Earticle

Purpose: This narrative review examined the physiological mechanisms and clinical effectiveness of manual therapy, exercise therapy, adjunctive modalities, multimodal programs, and neurofeedback interventions in adults with tension-type headaches (TTH). Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, DBpia, KISS, and Google Scholar for studies published between January 2015 and April 2025. Eligible studies included adult TTH populations, physiotherapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes, such as headache intensity, frequency, disability, and quality of life. Four independent reviewers screened, evaluated, and extracted the data. Fourteen studies met the criteria and data were synthesized according to intervention category. Results: Randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews consistently demonstrated that manual therapy, such as suboccipital inhibition, joint mobilization, soft tissue mobilization, and neural techniques, reduced headache intensity and pressure pain sensitivity. Exercise therapy, including deep cervical flexor training and postural stabilization, decreased headache frequency and improved functional measures. Adjunctive and multimodal approaches (TENS, AVE, relaxation, and biofeedback) further supported reductions in the headache burden, with improvements in disability indices (HDI, HIT-6) and quality of life (SF-12/36). TENS demonstrated enhanced effects when combined with physiotherapy, whereas AVE facilitated β-band suppression, α-band enhancement, and autonomic stabilization (HRV, skin conductance, skin temperature). Infra-low-frequency neurofeedback resulted in session-wise reductions in headache probability (~8% per session, p<.001) and strengthened corticolimbic connectivity. Evidence quality varied because of heterogeneity and short follow-up durations. Conclusion: Physiotherapy for TTH is clinically effective, and multimodal strategies offer superior and sustained outcomes. Integrating peripheral regulation (manual or exercise therapy) with central modulation (neurofeedback) is a synergistic and theoretically grounded treatment strategy. Future studies should standardize neurofeedback protocols and incorporate long-term follow-up to reinforce the evidence for central–peripheral integrated management.

본 연구는 게임중독이 있는 초등학생을 대상으로 뉴로피드백 훈련이 초등학생의 수면증진과 각성에 미치 는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 실험의 대상자는 초등학생 5, 6학년 28명이며 뉴로피드백 기반 Powernap과 NST 훈 련을 주 3회 실시하였다. 훈련 기간은 2023년 12월부터 2024년 2월까지이며, 훈련 전후와 1개월 후 훈련 후의 지 속 상태를 보기 위해 뇌파를 측정하였고 수면증진 변화는 주관적 설문지도 함께 사용하였다. 뇌파 측정은 한국뇌 과학연구소에서 개발한 뇌파측정기(Neurobrain)를 통해 실시하였으며, 뇌파 분석은 뇌기능분석 프로그램(BFA)을 사용하였다. 사후 측정 후 반복측정 분산분석 한 결과 각성도(F=7.484, p=.001), 수면증진 상태 (F=4.931, p=.011) 에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 뉴로피드백 훈련을 적용한 Powernap과 NST 훈련이 초등학생들의 수면과 각성도 에 유의미한 향상이 있었고 게임중독을 해소하는 데 기여했다는 것을 시사한다.

This study investigates the effect of neurofeedback training on improving sleep and awakening of elementary school students with gaming addiction. The subjects of the experiment were 28 5th and 6th grade elementary school students, and neurofeedback-based Powernap and NST training was conducted three times a week. The training period is from December 2023 to February 2024, and brain waves were measured before and after training and one month later to see the continued state after training. Changes in sleep improvement were also assessed using a subjective questionnaire. EEG measurement was conducted using an EEG instrument (Neurobrain) developed by the Korea Research Institute of Brain Science, and EEG analysis was performed using the Brain Function Analysis Program (BFA). As a result of repeated measures analysis of variance after post-measurement, significant differences were found in alertness (F=7.484, p=.001) and sleep enhancement status (F=4.931, p=.011). This suggests that Powernap and NST training using neurofeedback training significantly improved the sleep and alertness of elementary school students and contributed to resolving game addiction.

본 연구는 뉴로피드백 (Neurofeedback) 훈련이 게임중독 증상이 있는 대학생들의 뇌파, 다차원적 충동성, 감각 추구, 게임중독 증상 및 게임 갈망에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위한 것이다. 386명의 대학생을 대상으로 “한국형 성인용 게임중독 척도 (KGAS), 다차원적 충동성 척도 (UPPS-P), 역학조사센터 우울증 척도 (CES-D)”를 실시하였고, 이를 토 대로 12명의 대학생을 처치집단에 6명, 통제집단에 6명씩 배정하였다. 뉴로피드백 집단에게 총 20회기의 뉴로피드백 훈련을 실시하였고, 통제집단에는 어떠한 처치도 실시하지 않았다. 연구 결과, 뉴로피드백 집단은 통제집단에 비해 뇌 파, 게임중독 증상 심도와 충동성에서 유의한 향상이 있었고, 이러한 향상은 추적 조사에서도 유지되었다.

