Earticle

In this study, the composition of concrete mixed with waterproofing agent was analyzed. Four specimens were prepared for the experiment and they were investigated through SEM-EDS analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis. The research results are as follows. First, the most detected ions are four elements such as Ca, Si, Al, and Mg. There was no difference in component properties according to the amount of waterproofing solution. Second, there was a large difference in pores between concrete without waterproofing agent and with waterproofing agent, and the pore size of the specimen with waterproofing agent was relatively small. Third, as a result of SEM-EDS analysis and X-ray fluorescence analysis, the most common component in concrete was CaO, followed by SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO. The reaction between Ca ions and other Si, Al, and Mg ions was considered to be the main factor in the waterproofing effect by reducing the voids of concrete.

알루미늄합금 6061-T6 판재에 대하여 마찰교반용접과 텅스텐 이너트 가스 용접의 교차 용접부의 미세조직과 기계적 특성에 있어서 용접 순서의 영향을 분석하기 위한 시험편을 성공적으로 제작하였다. FSW-ED 시험편이 다른 조합들보다 가장 좋은 기계적 특성을 나타내었다. 흥미롭게도, TIG-FSW ED 시험편이 FSW-TIG ED 시험편보다 높은 인장강도를 나타내었다. 용접부 경도의 경우, FSW 시편이 TIG-FSW 및 FSW-TIG 시험편보다 높은 값을 나타내었고, TIG-FSW 시험편이 FSW-TIG 시험편보다 높은 값을 나타내었다. FE-SEM을 이용한 인장 파면에 대한 관찰을 통하여, 모든 시험편에서 연성파괴를 나타내는 다양한 크기의 딤플들이 관찰되었다. FSW-TIG 시험편의 파면에서는 용융지(熔融池) 표면 영역에서 기공들이 관찰되는 반면, TIG-FSW 시험편에서는 기공의 형성은 관찰되지 않았다. 경도와 미세조직의 결과를 통해 TIG-FSW 공정이 FSW-TIG 공정보다 높은 인장강도를 확보할 수 있는 공정임을 확인하였다.

The cross-welded joints for 6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets were successfully manufactured through friction stir welding(FSW) and tungsten inert gas(TIG) welding methods to reveal the effect of welding sequence on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Results revealed that FSW-ED joint shows maximum joint strength compare to other combinations. Interestingly, TIG-FSW joint shows much higher tensile strength than FSW-TIG joint. It is seen that the average hardness in SZ of friction-stir-welded specimen is comparatively higher than that of TIG-FSW and FSW-TIG joints. TIG-FSW specimen also shows higher hardness compare to FSW-TIG. Through FE-SEM observation for tensile fracture surface, various size of dimples clearly observed indicating ductile type of failure mode in all specimens. In case of FSW-TIG process, several voids were observed at the surface region of weld pool. On the contrary, no as such void formation has been observed in TIG-FSW process. The micro hardness and microstructural results clearly justify the higher tensile strength in TIG-FSW process.

This study is related to the development of lightweight automotive materials that were carried out to develop eco-friendly vehicles worldwide. High-strength aluminum alloy is used as one of the significant lightweight materials in the field of transportation machinery, and it is used as a lightweight material in various areas, including automobiles. The A356 alloy used in this study is an excellent aluminum alloy material that has widely used as a high strength aluminum alloy material in various forming methods. In this study, to examine the characteristics of the two alloys in which Mn and Sr elements were added to the A356 alloy and the A356 alloy, both alloys were manufactured by metal mold casting, which is a gravity casting method. The obtained specimens were heat-treated under the same conditions. In this study have investigated of the microstructure analysis, thermal analysis, crystal phase analysis, and mechanical property evaluation were performed to confirm how the added Mn and Sr elements influenced the microstructure, precipitate formation, and mechanical properties.

