Earticle

ZnO nanoparticles are used to obtain inorganic antibacterial and UV-blocking properties. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the increase in the production of ZnO nanoparticles from the laboratory scale to the industrial scale. Economic evaluation is carried out from an engineering and economic perspective. From the engineering evaluation, the results show that the production of prospective ZnO nanoparticles uses modern methods and technology. From an economic point of view, the results show that the production of ZnO nanoparticles on an industrial scale can benefit from certain conditions of raw materials, certain conditions of selling prices, and certain conditions of income tax. All evaluation parameters give a positive price. The development of this project needs to be added especially regarding additional strategies to increase profits and to attract investors, this study provides sufficient promise for the production of ZnO nanoparticles in developing countries.

This study used cerium iron hydroxide nanoparticle with HEMA (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), the cross-linker EGDMA (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate), NVP (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) and the initiator AIBN (azobisisobutyronitrile) for copolymerization. Also, the physical properties of the prepared lenses were compared, and their applicability as polymers for ophthalmic materials was experimented. The results of the measurement showed that the UV blocking rate and the wettability increased with the cerium iron hydroxide nanoparticles addition ratio, and the refractive index and water content were not affected. Thus, the produced copolymer is expected to be useful as a functional contact lens material while satisfying the basic physical properties of the hydrogel contact lens.

A synthetic route for 12 metal thiocarboxylate complex, Cd(SOCCH3)2Lut2 [Lut = 3,5-dimethylpyridine (lutidine)], were investigated for their potential to act as precursors for the formation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles. Cd(SOCCH3)2Lut2 were characterized by lH-NMR spectroscopy. Thermal decomposition of Cd(SOCCH3)2Lut2 is expected to undergo thiocarboxylic anhydride elimination to give stoichiometric cadmium sulfide nanoparticles and removes the organic supporting ligands cleanly. Prepared cadmium sulfide nanoparticles were characterized by fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and displayed an emission band at 500 nm with an excitation wavelength of 360 nm.

New low temperature synthesis of germanium nanoparticles obtained from the reaction of germanium tetrachloride and sodium/benzophenonewere developed. These germanium nanoparticles terminated with chloride group were oxidized in air to give hydroxy-terminated germanium nanoparticles. Germanium nanoparticle containing 20(S)-camptothecin (CPT) for a noble drug delivery system were developed. FT-IR spectroscopy was used for the characterization of vibrational absorption for the germanium nanoparticle and oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin. Electronic absorption and fluorescence properties were measured with UV-Vis and fluorescence spectrometer. The morphology of oxidized germanium nanoparticles containing camptothecin was investigated by using TEM.

형광 염료가 도핑 된 실리카 나노입자는 DNA 마이크로 에레이와 같은 바이오 라벨링 및 바이오 이미징에 활용되고 있으며, 높은 생체 적합성과 낮은 독성 및 높은 친수성의 특성을 가지고 있어 많은 주목을 받고 있는 기능성 나노소재이다. 본 논문에서는 형광 유기염료를 에탄올과 탈이온수에 각각 용해시킨 후 형광염료를 실리카 나노입자에 물리적으로 흡착시키는 방법과 화학적으로 도핑 시키는 방법으로 실리카 나노입자를 합성한 후 365 nm 파장의 자외선을 조사하여 형광특성을 분석하였다. 연구결과 형광 염료를 물리적으로 흡착시킨 실리카 나노입자보다 화학적으로 형광 염료를 도핑 시킨 실리카 나노입자의 형광특성이 우수하였으며, 도핑 된 형광 염료의 양이 많을수록 형광특성이 우수하였다. 형광 염료를 용해시키는 용매의 경우, 에탄올이 탈이온수와 비교하여 탁월한 형광 특성을 나타내었다. 또한 순수한 형광 염료와 형광 염료가 도핑 된 실리카 나노입자의 광안정성을 조사한 결과, 형광 염료가 도핑 된 실리카 나노입자의 광안정성이 보다 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 형광염료가 최적으로 도핑 된 실리카 나노입자를 바이오 이미징 에이전트로 사용한다면 높은 광안정성과 형광특성으로 인하여 인체 내부의 생체 모니터링에 유용하게 활용될 것으로 전망된다.