This study explored the effects of neurofeedback on electroencephalogram, impulsivity, sensation seeking, game addiction symptoms and game craving of university students with game addiction symptoms. Twelve university students participated in this study, six were assigned to the experimental group, and the rest were assigned to the control group. The experiment group received 20 sessions of neurofeedback, but the control group received any treatment. The neurofeedback group showed more significant improvement in EEG, game addiction symptom severity and impulsivity than control group, and the improvements were maintained at follow up.

본 연구는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 대학 야구 선수의 경기력 및 뇌기능에 미치는 효과에 대해 분석하였다. K 소재의 Y대학 야구부에 소속되어 있는 대학 야구 선수 총 28명을 대상으로 실험군 14명과 대조군 14명을 구분하 여 뉴로피드백 훈련 전후 경기력과 뇌기능의 변화를 분석하였다. 뇌파측정은 전전두엽 Fp1과 Fp2에 건식 전극을 사용하여 측정하여 분석하였고 경기력은 공개되어 있는 공식 경기 성적을 토대로 분석하였다. 그 결과 뉴로피드백 훈련에 참여한 실험군의 뇌기능 중 진폭대칭이 실험 전보다 후에 유의미하게 증가하였고 경기력의 향상이 있었다. 이러한 결과는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 대학 야구 선수의 경기력 및 뇌기능에 영향을 준다는 것을 시사한다.

This study analyzed the effects of neurofeedback training on the performance and brain function of college baseball players. A total of 28 college baseball players belonging to Y University's baseball team in K were divided into 14 experimental groups and 14 control groups, and changes in performance and brain function were analyzed before and after neurofeedback training. EEG measurements were analyzed using dry electrodes in the prefrontal cortex Fp1 and Fp2, and performance was analyzed based on publicly available official game results. As a result, the amplitude symmetry of the brain functions of the experimental group that participated in neurofeedback training significantly increased after the experiment compared to before, and there was an improvement in athletic performance. These results suggest that neurofeedback training affects the performance and brain function of college baseball players.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of Neuro Feedback training by observing the pre and post brainwave measurement results of about 50 (experimental group 25. comparative group 25) subjects who have shown psychological difficulties in studying, attention deficit, and personalities. The study took place at Neuro Feedback training Center B, in between the months of July 2006 and May 2007. The methodology involved in the study included the Coloring Analysis Program of the Brain Quotient Test. As the brain waves are adjusted by timeseries linear analysis, the brain function quotients can reflect the functional states of the brain. Through the test, three parameters - relaxation, attention and concentration-were initially measured for one minute each and the lowest parameter out of the three was selected as the training mode or improvement target. The training took place two or three times a week, for about 40 to 60 minutes per session. Because the clients have come to the training center at different times, the researcher sampled the results of only those who had attended more than 30 training sessions. The tool used to measure the psychological reaction was POMS (Profile of Mood State), while the tool used to measure the emotional and attention-deficit characteristics was the Amen Clinic ADD Type questionnaire. Hypothesis testing included t-test. The result of the study showed the Theta : SMR ratio of (left)p=.013, (right) p=.019. The result also confirmed the differences of both ATQ(left) p=.011, (right)p=.030 and SQ(left) p=,017, (right) p=.022. The result confirmed of emotional p=.000, attention-deficit characteristics p=.000. The result of the study suggest Neuro Feedback technique"s possibility in positively affecting the subjects" mental state and attention-deficit characteristics.

치매인구의 증가가 사회적 문제로 대두되고 있다. 예방적 차원의 관리방안을 연구해야 할 시기이다. 본 연구는 주야간보호센터를 활용하고 있는 노인들을 대상으로 뉴로피드백 프로그램을 통하여 노인들의 각성 도 향상에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위한 연구이다. 뉴로피드백 훈련은 2021년 7월 5일부터 2021년 8월 13일까 지, 주 5회, 1회 훈련시간은 30분, 총 30회 실시하였다. 객관적인 대상선별을 위해 CIST(인지선별검사)를 실시 하였고, 뉴로피드백 훈련의 객관적인 지표를 도출하기 위하여 사전·사후 뇌기능검사(BFM)를 실시하였다. 검사 한 결과 전반적으로 각성도에서 수치상 향상되거나 개선되는 변화를 보였고 이는 재가노인복지시설을 이용하 는 노인들의 인지능력개선에 유용한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 생각한다.

The increase in the population with dementia is emerging as a social problem. It is time to study preventive management measures. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the neurofeedback program on the improvement of arousal of the elderly using the day/night care center. Neurofeedback training was conducted from July 5, 2021 to August 13, 2021, 5 times a week, for 30 minutes each training time, a total of 30 times. CIST(Cognitive Impairment Screening Test) was performed for objective target selection, and pre- and post-brain function tests were performed to derive objective indicators of neurofeedback training. As a result of the examination, there was a numerically improved or improved change in the overall level of arousal, and this can be used as useful data for improving the cognitive ability of the elderly who use home aged welfare facilities.