This study has related to lightweight automobiles due to global warming with the reduction of fossil fuel reserves are rapidly progressing around the automobile industry. This study has revealed the relationship for the mechanical properties via the analyzed microstructure, precipitated phase variation of the wheel hub of a commercial vehicle manufactured using molten forging technology using A356 and A357 alloys, which are high-strength Al-Si-Mg base cast aluminum alloys. Differential scanning calorimetry has performed to analyze the precipitation amount of each alloy that influences the mechanical properties of aluminum alloy. The XRD analysis has measured for the microstructure's crystal phase on A356 and A357 alloys. In this paper has evaluated to compare the properties of the A356 alloy and the A357 alloy for the mechanical properties. The A356 alloy has confirmed that a microstructure is finer than A357 alloy, and a quantity of precipitated material is more than A357 alloy. Therefore, this study confirmed that the A356 alloy has better mechanical properties than the A357 alloy.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of short and long duration sintering on microstructure and flexural strength of zirconia. Methods: To conduct three-point bending test, Zirconia specimens are milled according to ISO 6872 guidelines(N=18, n=9 per group). Two specimens group(n=8) is sintered for 10 hours(Standard schedule) and 3 hours(Speed schedule) at the peak temperature of 1550°C with silicon carbide sintering furnace. Flexural strength of specimens are measured by instron. After coating each specimen(n=1), microstructure of specimens is observed using Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM). T-test was utilized to statistically assess the data. Results: The mean and standard deviation value of the flexural strength for standard schedule group are 578.15±57.48Mpa, that of speed schedule are 465.9±62.34Mpa. T-test showed significant differences in flexural strength between two zirconia specimen group which applied standard schedule and speed schedule respectively(p<0.05). Conclusion: The result of this study showed that the increase in sintering time led to increased grain size, and also to a positive effect on the flexural strength.

법주사 철확의 부식상태 및 미세조직 분석을 통해 제작기법을 추정하고자 광학현미경, SEM-EDS, 미소경도계, XRD를 이용하여 자연과학적 연구를 실시하였다. 표면층의 미세조직에서는 페라이트와 일부 펄라이트 조직이 관찰되었다. 내부층에서는 펄라이트 조직과 깃털모양의 흑연이 관찰되었으며, 중간 경계층에서는 심한 부식현상이 관찰된다. 미소경도는 조직별로 217Hv~698Hv 값의 범위를 가졌으며, 이는 일반적으로 고대 철제유물에서 보이는 경도 값 범위이다. 각 층별 미세조직에 대한 성분분석 결과, 표면층이 내부층에 비해 탈탄이 많이 되었음을 알 수 있었다. 금속 부식화합물의 XRD 동정 결과, 일반적인 금속유물의 부식과정에서 만들어지는 침철석과 적철석이 동정되었다. 결론적으로 법주사의 대형 철확은 주조기술로 제작되었으며, 내부는 흑연을 포함한 회주철 조직을 보이고 있다. 또한 표면층은 사용과정에서 가열과 냉각의 반복으로 탈탄작용이 일어났다. 이러한 연구결과는 대형 철확의 제작기법을 밝히는데 중요한 비교자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study aims to extract manufacturing techniques by analysing metallurgical characteristics of the cast-iron pot from Bubjusa, examining corrosion status and microstructure with a optical microscope, SEM-EDS, micro vickers hardness tester and XRD. The microstructure analysis has presented that ferrite and partial portion of pearlite exist within the corroded outer layer. The analysis of the inner layer revealed that there is pearlite and graphite of feather shape. The one of the middle layer, which is placed between outer and inner layer, showed that corrosion has been heavily developed. Microvickers hardness values range from 217Hv to 698Hv in constituent layers and such values lie within the ranges of the ancient iron relics. The result of EDS analysis for each microstructure presented that the outer layer has been more decarbonized than the inner layer. XRD analysis of iron corrosion compound revealed that Goethite and Hematite had been produced from the corrosive process of iron. The study concludes that the large iron pot was made by casting technique, and microstructure of inner layer had a gray cast iron. Outer layer has been decarbonized through repetitive process of heating and cooling. This results can be used as fundamental data for comparative study to reveal manufacturing techniques of large cast-iron pot.