The functional nanomaterials of fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles(NPs) are applied to bio applications such as bio-labeling of DNA micro-array, and bio-imaging. Organic dye-doped fluorescent silica NPs exhibit excellent bio-compatibility, non-toxic, and highly hydrophilic properties. In this study, organic fluorescent dyes were dissolved in ethanol, and deionized(DI) water. Organic fluorescent dyes were physically adsorbed to silica NPs and chemically doped to silica NPs. The fluorescence characteristics(FLC) was investigated by UV lamp irradiation of 365 nm wavelength. As results, the FLC of dye-doped silica NPs exhibits better than dye-adsorbed silica NPs and the FLC was improved with the increase of concentration of doped-dyes. The fluorescent organic dyes were well dissolved in ethanol than DI water. The photostability of dye-doped silica NPs was superior than pure fluorescent organic dye. The FLC of optimized dye-doped silica NPs would be applied to agent of non-invasive fluorescence bio-imaging in live cell and in vivo.

Despite the long history of mushroom use, studies examining the genetic function of mushrooms and the development of new varieties via bio-molecular methods are significantly lacking compared to those examining other organisms. However, owing to recent developments, attempts have been made to use a novel gene-editing technique involving CRISPR/Cas9 technology and genetic scissors in mushroom studies. In particular, research is actively being conducted to utilize ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) that can be genetically edited with high efficiency without foreign gene insertion for ease of selection. However, RNPs are too large for Cas9 protein to pass through the cell membrane of the protoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, guide RNA is unstable and can be easily decomposed, which remarkably affects gene editing efficiency. In this study, nanoparticles were used to mitigate the shortcomings of RNP-based gene editing techniques and to obtain transformants stably. We used Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) Sanjo705-13 monokaryon strain, which has been successfully used in previous genome editing experiments. To identify a suitable osmotic buffer for the isolation of protoplast, 0.6 M and 1.2 M sucrose, mannitol, sorbitol, and KCl were treated, respectively. In addition, with various nanoparticle-forming materials, experiments were conducted to confirm genome editing efficiency via the formation of nanoparticles with calcium phosphate (CaP), which can be bound to Cas9 protein without any additional amino acid modification. RNPs/NP complex was successfully formed and protected nuclease activity with nucleotide sequence specificity.

New materials are very useful due to their wide range of applications, however, they also have caused new pollutants that damage our environment. Chemists have been conscious of the severity of these environmental problems and a great deal of effort has been put into developing environmentally benign chemical processes to synthesize new materials (green synthesis). We also have reported a green synthesis method of synthesizing silver nanoparticles using water–glycerol solution in a previous study. While conducting further research, we have recently discovered that the size of silver nanoparticles is proportional to the quantity of water present in glycerol. This method is completely benign and ecofriendly pathway, as the size of silver nanoparticles is adjusted solely by controlling the quantity of water added to glycerol, without extra additives and energy.

Nanomedicine constitutes the emerging field of medical applications for nanotechnology such as nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems. This technology may hold exceptional potential for novel therapeutic approaches to liver diseases. Activ ation of apoptosis pathway is a key mechanism by which cytotoxic drugs kill tumor cells. Delivering drugs sele ctively to cancer cells but not to nearby normal cells is a major obstacle in drug therapy. In this study, lithoch olic acid (LCA), a potent anti-cancer drug, is converted to two forms of poly(ethyleneglycol) (PEG) conjugates, viz., PEG-LCA (PL) and lactobionic acid (LBA) conjugated PEG-LCA (LPL). The latter form contains a galacto se ligand in LBA to target the hepatocytes. Both forms are self-assembled to form nanoparticle formulation, and they have high potency than LCA to kill HepG2 cancer cells, sparing normal LO2 cells. Besides, LPL has high specificity to mouse liver cells in vivo after intravenous (IV) injection. Western blot results confirm that the cel l death is occurred through apoptosis induced by LPL nanoparticles. In conclusion, the induction of apoptosis a nd cell death is much more efficient with LPL nanoparticles than LCA molecules as well as good hepatocyte specificity in vitro and in vivo.