Purpose: The study investigated whether neurofeedback training (NFT) can normalize the excessive high beta and low alpha waves indicative of hyperarousal and subsequently improve autonomous regulation based on the self-determination theory in alcohol use disorders. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretesteposttest design was used. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires from 36 Korean inpatients who met the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test in Korea criteria. Data were collected from quantitative electroencephalography to assess alpha (8 e12 Hz) and high beta (21e30 Hz) waves for hyperarousal. The questionnaires included Basic Psychological Need Satisfaction scales that assessed autonomy, competence, and relatedness, and the Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy Scale and Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire. The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of NFT over 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using the Chi-squared, ManneWhitney U, and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. Results: In the experimental group, the alpha wave was increased in 15 of 19 sites and high beta waves were decreased in 15 of 19 sites, but this difference was not significant. However, high beta waves were increased in 15 of 19 sites in the control group, with seven sites (Fz, Cz, Pz, Fp2, F4, C4, and P4) showing significant increases. The experimental group showed a significant increase in basic psychological need satisfaction, alcohol abstinence self-efficacy, and self-regulation compared with the control group. Conclusion: NFT is recommended for improving autonomous regulation in alcohol use disorder as a nursing intervention. However, for significantly attenuating hyperarousal through brain wave correction, it may be necessary to increase the number of neurofeedback sessions.

만성 불면장애 환자들의 생리적 과각성 메커니즘을 설명하는 과각성 모델(Hyperarousal Model)은 수면과 각성 조절의 불안정 상태가 불면 증상의 발생과 관련이 있으며 만성불면장애 환자들이 다양한 형태의 신경 생리적 과각성을 나타낸다고 설명하고 있다. 선행연구들에서도 불면장애 환자들에게서 정상인보다 높은 고주파 대역의 뇌파를 나타낸다고 보고하고 있다. 이는 불면장애 환자의 과각성 상태를 시사하며, 이러한 과각성 뇌파패턴은 비회복적 수면을 야기한다. 이에 본 연구는 불면장애 환자들에게 나타나는 대표적인 고주파대역의 뇌파인 Beta파(18-30 Hz)감소 뉴로피드백을 실시하여 불면장애 환자들의 불면장애 증상에 효과가 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 불면장애 관련 불면장애 관련 검사에서 불면장애를 시사하는 점수를 나타낸 참가자를 치료집단과 대기 통제 집단에 무선할당을 하였다. 치료집단(n=5)은 일주일에 1번씩 10회기의 뉴로피드백 치료를 받고, 대기 통제 집단(n= 9)은 10주 간 아무런 처치를 받지 않았다. 뉴로피드백치료의 효과측정을 위해 치료집단과 대기 통제 집단의 치료 전, 후의 휴식기 뇌파(개안, 폐안), 심박변이도, 불면장애 관련 검사 점수, Smart Wearable Device를 이용해 측정한 데이터를 비교하였다. 그 결과, 치료집단은 대기 통제 집단보다 Beta파, 심박률, 수면잠복기, 불면장애 관련 검사 점수 감소와 Alpha파, 총 수면시간, 수면효율 증가를 나타내었다. 본 연구는 만성 불면장애 환자들에게 나타나는 신경생리학적 과각성 지표인 Beta파를 이용한 최초의 뉴로피드백 프로토콜일 뿐 아니라 Beta파 감소가 불면장애 증상에 효과가 있다는 새로운 증거를 제시한다. Beta 감소 뉴로피드백 치료는 임산부, 장기적인 약물복용으로 인해 내성이 생긴 환자군, 노년층 등 특수한 환자군에게 안전하고 효과적이며 대안적인 비약물 치료가 될 것으로 기대된다. 뉴로피드백의 치료 효과는 환자의 불면장애 증상에 대한 통제감을 제공할 뿐 아니라 다른 정신질환과의 공존이환에 대한 위험성을 감소시킨다. 본 연구는 10회기 후 불면장애 증상의 개선을 확인하였는데, 불면장애 증상의 빠른 경감 효과는 환자들의 치료에 대한 동기를 강화시켜줄 뿐 아니라 치료의 윤리적인 측면에서 환자들의 시간과 비용을 부담을 줄일수 있다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