본 연구에서는 부여 왕릉원 4호분 출토 금동투금구에 대한 과학적 분석을 진 행하여 해당 유물에 대한 제작기술 특징을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 익산 쌍릉에서 출토된 형태적으로 유사한 유물의 연구사례와 비교하여 사비기 백제의 목관 부속금구의 제작기술을 규명하고 더 나아가 부여 왕릉원과 익산 쌍릉 간에 연관성을 확인하고자 하였다. 부여 왕릉원 4호분 출토 금동투금구는 구리(Cu)-주석(Sn) 이원계 합금으로 주조한 후 수은아말감도금법을 통해 고순도의 금(Au)을 도금한 것으로 확인되 며, 도금과정에서 수은(Hg)을 기화하기 위한 열에 의해 미세조직이 일부 변형된것으로 보인다. 비파괴 표면 성분 분석에서는 주석(Sn)이 높게 검출되는데, 이는 분석 장비 및 도금층의 영향 외에도 출토 청동유물 특성상 관찰되는 금속이온의 거동으로 나타나는 것으로 확인된다. 또한 기존 연구에서 비파괴 표면 성분 분석 을 진행한 익산 쌍릉 출토 금동투금구에서는 부여 왕릉원 4호분 출토 금동투금구 와 상이하게 납(Pb)이 추가적으로 확인되며, 이는 제작시기, 재료수급, 장인의 기술 등의 요인에 따라 합금성분에 차이가 나타난 것으로 추정된다. 부여 왕릉원 4호분 출토 금동투금구를 포함한 사비기 백제 문화권에서 확인되 는 부속금구 및 목관에 대한 자연과학적 연구와 인문학적 연구가 지속적으로 수 행된다면 사비기 백제의 금속가공기술의 변화 및 왕릉의 성격, 왕릉 간 연관성을 규명할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study conducted a scientific analysis of the gilt-bronze fittings excaVated from Tomb No. 4 at the Buyeo Royal Tombs to identify their technical characteristics. Through a comparison with similar artifacts excaVated from the Iksan Ssangreung Tombs, we aimed to elucidate the manufacturing techniques of wooden coffin fittings from the Sabi period of Baekje and to further explore the potential connections between the Buyeo Royal Tombs and the Iksan Ssangreung Tombs. The gilt-bronze fittings from Tomb No. 4 at the Buyeo Royal Tombs were found to be made of a Cu-Sn binary alloy, cast and then gilded with high-purity gold using the mercury amalgam method. It appears that some microstructural changes occurred due to the heat applied during the gilding process to Vaporize the mercury. Non-destructiVe surface analysis detected a high presence of Sn, which is attributed not only to the analytical equipment and the gilding layer but also to the behaVior of metal ions commonly obserVed in excaVated bronze artifacts. Furthermore, in preVious studies, non-destructiVe surface analysis of gilt-bronze fittings from the Iksan Ssangreung Tombs reVealed the presence of Pb, which was not found in the fittings from Tomb No. 4 at the Buyeo Royal Tombs. This difference in alloy composition is presumed to result from factors such as the manufacturing period, material procurement, and the artisans' techniques. Continuous scientific and humanistic research on the gilt-bronze fittings and wooden coffins from the Sabi period of Baekje, including those from Tomb No. 4 at the Buyeo Royal Tombs, is expected to shed light on the eVolution of metalworking techniques during this period, as well as the characteristics of royal tombs and their interrelations.

By analyzing four slags from Bihar and Jharkhand, all in India, we attempted to understand the level of traditional steel-making technology in India. BH-1∼3 can be classified as a tapping slag because it shows traces of flow, whereas JK-1 can be classified as an in-furnace slag considering its dense, flat figure and the existence of iron oxides. Because fayalite appears as a columnar structure in the micro-tissue of the slag, it can be confirmed as a smelting slag, and considering the total amount of Fe and deoxidation agent contents, it can be confirmed that it was created using a direct smelting method. By applying the main component analysis results to the FAS/FCS phase diagram and considering the number of minerals found through the compound analysis, the smelting temperature was assumed to be within 1,000∼1,200℃.

Magnesium alloys, among various non-ferrous metals, are utilized in diverse fields from the automotive industry to aerospace due to their light weight and excellent specific strength. In the previous Part I study, fiber laser BOP experiments were conducted to derive basic welding characteristics and appropriate butt welding conditions. Subsequently, in the Part II experiment, butt welding was performed, and through tensile tests, hardness tests, and cross-sectional observations, it was found that at laser power of 2.0 kW and welding speed of 50 mm/s, 93% of the base metal's tensile strength and 63.4% of its elongation could be achieved. In this Part III experiment, the microstructures of the base metal and the center of the weld were observed in butt-welded specimens. Through this, laser power and welding speed, on the mechanical behavior and microstructure of magnesium alloys were analyzed