Relationship between etch current and morphology and porosity of porous silicon (PS) has been investigated. The gravimetric method is applied to measured the porosity of PS. As the current density increase, the silicon dissolution rate increases, resulting in a higher porosity and etching rate. The result shows that linear dependence of PS porosity and etching rate as a function of current density. The morphology of porous silicon was investigated by using cold field emission scanning electron micrograph (FE-SEM). The size of pores formed during anodization is predominantly controlled by the current density, with an increase in the pore size corresponding to an increase in the current density.

폐리튬이온전지로부터 회수된 코발트와 리튬 침출액으로부터 화염분무열분해법에 의하여 LiCoO2 나노분말을 제조하였다. 리튬 및 코발트 성분을 함유하는 전극물질은 열처리 및 기계적 처리에 의해 그 농도를 증가 시켰다. 리튬이온전지 양극물질을 질산으로 용해한 다음 침출액중 Li과 Co의 당량비가 1.0 되도록 LiNO3로 조절하여 화염분무열분해용 전구체를 제조하였다. 화염분무열분해법에 의해 제조된 LiCoO2 분말의 평균입자크기는 전구체의 몰 농도가 증가하면서 증가되었으며, 화염온도 역시 입자의 크기를 증가시켰다. 변수실험 결과 11~35 nm 크기의 결정형 LiCoO2 나노분말을 제조할 수 있었다. 또한 나노 LiCoO2의 전극재료로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위하여 충방전 특성 평가와 같은 전기화학적 분석을 수행하였다.

LiCoO2 nanoparticles were synthesized from leach liquor of lithium ion battery waste using flame spray pyrolysis. Electrodematerials containing lithium and cobalt could be concentrated with thermal and mechanical treatment. After dissolution of usedcathode materials of the lithium battery with nitric acid, the molar ratio of Li/Co in the leach liquor was adjusted at 1.0 by addinga fresh LiNO3 solution. The nanoparticles synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis showed clear crystallinity and were nearlyspherical, and their average primary particle diameters ranged from 1 to 35 nm. The average particle diameter increased withsalso led to an increase in the average diameter of the particles. The LiCoO2 powder was proved to have good characteristicsas cathode active materials in charge/discharge capacity and cyclic performance.

With design surface functionalization, nanoparticles can provide unique benefits for improved oil and gas production. Some applications recently developed at our laboratories are briefly reviewed. One example is the use of silica nanoparticles as foam stabilizers. Ultra-dry but stable CO2 foams can be generated for CO2 EOR mobility control and also as “waterless” fracturing fluids for unconventional reservoir development. Another innovative way of generating similar CO2 foam is to use nano-milled fly ash as stabilizer. Fly ash being a waste product, the technique has the benefit of sequestering both CO2 and fly ash. Magnetite nanoparticles are widely employed in medical and other industries because, with external magnetic field application, they can be detected remotely; selectively collected; or generate intense, localized heat. One example application is the removal of left-over chemicals from EOR processes, from oilfield produced water. Attached to nanoparticles, the chemicals can be collected and removed by magnetic separation.

Rare earth based calcium aluminate phosphor (CaAl2O4:Eu2+, Nd3+) supported TiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by using sol-gel method, which are further characterized using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), diffuse reflectance UV-Visible spectroscopy (DRS UV-Vis) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD pattern of as-prepared and sintered phosphor supported TiO2 does not show the tendency to change the crystal structure from anatase to rutile phase up to 600oC. This indicates that the phosphor support might inhibit the densification and crystallite growth by providing dissimilar boundaries. The diffuse reflectance spectral (DRS) measurements showed shift towards longer wavelength indicating reduction in the band-gap energy as compared to free TiO2. The FT-IR spectra of phosphor supported TiO2 nanoparticles show shift in the peak positions to lower wavelengths. This indicates that the TiO2 nanoparticles are not free, but covalently bonded to the phosphor support. TEM micrographs show presence of crystalline and spherical TiO2 nanoparticles (8 - 15 nm diameter) dispersed uniformly on the surface of phosphor.

