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A project is a ‘temporary effort to produce a unique product, service, or result’, and is characterized by a ‘temporary nature’ that is not permanent and has a fixed beginning and end. Closure of a project occurs when one or more of the following cases are met: The first is the achievement of the project goal, the second is the situation in which the goal is not achieved or impossible to achieve, the third is the situation where the raised funds are exhausted or no longer can be allocated to the project, the fourth is the disappearance of the need for the project, and the fifth is the lack of human or It is a situation in which material resources cannot be mobilized, and the sixth is a situation in which the project is terminated due to legal reasons or convenience. Projects put a lot of effort into delivering deliverables to the customer, and are characterized by 'uniqueness' and 'temporality' that must be completed within a set period of time. Because of the unique nature of a project, it is important to keep a detailed record of its progress. In particular, the construction industry is an industry in which experience is considered important, and when the manpower who carried out the existing project leaves, the experience is inevitably cut off. Therefore, the construction industry, which is characterized by its uniqueness, needs systematic accumulation and management of various lessons learned in the construction process. It is necessary to think about countermeasures. Therefore, this study suggests specific solutions based on the contents identified through a survey of EPC construction workers.

전훈이란 군사용어로서 전투발전분야의 교육과 현실에서 문제점이 확인되거나 개선이 필요한 요소를 찾아서 미래의 발전 을 도모하는 모든 활동이다. 이 논문에서는 전훈활동을 추진하는데 드러나는 문제점, 즉 분석시 장기간 소요, 예산 문제, 전문 가 필요성 등을 해결하고자 실제 사례를 제시하고 인공지능 분석 추론기술을 적용하는 데 초점을 맞춘다. 이미 실용화되어 사 용 중인, 인지 컴퓨팅 관련 기술을 활용한 인공지능 법률자문 서비스가 전훈의 문제점을 해결하는데 가장 적합한 사례로 판단 했다. 이 논문은 인공지능을 활용한 지능형 전훈분석 추론기술의 효과적인 적용방안을 제시한다. 이를 위해, 전훈분석 정의 및 사례, 인공지능의 머신러닝으로 진화, 인지 컴퓨팅 등 이론적 배경을 살펴보고, 새롭게 제안한 L2-OODA 앙상블 알고리즘을 이용해 국방분야 신기술에 적용함으로써 현존전력 개선 및 최적화를 구현하는데 기여하고자 한다.

Lessons Learned(LL) is a military term defined as all activities that promote future development by finding problems and need improvement in education and reality in the field of warfare development. In this paper, we focus on presenting actual examples and applying AI analysis inference techniques to solve revealed problems in promoting LL activities, such as long-term analysis, budget problems, and necessary expertise. AI legal advice services using cognitive computing-related technologies that have already been practical and in use, were judged to be the best examples to solve the problems of LL. This paper presents intelligent LL inference techniques, which utilize AI. To this end, we want to explore theoretical backgrounds such as LL analysis definitions and examples, evolution of AI into Machine Learning, cognitive computing, and apply it to new technologies in the defense sector using the newly proposed L2-OODA ensemble algorithm to contribute to implementing existing power improvement and optimization.

This study aims to investigate the management of library and information science (LIS) graduate programs in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlights the challenges faced by the programs' chairs, faculty members, and graduate students during these unsettling times. This study employed a qualitative approach and used semi-structured interview protocols for data collection. A total of fifty-five participants, comprising five LIS graduate program chairs, ten faculty members, and thirty-nine graduate students, actively participated in the study. Content analysis was then utilized to analyze the interview transcripts, and the results were subsequently summarized into several themes. Based on the results, this research proposes that hybrid learning is applicable for the advancement of LIS graduate programs in the post-pandemic era. Additionally, creating more effective online teaching and learning environments and expanding collaborative teaching and learning networks are essential for the success of the programs.