This study investigated the microstructural characteristics of glaze, building on the results of investigating the fundamental properties of existing color development. It identified the effect of the firing temperature, firing environment, and mixing ratios of glaze materials on the microstructural characteristics of glaze. Additionally, Mössbauer analysis was utilized to explore the phase changes in iron oxides formed during the firing process. Observations of the cross-sections of replicated specimens showed that the gradual addition of feldspar to glaze materials resulted in the formation of glaze with progressively uniform microstructural characteristics. Furthermore, the compositional analysis of glaze revealed minimal variation in the component content between the glaze surface and interior, indicating a trend toward a more homogeneous composition throughout glaze. Analysis of the crystalline structure revealed that specimens with added feldspar exhibited an increase in the amorphous peak area, while crystalline peak intensities tended to decrease. This suggests that the degree of vitrification is considerably influenced by the amount of feldspar added as a flux. The Mössbauer analysis of aggregated iron oxides revealed that under an oxidation environment, hematite was identified, whereas magnetite was observed under a reduction environment, depending on the firing environment. This indicates that microstructural differences within the glaze of blackware are affected by the materials used, firing temperature, and firing environment. Moreover, the study highlights that the formation of crystals and types of crystalline phases vary according to these parameters.

경주 망덕사지에서 출토된 청동용기 7점의 미세조직 관찰, 성분 분석 및 미소 경도 측정을 통해 제작기술과 기계적 특성간의 상관관계를 확인하고자 했다. 출토 청동용기 중 3점은 주조 기법으로 제작했으며 4점은 열간 단조 후 담금질로 마무리했다. 주조 기법으로 제작한 청동용기 는 Sn의 함량이 약 11∼14 wt%였으며, 단조 기법으로 제작한 청동완은 Sn이 약 21∼23 wt% 검출되었다. 주조 기법으로 제작한 청동용기 중 정병과 발은 Cu-Sn-Pb 3원계 합금이었으며 청동완 5점은 모두 Cu-Sn의 2원계 합금 소재를 이용하여 제작했다. 이를 통해 Sn의 함량에 따라 제작기술을 다르게 적용한 것을 알 수 있다. Sn의 함량이 20 wt% 내외인 청동완 4점은 취성이 강한 δ상의 생성을 억제하기 위해 열간 단조 후 520℃ 이상에서 가열한 후 담금질하였다. 청동용기 7점의 비금속개재물은 Cu-S과 Cu-Fe-S-Se의 계열로 구분되어 생 산에 사용된 구리 광석이 서로 다름을 알 수 있다. 주조 기법으로 제작된 청동용기는 단조 기법으로 제작된 용기보다 미소 경도값이 낮아 Sn의 함량과 가공 및 처리에 따라 경도 값이 변화됨을 확인하였다.

Metallographic analysis of microstructure, chemical composition and hardness was carried out on 7 bronze vessels from Mangduksa temple site in Gyeongju. Result show that the technology of bronze vessels divided into casting and forging followed by quenching. Tin contents of casting bronzes were around 11∼14 wt%, forging bronzes were about 21∼23 wt% tin. Kundika and dish of casting bronzes were Cu-Sn-Pb alloys and 5 bowl samples were produced using Cu-Sn binary alloy materials. These show that the manufacturing technology was applied different depends on the Sn contents. Also 4 bowls of approximately 20 wt% tin were manufactured by forging and quenching at above 520℃ avoid formation of the brittle δ phase. The non-metallic inclusions in the 7 bronze samples are divided into Cu-S and Cu-Fe-S-Se systems, indicating that the copper ore used the production is different. It was confirmed that casting bronze vessels had lower micro-hardness values than forging samples, and that hardness values changed depending on Sn content and processing.

인체는 다양한 미세구조들로 이루어지기 때문에 의료용 3D 이미지에서 미세구조를 구역화하는 것이 중요하다. 기 존 구역화 방법은 미세구조가 전체 이미지의 일부만 차지하는 경우에도 이미지 전체를 대상으로 계산을 수행하여 GPU 메모리가 낭비된다. 특히 크기가 큰 3D 이미지에서 이러한 문제점이 심해진다. 이러한 비효율성을 개선하기 위해, 먼저 구역화할 ROI 영역을 식별하고 식별한 영역만 집중적으로 구역화하는 다단계 네트워크 구조를 제시한 다. 이를 통해 ROI와 관련이 적은 이미지 전체를 계산하지 않고, 미세구조만을 집중적으로 구역화할 수 있다. 제안 하는 방법의 정확도를 Dice, IoU, HD95 평가지표를 통해 평가하였고 GPU 메모리 사용량과 구역화 시간을 측정 하여 각 항목에서의 성능을 평가하였다. 실험결과에 따라, 기존모델과 비교하여 정확도는 유지하거나 소폭 상승하였 으며 구역화 시간은 크기가 작은 라벨에서 128%까지 절감되었다. GPU 메모리는 훈련 과정에서 400%, 추론 과 정에서 110%가량 절약하였다.