According to the "hyper-arousal" model of primary insomnia (PI), insomnia patients experience heightened physiological and cognitive arousal compared to normal people during both sleep and wakefulness. Previous studies have reported that insomnia patients show more high frequency electroencephalogram (EEG) signals than normal people. This suggests that hyper- arousal in insomnia, reflected in the high frequency EEG pattern, results in non-restorative sleep. Specifically, hyperarousal in PI results in increased beta activity that is associated with cortical arousal, resulting in non-restorative sleep. This study aimed to verify the efficacy of a beta-decrease neurofeedback (NF) protocol for insomnia. Participants were randomly assigned to an NF treatment or a wait-list control group. The NF treatment group received 10 sessions of NF (n=5), and the wait-list control group (n=9) group received no treatment. We compared the following parameters pre-and post-treatment, as well as 2-weeks following the final treatment: resting state EEG (eye-open, EO; eye-closed, EC), heart rate variability (HRV), sleep scales, sleep diaries, and Smart Wearable Device data. Results showed significantly decreased beta power, HRV, SL (sleep latency), sleep scale scores, increased alpha power, TST (total sleep time), SE (sleep effectiveness), and sleep satisfaction in the wait-list control group compared with the NF group. This study is the first neurofeedback protocol using “Beta power” as a marker of neurophysiological arousal in insomnia. Our findings provide new evidence for the efficacy of Beta in decreasing insomnia symptoms and add to the range of non-pharmacological insomnia intervention choices for pregnant, psychopharmacotherapy-resistant, and older people. Neurofeedback not only provides control of insomnia symptoms but also results in a decreased risk of psychological comorbidities. This study found improved insomnia symptoms after only 10 sessions of NF. Fast remission of insomnia symptoms may reinforce patients’ motivations for treatment, is more cost-effective, and can result in reduced treatment times.

본 연구에서는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 ADHD 아동의 부주의와 과잉행동/충동성에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 전북대학교병원 외래환자이며 지능지수가 70점 이상인 32명의 아동이 본 연구에 참여하였다. 참여한 아동과 부모는 아동용-정동장애와 정신분열병 스케줄 면담을 받았으며, 아동의 부모가 한국어판 주의력 결핍 및 과잉행동 장애 평정척도를 작성하여 모든 아동이 절단점 이상을 받았다. 아동과 부모의 선택에 따라 뉴로피드백 집단에 12명, 뉴로피드백+약물치료 집단에 9명, 약물치료 집단에 11명이 배정되었다. 그 후 뉴로피드백 훈련이 포함된 집단은 총 20회기의 훈련 프로그램을 받았으며, 훈련 종료 후 사후 검사가 실시되었고 4주 후 추적 검사가 이루어졌다. 그 결과, 부주의 점수에서 세 집단의 점수 감소는 보였지만, 뉴로피드백 집단이 약물치료 집단보다 유의하게 더 감소되었다. 과잉행동/충동성 점수에서는 세 집단 간 유의한 차이를 보이지 않아 뉴로피드백 훈련도 약물치료 만큼 증상을 개선하는 경향이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 뉴로피드백 훈련과 약물치료를 병행하는 것보다 뉴로피드백 훈련을 단독으로 실시하는 것이 증상 개선에서 더 긍정적인 경향이 있음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 추후 연구에 대한 제언을 논의하였다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Neurofeedback Training(NFT) on inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity in children with ADHD. Thirty two outpatient children with IQ scores over 70 who went to Chonbuk National University Hospital participated in this study. Before pre-test, children and their parents received a thorough explanation of the study and provided their consent form. Both children and their parents completed the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime Version-Korean Version (K-SADS-PL-K) and the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale- Parent(K-ARS-P). Children gained more than 16 points (boys) or 11 points(girls) as indicated by the Korean-ADHD Rating Scale-Parent. According to choice from children and their parents, children were divided into an NFT group (n=11), an NFT+medication group (n=9), and a medication group (n=9). All parents participants completed K-ARS at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at four4 weeks follow-up. The NFT was administered for 20 training sessions to children in the NFT and NFT+medication groups. The results of this study were as follows: Inattention score for all groups decreased; however, the inattention score for the NFT group significantly decreased more than that of the medication group. Hyperactivity/impulsivity scores among the groups was not significant. Based on the results, it was concluded that NFT had a tendency to reduce symptoms in a manner similar to medication. Further, NFT was more positive than NFT+medication with respect to symptom improvement. Finally, the implications and the limitations of this study, and suggestions for future study were also discussed.