Antimicrobial resistance poses challenges to humans and animals, especially to the poultry sector in control of fowl typhoid with antibiotics, leading to increased mortality and food insecurity. Therefore, it is essential to develop more effective medications as alternatives to antibiotics. Currently, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles are of such significant interest due to their antibacterial properties. This study aimed to evaluate antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles against fowl typhoid in broilers. Ninety broiler chicks were raised under suitable management conditions. On day 10 of age, chicks were divided into six groups: control negative, control positive, T1, T2, T3, and T4. On day 19 of age, chicks in all groups except control negative were infected with Salmonella gallinarum (0.2 mL, 108 CFU/ mL). After appearance of clinical signs, the treatments (Florfenicol; 50 mg/L drinking water [T1], and zinc oxide + copper oxide nanoparticles; 25 + 10 mg/kg/d [T2], 37.5 + 15 mg/kg/d [T3], and 50 + 20 mg/kg/d [T4]) were administered to chicks. Chicks were sacrificed on 26th and 30th day of age, and samples of blood and tissue were obtained. Hematological analysis with gross and histopathological examination of spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius was performed. Results revealed that there was no visible congestion in spleen and thymus of T3 and T4 at 11th day post infection. Antibody level against new castle’s disease and lymphoproliferative response showed no significant difference in all groups. However, phagocytic response in nanoparticles treated groups exhibited a notable (p < 0.01) distinction compared to control positive. Notably, T3 demonstrated the highest level of phagocytic activity. Hematological parameters, including lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils, and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio in groups T2, T3, and T4, indicated significant (p < 0.01) difference compared to control positive. However, lymphocytes, heterophils, and heterophils/lymphocytes ratio in groups T2, T3, and T4 showed no significant difference when compared to T1. Nanoparticle treated groups showed decreased (p < 0.01) congestion of spleen and thymus as compared to control positive. Overall, zinc oxide and copper oxide nanoparticles have potential to serve as an alternative to florfenicol in treatment of fowl typhoid.

Although there are a number of reports regarding the toxicity evaluation of inorganic nanoparticles, knowledge on biodegradable nanomaterials, which have always been considered safe, is still limited. For example, the toxicity of chitosan nanoparticles, one of the most widely used drug/gene delivery vehicles, is largely unknown. In this report, we examined the cytotoxic effects of chitosan nanoparticles on mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage and in vivo implantation by embryo transfer. Blastocysts treated with 250 nm chitosan nanoparticles exhibited significantly increased apoptosis and a corresponding decrease in total cell number, which was concentration‐dependent. Moreover, the TUNEL positive signal in the embryos exposed to chitosan nanoparticles showed an increased of the ICM and the implantation success rate was lower than that of their control counterparts. Our results collectively indicate that in vitro exposure to chitosan nanoparticles induces apoptosis and retards implantation development after transfer to host mice. The results collectively show that chitosan nanoparticles have the potential to induce embryo cytotoxicity. Further studies are required to establish effective protection strategies against the cytotoxic effects of these nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is one of the nanomaterials as most popular and commonly used in consumer products in biomedical devices, antibiotic agent, wound dressings, text tile and also candidate of anti-cancer material. F9 cell, the teratocarcinoma stem cell line has been widely used as a model for the analysis of molecular mechanisms associated with differentiation and retinoic acid (R.A) is well known molecule that induce F9 cell differentiation. There are many study about induce differentiation in stem cells by AgNPs and in anti-cancer therapy, induce cancer stem cell differentiation is very important to killing cancer. In this study, we demonstrated that AgNPs showing toxicity in F9 cells as anti-cancer cell effect and also induce F9 cell differentiation. F9 cells are induce cell toxicity and apoptosis after treated AgNPs and also make F9 cell differentiation like induced by R.A. Signaling pathway analysis showing that gene and protein expression going different and more sensetive to anti cancer drug, cisplatin, after induced differentiation by AgNPs. We found that potential of AgNPs as not only killing cancer but also make cancer stem cell going to differentiation.