The human body comprises various microstructures, making the segmentation of these microstructures in medical 3D imaging is crucial. Existing segmentation methods perform calculations on the entire image even when microstructures occupy only a small portion, leading to a waste of GPU memory. This issue is exacerbated in large 3D images. This problem is especially noticeable in large 3D image data. To address this inefficiency, we propose a multi-stage network architecture that first identifies the ROI for segmentation and then focuses on segmenting only these identified areas. This approach allows for focused segmentation of microstructures without processing the entire image, reducing computations unrelated to the ROI. The accuracy of the proposed method was evaluated using Dice, IoU, and HD95 metrics, while GPU memory usage and segmentation time were measured to assess performance in each aspect. According to the experimental results, the accuracy was maintained or slightly improved compared to existing models, and segmentation time was reduced by up to 128% for smaller labels. GPU memory savings were approximately 400% during the training process and 110% during the inference process.

Potentillae Discoloris Herba, the herbs of Potentilla discolor Bunge, is a traditional medicine in Korea and China. Numerous phytochemical studies have been conducted on this species; however, micromorphological studies have yet to be conducted. This study analyzed the micromorphological characteristics of P. discolor using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and presented a detailed description. Curved conical strigose were sparsely distributed on the adaxial surface of leaves; however, crispate and floccose villi were densely distributed on the abaxial surface. Additionally, densely distributed villi were observed on the petiole and the outer side of the sepals. Tabular rugose and conical papillose cells were identified on the outer and inner sides of the petals, respectively. The achenes had reniform to ellipsoidal outlines with colliculate sculptures. Such characteristics could have potential taxonomic significance for the genus Potentilla . The obtained results provide systematic data for the authentication of the Potentillae Discoloris Herba and establish a basis for future taxonomic work of the genus Potentilla.

복원실험에서 수습된 단조박편의 미세조직, 외형적, 성분적 분석을 통해 공정별 단조박 편의 특징을 확인하였다. 이를 기반으로 동해 망상동유적 단야로의 조업 특성을 파악하고, 출토 단조박편의 효과적인 분류 방안에 대해 검토해 보고자 하였다. 복원실험 단조박편의 경우 정련, 단련, 성형 공정의 진행에 따라 두께와 직경이 감소하는 외형 적 특징 변화를 확인하였다. 미세조직은 Fayalite와 Wüstite로 구성된 Ⅰ형, 조대한 Wüstite가 지배적인 Ⅱ형, 3층 구조의 Ⅲ형으로 구분하였으며 공정이 진행됨에 따라 Ⅱ, Ⅲ형 미세조직이 증가하는 양상이 나타났다. 또한 공정에 따른 광물조성 및 희토류원소 함량의 상대적인 차이를 확인할 수 있었다. 동해 망상동유적 단조박편은 Ⅱ, Ⅲ형 미세조직이 88%의 비율을 보여 초기의 정련 공정보다는 단련 및 성형 공정과 같은 중⋅후반 공정 위주의 조업이 있었을 것으로 추정된다. 한편 성분적 인 차이는 명확하게 나타나지 않았는데 해당 유적의 공정 범위가 넓지 않았기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 또한 적용이 간편한 입도분리 방식으로 분류한 단조박편의 미세조직 분포를 확인해 본 결과 직경이 감소하면서 Ⅱ, Ⅲ형 미세조직 비율이 높아지는 양상을 보임에 따라 직경이라 는 인자를 통한 출토 단조박편의 공정 분류의 가능성을 확인하였다.