뉴로피드백 훈련이 측두하악장애 환자들의 통증, 수면의 질 및 삶의 질에 미치는 효과를 알아보았다. 사전 조사에서 측두하악장애 질문지, 시각 아날로그 척도, Pittsburgh 수면의 질 지수 및 구강 건강 관련 삶의 질 척도를 실시하였다. 측두하악장애 진단을 받고, 턱 통증이 있고, 수면의 질과 구강 건강 관련 삶의 질 점수에서 상대적으로 높은 점수를 받은 사람들 가운데 14명을 뉴로피드백 훈련 집단과 대기 통제 집단에 각각 7명씩 무선 할당하였다. 그 후 훈련 집단에 대해 총 20회기에 걸쳐 뉴로피드백 훈련을 실시하였다. 프로그램 종료 후 사후 검사, 4주 후 추적 검사가 실시되었다. 그 결과, 뉴로피드백 훈련에 참여한 참가자들이 대기 통제 집단의 참가자들보다 턱 통증이 유의하게 더 감소되었고, 수면의 질 및 구강 건강 관련 삶의 질이 유의하게 더 개선되었으며, 그 수준이 추적 검사까지 유지되었다. 마지막으로, 본 연구의 의의와 제한점 및 추후 연구에 대한 시사점이 논의되었다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of Neurofeedback Training on pain reduction, quality of sleep, and quality of life in patients with Temporomandibular disorders. Temporomandibular Disorder Questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale(VAS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), and Oral Health Impact Profile(OHIP) were used for selecting in pre-test. 14 people who took a Temporomandibular Disorder diagnosis and experienced a jaw pain participated in this study. They got a relatively high score in PSQI and OHIP. Then, 14 people were randomly assigned to a 10 weeks Neurofeedback Training group(n=7) or wait-list control group(n=7). The Neurofeedback training for 7 people was administered for 20 sessions. Jaw pain, quality of sleep, and quality of life were assessed at pre-test, post-test, and 1-month follow-up periods. The results of this study were that scores of jaw pain, quality of sleep and quality of life in the Neurofeedback Training group were significantly decreased more than those in the wait-list control group. Finally, the implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for further research were discussed.

월경 전 불쾌장애(PMDD)는 현저한 정서적 증상의 복합으로 특징지어지고, 신체적 증상이 수반될 수도 있다. 지금까지 부작용이 없으면서도 적합한 치료가 없었기 때문에, 본 연구에서는 그러한 치료를 알아보고자 PMDD 여성들의 취약성인 전두엽 EEG 비대칭을 조절하는 뉴로피드백 훈련을 수행하였다. 704명의 미혼여성 중에서 축약형 월경 전 평가서, 간이정신진단검사, 일일평정서 및 면담으로 참여자를 선별하였다. 최종 18명이 PMDD 진단을 받았고, 이 여성들을 짝짓기로 각 9명 씩 치료집단과 통제집단에 배치하였다. 뉴로피드백 훈련이 PMDD의 증상에 미치는 효과에 대한 측정은 월경 전 평가서로 하였다. 뉴로피드백 훈련 후, 통제집단보다 치료집단이 EEG 비대칭 지 수가 더 교정되는 것으로 나타났고, 월경 전의 정서적, 행동적 및 신체적 증상은 더 감소되는 것 으로 나타났다. 뉴로피드백 훈련은 PMDD 여성들의 휴식기 EEG를 교정시켜주고, PMDD의 정서 적, 행동적 증상에는 직접적인 효과를 지녔으며, 신체적인 증상에는 매개 효과를 지닌 것으로 보 인다.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder(PMDD) is characterized by some combination of marked affective symptoms, which may be accompanied by physical symptoms. The neurofeedback training regulating frontal lobe EEG asymmetry that is vulnerability in women with PMDD had been performed to seek such a treatment in this study by reason that there is no suitable treatment with no side effects until now. Participants had been screened by Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form, Symptom-Checklist-90-Revision, Daily Rating Form, and interview among 704 unmarried women. In result 18 women took PMDD diagnosis, and then these are assigned each 9 in treatment group and in control group by paired-matches. Premenstrual Assessment Form was used for measuring the effects of neurofeedback training on symptoms of PMDD. After Neurofeedback training, EEG asymmetry scores in treatment group was corrected more than those of the waiting list control group, and affective, behavioral and physical symptoms had been reduced more than control group. It seems that neurofeedback training helps to correct resting EEG of women with PMDD, has directive effects on affective and behavioral, and has mediate effects on physical symptoms of PMDD. In PMDD treatments of clinical practices, neurofeedback training could be a favorite treatment for both clinicians and patients.

Purpose: This study was done to determine the effects of a neurofeedback program on brain function and stress in occupational high school students. Method: A nonequivalent control group, non-synchronized with pre-posttest design was used with 62 students. Data collection was done from July to December, 2007. The neurofeedback training was given for 30 minutes at a time, three times a week for 12 weeks. Brain function was measured by brain waves in the frontal lobes of the students and analyzed by eight brain quotients characterizing patterns of EEG rhythms. The instrument used to measure stress was a scale for stress from regular daily life. Results: After neurofeedback training, the level of brain quotients in students in the experiment group increased(t=2.36, p<.05) and the level of stress decreased(t=-3.59, p<.001). Conclusion: The results of the study suggested that a neurofeedback program is effective for brain function improvement and stress reduction in high school students. Therefore, the conclusion of this study is that neurofeedback programs can be useful to increase brain function and decrease stress in occupational high school students.