This study illustrates the synthesis of gelatin based zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnONPs) incorporated nanocomposite films using different concentrations of ZnONPs. The ZnONPs were oval in shape and the size ranged from 100- 200 nm. The nanocomposite films were characterized by UV-visible, FE-SEM, FT-IR, and XRD. The concentrations of ZnONPs greatly influenced the properties of nanocomposite films. The absorption peaks around 360 nm increased with the increasing concentrations of ZnONPs. The surface color of film did not change while transmittance at 280 nm was greatly reduced with increase in the concentration of ZnONPs. FTIR spectra showed the interaction of ZnONPs with gelatin. XRD data demonstrated the crystalline nature of ZnONPs. The thermostability, char content, water contact angle, water vapor permeability, moisture content, and elongation at break of nanocomposite films increased, whereas, tensile strength and modulus decreased with increase in the concentrations of ZnONPs. The gelatin/ZnONPs nanocomposite films showed profound antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The gelatin/ZnONP1.5 nanocomposite film showed the best UV barrier and antimicrobial properties among the testedfilms, which indicated a high potential for use as an active food packaging films with environmentally- friendly nature.

This study was planned to prepare the high strength hydrogel ophthalmic lens containing isocyanate group and nanoparticles. HDI with carbon nanoparticles were used as additives for the basic combination of HEMA, MA and MMA, and the materials were copolymerized with EGDMA as the cross-linking agent and AIBN as the initiator. The mixture was heated at 100oC for an hour to produce the high performance hydrogel ophthalmic lens by cast mold method. Measurement of the physical characteristics of the produced material showed that the refractive index was in the range of 1.4027~1.4600, water content 25.21~44.01%, contact angle 54.18~72.94°, visible light transmittance 53.03~92.09%, and tensile strength 0.1024~0.2359 kgf and breaking strength was 0.0872~0.2825 kgf. The results showed an increase of refractive index while the decrease in water content. And also, the breaking strength was highest when the addition ratio of HDI was 5%(wt). As a result of the absorbance measurement, no significant difference was observed in all the samples, so it can be judged that the stabilization of nanoparticles in the polymer was maintained.

With the problem of cancer on the rise, a need to explore alternative cures such as nanoparticles (NPs) exists. The usual production of these NPs is costly and hazardous, which highlights the need for much eco-friendly and cost-efficient techniques. In this study, silver (Ag) NPs were synthesized using green synthesis method from the fruit extract of Morinda citrifolia. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups. Morphological assessment of the synthesized NPs was done using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Determination of the elemental composition was done using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). The effect of the synthesized NPs on MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line was evaluated using MTT Cytotoxicity Assay. SEM images revealed nanospherical particles with sizes ranging from 28 nm to 136 nm. EDX spectroscopy evaluations suggested the successful formation of NPs with purity of 32.20%. FT-IR showed a number of peaks that represent different functional groups of biological origin. The green synthesized Ag NPs exhibited cytotoxicity against human breast cancer cell (MCF-7) with inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 100 μg/mL. Data indicated that the green synthesized NPs possessed anti-cancer activity. No significant differences were revealed among the anticancer activities of the silver nanoparticles and among the anticancer activities of the positive control, Doxorubicin®, in all respective concentrations. The green synthesized Ag NPs were potential alternative cures for cancer.

The present study demonstrates green approach for the production of spherical-shaped silver nanoparticles synthesized and stabilized using a bacterium, Eschericia coli. Aqueous solutions of Ag+ionsofsilverweretreatedwiththe supernatant of E. coli for the formation of Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs). The nanometallic dispersions were characterized by surface plasmon absorbance measuring at 420 nm. Transmission electron microscopy and particle analyser showed the formation of nanoparticles in the range of 15～20 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the AgNPs confirmed the formation of metallic silver. Further analysis carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), provides evidence for the presence of proteins as possible biomolecules responsible for the reduction and capping agent which helps in increasing the stability of the synthesized AgNPs. The biological activities of the synthesized particles were confirmed based on toxicity assays and lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) in A549 cells. The toxicity assay suggests that cell death and leakage of LDH is dose and time dependent. Further, we evaluated the impact of AgNPs on the level of phosphorylation using various kinases such as EGFR, Akt, and Erk. Further, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and developmental toxicity studies shows significant effect in mice. To understand the underlying mechanism of AgNPs on the cellular responses, we showed that AgNPs could inhibit the phosphorylation of EGFR/Akt/Erk. Together, our results indicate that AgNPs can act as an anti-proliferative molecule by targeting the inactivation of EGFR/ Akt signaling pathways.