The characteristics of the hammerscale, by process were confirmed by identifying the microstructure, appearance, and chemical composition characteristics of the hammerscale recovered in the restoration experiment. Based on this, it was attempted to understand the characteristics of the smithing furnace operation at the Mangsangdong site in Donghae, and further examine an effective classification method for the excavated hammerscales. In the case of the experiment hammer scale, changes in external characteristics were confirmed, with thickness and diameter decreasing as the refining, forging, and shaping processes progressed. According to the change process, the microstructure was divided into type I composed of Fayalite and Wüstite, type II dominated by coarse Wüstite, and type III with a three-layer structure(Hematite-Magnetite- Wüstite). In addition, through analysis of composition, differences in composition appeared as the process progressed, confirming the possibility of classification of hammerscales. Excavated hammer scales were confirmed to have type II, III microstructures at a rate of 88%, it is believed that process of the forging and shaping rather than refining. In addition, differences in composition were not clearly evident, which is considered to be because the scope of process of the Mangsangdong sites was not wide. As a result of checking the distribution of microstructure by dividing it into 4 mm or more, 2∼4 mm, and 0.5∼2 mm based on diameter of the hammerscale, there was a tendency for the proportion of microstructure of subsequent types to increase as the diameter decreased, confirming the possibility of effective process classification through diameter.

Bronze wares made with forged high-tin bronze technology were first produced in the Persian region of the Orient, gradually brought to India and then to China and the Korean Peninsula. By scientifically analyzing bronze artifacts of Myanmar, which is located halfway between Persia and Korea, it is possible to confirm the trade and the propagation route of technology at the time. This study scientifically analyzed bronze artifacts excavated from the Bagan ruins in Myanmar to identify the manufacturing technology. Forged high-tin b ronze wares in Bagan Dynasty a re with a lloy compositions Cu-Sn. Composed of Cu-Sn only were manufactured by alloying Cu with Sn in a ratio of 76 wt% and 24 wt%, which is a relatively high tin content. High-tin bronze wares composed of Cu-Sn were manufactured with the bronze material of an alloy of Cu and a large amount of Sn by hot working (forging) and finished by quenching. The microstructure indicates temperatures at which the quenching was performed and various microstructures that occur in different temperature ranges are observed such as β (M), γ phase, δ phase as well as primary crystals, α phase. The presence of different microstrucures suggests multiple high-tin bronze wares were quenched at a wide range of temperatures. The non-metallic inclusions of the bronze wares contain sulfur, which indicates with high possibility that the copper provided as the raw material was extracted from copper ores containing sulfur.

This study conducts a metallurgical analysis of three swords with ring pommels (Hwandu sword) manufactured during the Proto–Three Kingdoms period and the Baekje period and excavated from the Asan and Cheonan. Specifically, we carried out analyses based on a metallurgical microscope, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. the swords were made of bloomery iron produced through direct smelting and formed by hammering hypoeutectoid steel. It was also confirmed that other heat treatment techniques than shaping were not applied to them. In addition, all of them have a high carbon content and the crystal grains are well refined, so it is believed that the hardness and strength are high. Moreover, the analytic results of nonmetallic inclusions, No.2 swords have glassy slag and the others verified the existence of fayalite and wüstite on the glassy matrix. And a high Ca content overall. The results of comparing the swords with other swords with ring pommels excavated from the corresponding region indicated that heat treatment techniques were not applied to these artifacts despite the existence of such techniques. Thus, we analyze that the study subjects were produced as ceremonial items rather than weapons. Furthermore, the calculation results of ratios, such as CaO/SiO2 and (Al2O3/SiO2)/(CaO/SiO2), indicate that the study subjects were produced based on a similar smelting processing system. Based on the analytic results, this study also suggests a possibility of the addition of slag generation agents or the use of iron ores with a high Ca content.