베타 감소 뉴로피드백 훈련이 수면의 질이 좋지 못한 일반인을 대상으로 수면에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 효과를 확인하였다. 연구대상자들은 사전에 온라인을 통해서 Pittsburgh 수면의 질 척도, 불면증 심각도 척도, 수면 전 각성척도, Epworth 낮 졸리움 척도를 실시하였다. 사전에 실시한 척도 중 Pittsburgh 수면의 질 척도 점수 5점 이상의 대상자만을 선발하였다. 최종 선발된 15명의 연구대상자들은 Beta 감소 뉴로피드백 훈련 집단, SMR 강화 뉴로피드백 훈련 집단, 이완훈련 집단으로 각각 5명씩 무선배정 되었다. 대상자들은 6주 간의 수면일지를 작성하도록 하였고, 작성 2주 후 뉴로피드백 훈련이 실시되었다. 뉴로피드백 훈련은 총 4세션으로, 세션당 4회/10분으로 훈련이 실시되었다. 뉴로피드백 훈련이 종료된 후 사후 검사를 실시하였고, 2주 후 추적검사가 실시되었다. 연구 결과, Beta 감소 뉴로피드백 훈련 집단은 다른 두 집단과 달리 Pittsburgh 수면의 질 척도, 불면증 심각도 척도, 수면 전 각성 척도에서 유의미하게 감소되었다. 수면일지를 통해서 알아본 주관적 수면상태에서는 Beta 감소 뉴로피드백 훈련 집단의 수면효율이 다른 두 집단과 달리 유의미하게 증가하였다. 이러한 경향은 추적검사 때 까지 유지되었다. 끝으로 본 연구의 의의, 제한점과 미래 연구에 대한 제안점이 논의되었다.

Insomnia is a sleeping problem that is experienced by many people at least once in their lifetimes. Neurofeedback training is known to be effective for treating insomnia. However, neurofeecback training for insomnia generally SMR protocol. Recently, hyperarousal theory is supported by relevance to occurrence and maintenance in insomnia. It is known that patients with insomnia have increased psychophysiological indicators such as a high Beta frequency. Despite this evidence, a beta decrease neurofeedback protocol has not yet been developed. Therefore, the objective of this study is the development of a new neurofeedback training protocol for insomnia. Several questionnaires were used for selection of participants and administration of the pre-test: the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), the Insomnia Severity Index(ISI), the Pre-Sleep Arousal Scale(PSAS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale(ESS). 15 participants were randomly assigned to receive beta decrease neurofeedback(n=5) or SMR increase neurofeedback(n=5) or relaxation training(n=5). Four days during the course of 2 weeks of Neurofeedback and relaxation training was performed, and the neurofeedback sessions took place 4 times a day(10min/times), for a total of 4 sessions. At the end of training, the results were assessed for the post-test, and also during a 2 week follow-up period. As a result, the PSQI, ISI, PSAS scores of beta neurofeedback group significantly decreased. To conclude, study limitations are discussed as well as suggestion for future studies.

본 연구는 뇌파를 변화시키는 훈련 뉴로피드백이 일부 여대생들의 생활 스트레스와 우울에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 융복합 연구를 실시하였다. 중재는 실험군 26명, 대조군 26명으로 나누어 8주 동안 실시하였으며 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전후를 비교하여 생활 스트레스가 감소되었으며, 실험군이 대조군에 비해 생활 스트레스가 통계학적으로 유의하게 감소됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 둘째, 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전후를 비교하여 우울이 감소되었으며. 실험군이 대조군에 비해 우울이 통계학적으로 유의하게 감소됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 뉴로피드백 훈련이 생활 스트레스와 우울 감소에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 기대할 수 있다.

This Convergence study aimed to investigate the effects of changing brainwave neurofeedback training on life stress and depression in female college students. Twenty-six of the subjects were selected into the experimental group and the control group respectively intervention for 8 weeks, the following results were obtained. First, experimental group and control group presented statistical significant difference before and after intervention on life stress, and life stress in experimental group was statistical significantly decreased than control group. Second, experimental group and control group presented statistical significant difference before and after intervention on depression, and depression in experimental group was statistically significantly decreased than control group. The results obtained from this study expect us that applying the neurofeedback training for the decrease of life stress and depression, has a positive effect.

본 연구는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시와 우울에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 대 상자는 기본적인 입원치료와 추가적으로 뉴로피드백을 중재한 실험군 14명, 기본적인 입원치료와 추가적으로 전통적 인 편측무시 치료를 중재한 대조군 14명으로 나누어 실시하였으며 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전후를 비교하여 편측무시가 감소되었다. 하지만 중재후 두 집단간의 유의한 차이는 보이지 않았 다. 둘째, 실험군과 대조군 모두 중재 전후를 비교하여 우울이 감소되었다. 그리고 실험군이 대조군에 비해 우울이 통계학적으로 유의하게 감소됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들로 보아 편측무시와 우울을 나타내는 뇌졸중 환자 들의 재활에서 뉴로피드백 훈련이 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 기대할 수 있다.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of neurofeedback training on unilateral neglect and depression in patients with stroke. Fourteen of the subjects were selected from the experimental group and the control group respectively; the following results were obtained. First, experimental group and the control group presented significant statistical difference before and after intervention on neglect. However, there is after intervention no significant statistical among them. Two, experimental group and the control group presented significant statistical difference before and after intervention on depression, and the experimental group demonstrated more decrease than the control group in depression. The results obtained from this research expect us that applying the neurofeedback training for the improvement of neglect and depression, to stroke patients has a positive effect on the rehabilitation of patients.

