unlike previous studies, this paper also tests these hypotheses in the following variables: operational performance and performance persistence. According to our results, market share and distributional channel have a significant positive effect on operational performance while market concentration has no significant influence. Therefore, it provides support for the ES hypothesis. The insurance companies which account for about 24% of the property-liability insurance industry keep on high or low performance. There exists a positive relationship between the persistence of high performance and market share. Moreover, distributional channel and liquidity variables have an effect on the persistence of high performance. There is also a negative correlation between the persistence of low performance and market share. Lastly, the financial leverage and liquidity variables affect the persistence of low performance. Hence, these results provide support for the ES hypothesis.

자연과학의 비약적인 발전에 따라 현대인들의 의식과 생활 역시 급격한 변화를 겪고 있다. 이러한 현상이 신앙생활에도 영향을 미치는 것은 부인할 수 없는 현실이다. 특히 21세기에 들어와서 수도권 지역에서는 기 수련, 뉴 에이지 영성을 비롯한 다양한 종류의 신영성 운동이 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 최근 들어 가톨릭교회의 장래를 염려하는 신학자들과 사목자들은 전통적인 신앙생활에서 힘을 얻지 못한 적지 않은 수의 신앙인들이 신흥종교적 성격을 지닌 이러한 운동들에 빠져들고 있다는 진단에 의견의 일치를 이루었다. 이러한 현상의 배경에는 다양한 원인들이 있다. 그 중 하나가 현대인의 우주와 인간에 대한 체험과 생각이 이전의 세대와는 다른 것이다. 현대인 중에는 전통적인 종교적 표상이 우주와 인간에 대한 올바른 지식에 바탕을 둔 것이 아니기 때문에 오류가 많아 더 이상 믿을 가치가 없는 것으로 여기는 사람의 수가 적지 않다. 이러한 상황에서 필자는 우주와 인간에 대한 현대적 이해를 종합하여 종교적 표현과 신앙생활의 지침을 현대인의 감각에 맞게 재구성하는 데에 필요한 기초 자료를 제공하려는 연구 목표를 지니고 있다. 본 논문에서 다룬 주제와 내용은 이러한 작업의 일환이다. 뇌 과학자들이 연구하여 발표한 다양한 문헌들을 탐구하여 먼저 뇌의 일반적인 구조를 파악하고 신경세포의 정체를 살펴보았다. 이어서 인간의 뇌인 대뇌피질의 정체와 작용원리, 포유류의 뇌인 대뇌변연계의 정체와 작용원리, 파충류의 뇌인 뇌간의 여러 요소들과 작용원리, 소뇌, 척수, 신경계의 구조와 작용원리를 살펴보았으며 마지막으로 뇌혈관계의 구조와 기능에 대해 고찰해 보았다. 이 연구는 <뇌 과학에서 본 영혼의 근원문제>를 다루기 위한 기초 연구이다. 이것을 위해 앞으로 계속해서 연구를 진행할 것이고 연구결과들을 정리하여 필요할 때마다 발표할 예정이다. 필자는 <천문 물리학과 의학적 인간학에서 본 기도의 정체와 방법>을 밝히는 것을 본 연구의 최종 목표로 삼고 있다.

The consciousness and life of moderns have been changed rapidly in accordance with the rapid development of natural science. It can not be denied that this phenomenon has impact on our religious life. Especially in 21st century, a variety of movements of new divinity such as spirit training and new age divinity have been emerging actively in the capital region. In recent years, theologians and pastors point out that many believers who can not satisfy the traditional religious life are indulged in these movements. There are diverse reasons for the background of this phenomenon. One of major reasons is that the experience and thinking of the universe and man of the moderns are quite different from those of the previous generation. Many moderns think that the traditional religious expression is not worth believing because it is not based on the correct knowledge on the universe and man. In these circumstances, the goal of this study is to provide the basic data necessary for reconstructing the religious expression and guidelines of religious life compatible with the sense of moderns by synthesizing the contemporary understanding of the universe and man. This study found out the general structure of brain and identity of nerve cell by reviewing many literatures on brain science. It further explored the identity and operational principle of human brain, mammal brain, and reptile brain and finally the structure and operational principle of cerebellum, spinal cord, and nerve system. This study is the basic research to deal with the fundamental problems of soul viewed from brain science. The ultimate goal of this study is to find out the identity and method of prayer based on astronomical physics and medical human science.

Insurance has become a need of individuals and businesses for mitigating risks and alleviating the impact of losses on their lives and wealth. After islamic finance began to facilitate in the 1970s, it also required a Shariah compliant alternative to conventional insurance against Shariah principles due to the involvement of riba, gharar and maisir. Takaful system is developed as a pole of islamic financial ecosystem including islamic banking, asset management and capital market, which its service is provided by 200 more takaful operators globally. In this article we explain underpinning concept and operating models about takaful system as alternative to conventional insurance and see the overview and outlook of it. Also, to differentiate existing articles we present several considerations to launch the takaful business in the market and to operate its business. Through this article various issues which is incurred according to the difference between banking and insurance, conventional insurance and takaful should be an area researched to enter the market as a facility for getting new growth dynamics of our insurance companies.