본 연구에서는 장수 장계리 고분군 출토 철기에 대한 금속학적 분석을 실시하고, 단야구 및 공구류 분석 사례와의 비교를 통하여 장수지역의 철기제작기술 특징을 알아보고자 하였다. 금속학적 분석은 장수 장계리 고분군 8호분과 9호분에서 출토된 망치, 모루, 집게, 철부를 대상으로 실시하였다. 분석방법으로는 금속현미경을 이용한 미세조직 관찰, 주사전자현미경 및 그에 부착된 에너지 분산형 분광분석기를 이용한 비금속개재물 성분분석을 진행하였으며, 각 조직상의 특징과 비금속개재물의 구성성분에 대한 정보를 확인하였다. 분석결과를 유물의 부위별로 비교하여 철기제작에 사용된 원재료와 가공 기술을 알아보았다. 그 결과 장계리 고분군 출토 망치, 모루, 집게, 철부는 고체저온환원법으로 생산된 아공석강과 공석강, 과공석강을 소재로 철기를 제작하였으며, 망치는 강도가 요구되는 두부의 탄소함량이 더 높은 것으로 관찰되었다. 별도의 열처리 흔적은 확인되지 않았다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 단야구와 기타 철기가 함께 출토되어 분석이 행해진 증평 화성리 유적과 완주 상운리 유적 연구를 비교대상으로 선정하여 해당 유적에서 출토된 철기의 금속학적 분석결과와 비교하여 부장된 단야구 및 공구류의 제작기술 차이점을 확인하였다. 장수 장계리 고분군 출토 철기 분석 결과와 더불어 향후 단야구와 단야구로 만들어진 철기의 금속학적 분석 결과 데이터가 축적된다면 단야구 제작에 사용된 원재료 및 가공 기술 특징을 자세히 파악할 수 있고 더 나아가 장수지역의 철기제작기술을 추론하고 시대·지역적으로 분류하여 비교할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The present study aims to conduct a metallurgical analysis of excavated ancient tomb ironware in Jangsu Janggye-ri and investigate the characteristics of iron manufacturing technology in the Jangsu area. Specifically, the study performs a metallurgical analysis on hammers, anvils, tongs, and iron axes excavated from Tombs No. 8 and No. 9 in Jangsu Janggye-ri. The characteristics of each structure and information on the composition of non-metallic inclusions were verified through microstructure observation using a metallographic microscope and by conducting non-metallic inclusion component analysis using an energy dispersive spectrometer attached thereto. The results were compared by artifact part to determine the raw materials and processing techniques used in the iron manufacturing. As a result, the hammer, anvil, tongs, and iron axe excavated from the Janggye-ri ancient tombs were made of hypo-eutectoid steel and eutectoid steel, hyper-eutectoid steel produced by the solid reduction method, and it was observed that the hammer had a higher carbon content in the edge that requires strength. No signs of heat treatment were verified. Based on the research results, this study selected as comparisons research on the ruins of Hwaseong-ri, Jeungpyeong, and the ruins of Sangun-ri, Wanju where Smith’s tools and other ironware were excavated and analyzed, and compared the results of the metallurgical analysis of ironware excavated at the ruins to verify differences in the manufacturing technology of Smith’s tools and hand tools that were buried. In addition to the results of the excavated ironware analysis of Janggye-ri’s ancient tombs in Jangsu, if metallurgical analysis data of ironware made from Smith’s tools is gathered, the raw materials and processing technology characteristics used in Smith’s tools manufacturing can be identified in detail. Consequently, ironware manufacturing technology in the Jangsu area can be deduced, classified, and compared by era and region.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, 5 iron artifacts excavated form the Baekje Stone Tomb in Guryong-ri site, Ungcheon, Boryeong, were studied. The sample were metal microscopic observation, SEM-EDS analysis and Raman micro-spectroscopy analysis were conducted to understand the metallurgical characteristics. The microstructure observation showed the presence of ferrite and pearlite throughout, and differences in carbon content existed depending on the direction. Non-metallic inclusions were in the form of long lines, and most of them were wüstite, fayalite. It is indicated that the artifacts were forge welded using hypoeutectoid steel, with signs of carburizing and decarburizing processes. Some crystals with high P2O5, TiO2, CaO content were identified as sarcopside, ulvöspinel, and perovskite, respectively, through Raman spectroscopy. A comparison of the results with previous studies on the sites of Bujang-ri site in Seosan and Bongseon-ri site in Seocheon, which are adjacent sites in the coastal area, revealed that, while heat treatment technology was available, the artifacts were not heat-treated considering the purpose for use for these artifacts. The chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions P2O5, TiO2, CaO were plotted in proportions to SiO2 and compared with adjacent sites. Considering that the P2O5/SiO2 ratio was widely distributed, the refining technology was not uniform. In addition, the TiO2/SiO2 ratio was found to be higher than that of other sites, meaning that a titanium-containing ore was used to manufacture the artifacts, unlike in surrounding sites, but it is not detected in all artifacts, so it may have been affected by various factors such as furnace walls in addition to raw materials. Although slag formers were used, considering the CaO/SiO2 ratio and the (Al2O3/SiO2)/(CaO/SiO2) ratio, which appear to be similar to the surrounding sites, but it is possible that CaO containing raw ore was used because it is also affected by the components of raw ore. As a result of the study, it is highly likely that ore different from that of the surrounding sites was used for production, but a more comprehensive comparative study with the surrounding sites is needed in the future.