본 연구의 목적은 뉴로피드백 훈련이 액티브 시니어의 스트레스와 불안에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 실험의 대상자는 액티브 시니어 66명(실험군 33명, 대조군 33명)이며 뉴로피드백 훈련을 주 3회 실시하였다. 기간은 2025년 1월부터 2025년 6월까지이며, 훈련 전후 스트레스와 불안 정도의 차이를 보기 위하여 뇌파 측정과 설문지를 실시하였다. 뇌파의 측정은 한국뇌과학연구소에서 개발한 뇌파 측정기(Brain SC)를 통해 진행하였고, 뇌기능분석 프로그램 (BFA)을 사용해 뇌파를 분석하였으며, 한국판 벡 불안 척도 설문지를 통해 뉴로피드백 훈련 전과 후를 비교하였다. 사후 측정 후 공분산분석(ANCOVA)을 한 결과 육체적 스트레스 좌(F=7.322, p<.01), 우(F=9.676, p<.01), 불안 척도 설문지(F=6.753, p<.05)에서 유의미한 차이를 보였으며, 대응표본 t-검정(Paired t-test)으로 각 집단의 훈련 전과 후의 비교를 한 결과 실험군에서만 육체적 스트레스 좌(t=2.154, p<.05), 우(t=2.287, p<.05), 불안 척도 설문지(t=2.696, p<.05)에 서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 이 결과는 뉴로피드백 훈련이 액티브 시니어들의 스트레스 저항 능력과 심리적 안정감을 향상시켜 삶의 질에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of neurofeedback training on stress and anxiety in active seniors. The subjects of the experiment were 66 active seniors (33 in the experimental group and 33 in the control group), and neurofeedback training was performed three times a week. The period was from January 2025 to June 2025, and brain wave measurements and questionnaires were conducted to see the difference in stress and anxiety levels before and after training. Brain wave measurements were performed using a brain wave measuring device (Brain SC) developed by the Korea Brain Science Institute, and brain wave analysis was performed using the Brain Function Analysis Program (BFA). The Korean version of the Beck Anxiety Scale questionnaire was used to compare before and after neurofeedback training. As a result of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after post-measurement, there was a significant difference in physical stress left (F=7.322, p<.01), right (F=9.676, p<.01), and anxiety scale questionnaire (F=6.753, p<.05). As a result of performing a paired t-test to compare before and after training for each group, only the experimental group showed a significant difference in physical stress left (t=2.154, p<.05), right (t=2.287, p<.05), and anxiety scale questionnaire (t=2.696, p<.05). These results suggest that neurofeedback training can have a positive impact on the quality of life of active seniors by improving their stress resistance and psychological stability.

본 연구는 뉴로피드백 훈련을 활용한 신경과학기반 뉴로리더십 프로그램이 대학생의 뇌기능 지수, 취업스트레스 및 진로결정자기효능감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구대상은 남녀 대학생 17명을 실험집단으로 선정하여 1회 4시간씩, 매주 2회, 총 12회기 프로그램을 실시하였으며, 남녀 대학생 16명을 프로그램을 받지 않는 무처치 집단인 통제집단으로 선정하였다. 연구방법은 실험집단과 통제집단을 대상으로 뇌기능 지수(BQ) 측정을 위한 뇌파검사와 취업스트레스와 진로결정자기효능감 측정을 위한 설문지 검사를 프로그램 적용 전과 후에 실시하였다. 분석을 위해 독립 이표본 t-검정을 사용하였으며, 분석결과 뉴로리더십 프로그램을 받은 실험집단은 통제집단에 비해 뇌기능 지수의 일부 영역, 취업스트레스와 진로결정자기효능감에서 유의미한 차이를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 뉴로리더십에 대한 연구가 초기 단계에 있기 때문에 선행연구가 미흡한 상태에서 이루어진 탐색적 연구의 성격을 갖고 있다. 따라서 추후 대학생을 비롯한 다양한 연령층을 대상으로 뉴로리더십 프로그램을 확대 적용하여 프로그램의 효과성을 반복 검정해나가는 것이 확인적 연구가 필요할 것으로 보이며, 향후 뉴로리더십의 종단적 연구설계를 기반으로한 연구의 필요성이 제기 되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구의 연구결과는 뉴로피드백 훈련을 활용한 뉴로리더십 프로그램이 대학생의 뇌기능 지수와 진로결정자기효능감을 높여주고, 취업스트레스는 낮춰주는 결과를 가져 왔음을 보여주고 대학생 시기에 뉴로리더십 교육의 필요성을 시사하고 있다. 이는 추후 다양한 연령층을 대상으로 뉴로리더십 프로그램의 효과를 재검증하고 뉴로리더십 척도 개발 및 관계 연구 등의 기초자료를 제공한다는 점에서 그 의의가 있다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the brain quotient, job stress, and career decision-making self-efficacy of university students who received neurofeedback training- utilized neuroleadership program. To attain at its gold of study, I have established the following assumptions and verified its effects. The targets of research were selected from 33 university students of D university located in Changwon and 17 of them were arranged into a experimental group and 16 of them were arranged into a control group. 17 university students who received the neurofeedback training-utilized neuroleadership for 4hours at once, 2 times every week as the experimental group. 16 univerisity students who had not received any program as the control group. Brain Quotient was measured using a 2-Channel Brainwave Measure System developed by Briantech Corp., Korea and analyzed by brainwaves throught BQ analysis. Job Stress was measured using a redesigned version of Job Stress test developed by Yu-Lee Kang. Career decision-making self-efficacy was measured using a CDMSES-SF(Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale Short Form) developed and standardized by Ki-Hak Lee, Hak-Ju Lee. The data were analyzed statistically through SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Science) ver. 18.0. The differneces of two groups were analyzed through using the frequency analysis, independent two samples t-test. The results of this study are as follows: the experimental group who participated in neurofeedback training-utilized neuroleadership program showed a statistically significant difference in some of quotients and did not show a statistically significant difference in some of quotients of brain quotient compared to the control group. And the experimental group showed a statistically significant difference in job stress and career decision-making self-efficacy compared to the control group. Except for the family nature of the sub-factors of job stress, environmental stress, stress, school stress , school stress environment , job insecurity and stress at work stress the whole group showed significant difference between the two group. Also, career decision career information collected except for the target sub-set of the factors of self-efficacy, planning, problem solving, self-assessment and career decision self-efficacy in a whole showed significant differences between the two groups. The results suggest that neurofeedback training-utilized neuroleadership program can contribute to increase brain quotients and career decision-making self-efficacy and decrease job stress in university students. Implications for future research and practice were discussed in the needs of expanding the neuroleadership program related research in neuroleadership.

본 연구는 ADHD 아동의 주의력 향상을 위한 뉴로피드백을 활용한 융복합 예술치료프로그 램을 개발하고, 그 효과성을 알아보고자 하였다. 주의력 향상을 위한 융복합 예술치료프로그 램을 회기당 30분, 총 6회기로 구성되었고 단일대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. ADHD 아동의 주의력 향상을 알아보기 위해 프로그램 시행 전과 후에 CCTT 아동 색–선로 검사와 STROOP 아동 색–단어 검사를 실시하였으며, 뉴로하모니S를 활용한 뇌파검사를 시행하였 다. 그 결과, 뉴로피드백을 활용한 융복합 예술치료프로그램 시행 전과 후의 점수의 변화가 유의미하게 나타났으며, 본 연구의 효과성을 증명되었다.

The purpose of this study was to develop a convergence art therapy program using neurofeedback to improve the attention of ADHD children and to find out its effectiveness. The convergence art therapy program for improving attention consisted of 30 minutes per session, a total of 6 sessions, and experiments were conducted with a single subject. To find out the improvement of attention of ADHD children, CCTT children's color-line test and STROOP children's color-word test were performed before and after the program was implemented, and electroencephalogram using neuroharmony S was performed. As a result, the change in score before and after the implementation of the convergence art therapy program using neurofeedback was significant, and the effectiveness of this study was proved.

최근 많은 사람들이 불면증으로 인한 노동력저하, 인지기능저하, 정신질환 증가 등의 불편을 겪고 있다. 이에 대한 해결책은 인지치료나 약물치료가 거의 전부인 수준이나 부작용과 의존성 문제로 인해 장기적으로는 권장되지 않는 방법이 다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 수면 유도에 도움이 되는 포터블 뇌파 측정기 기반 뉴로피드백 시스템을 제안한다. 그리고 시스템 을 구현하는 데 가장 핵심적인 기능인 뇌파 상태 분류기를 설계하고 평가하며 성능에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 여러 요인들에 대해 최적화된 분류기 모델링 방법을 제시한다. 제안한 분류기를 이용할 시 포터블 뇌파 측정기에서 각성과 수면 단계를 97.9% 정확하게 구분할 수 있었다.

Recently, many people have suffered from insomnia, labor loss, cognitive decline, and mental illness. The solution to this problem is almost entirely cognitive therapy or medication, but it is not recommended in the long term due to side effects and dependency problems. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a neuro feedback system based on portable EEG that helps induce sleeping. We design and evaluate the EEG classifier, which is the most important function to implement the system, and propose an optimized classifier modeling method for various factors that can affect performance. When using the proposed classifier, we could distinguish 97.9% of awakening and sleep phase in portable EEG.