Tax revenues are primary sources of funding for public expenditure in most developing countries. Therefore, tax administration as a focal point of economic policies should receive keen attention. This raises the following important questions: 1) what constitutes an efficient tax system? and 2) how can the tax system be designed to generate optimal revenue to finance public spending and promote economic development? Many developed countries, including the United States, Canada, South Korea, and China, have made significant efforts to establish effective tax management systems using available solutions. According to official reports from international organizations, African countries generally rank poorly in tax sector management. Challenges include inefficient tax collection methods, structural and functional complexities, lack of a tax culture, and crucially, underutilization of information technology as a tool to modernize the tax system. This paper strongly encourages developing countries to learn from achievements and best practices of other countries rather than reinventing the wheel. It specifically analyzes the existing tax management system of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), provides a comprehensive review of the Korean tax system, and summarizes key lessons learned. A critical assessment of organizational, functional, and structural challenges was carried out using analytical and descriptive methodologies. The case study of South Korea is particularly insightful. The design of Korea's tax system reflects its unique structure, function, and policy goals, which have evolved in tandem with its economic development policies. However, the author advises caution when considering Korean fiscal policies due to their unique contexts. This paper proposed a customized tax framework for the DRC, which could also be applicable to other developing countries.

In the context of global digital transformation in healthcare, Electronic Health Records(EHRs) are no longer viewed simply as a technological solution, but as a complex data governance structure linked to institutional, legal, standardization, and intersectoral coordination mechanisms. This study analyzes the South Korean model of electronic health record management from a socio-technical systems perspective, aiming to clarify the interaction between technical components(IT infrastructure, data standards, information security) and socio-institutional components(legal framework, financial mechanism, organizational governance, and human resource development). Based on a systematic literature review combined with an analysis of the electronic medical record management model and the SWOT framework, the study indicates that South Korea’s success stems not purely from technological capabilities, but from a synchronized institutional design, national-level data standardization, and appropriate incentive mechanisms. However, this model also raises academic debates regarding the level of data centralization, the cost of complying with international standards, and cybersecurity risks. Based on a comparative analysis with the Vietnamese context, the study proposes six key policy lessons, including improving the legal framework, standardizing health data, building a national-level Health Information Exchange(HIE) system, strengthening information security, developing human resources in health informatics, and establishing appropriate financial mechanisms. Simultaneously, the study emphasizes that the application of international experience needs to be adapted to Vietnam’s institutional conditions, resources, and data governance culture to ensure feasibility and sustainability.

This study explores how an organization has successfully implemented ML-supported HR services to resolve high employee turnover problems in the IT sector. The empirical setting of the research is where contradicting institutional logics exist among technical, HR, and business groups regarding the ML model development and use of the model predictions in HR services. Institutional framework is used to identify the roles of organizational actors and the legitimacy structures in the organizational environments that can shape or constrain the ML led organizational changes. In institutional theories, technology adoption and organizational change are not only constrained by organizational context, but also fostered through organizational actors’ roles and efforts to increase the legitimacy for the change. This research found that when multiple contradicting institutional logics exist, legitimizing the establishment of an enabling environment for multiple logics to reconcile and for the project to move forward is critical. Industry-wide conditions, previous experiences with the pilot ML project, forming a TFT with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, and relevant KPIs are found to legitimize the HR team and the business division to collaborate with the technical personnel to launch ML-supported HR services.

Local governments need to continuously enhance their staff’s disaster response capabilities by incorporating the latest knowledge and experience. Recently, after-action reports have been frequently published by local governments to review their disaster responses. Although learning from these reports is effective for improving disaster response capacity, it is not easy for local government officers to spend sufficient time learning from them. In this study, a method to efficiently extract lessons learned from after-action reports on local government disaster response was developed. First, cases of critical situations during emergency responses were collected from after-action reports published after recent disasters. Next, a deep learning model based on a language model (BERT) was developed using the collected cases as training data. The model enables the extraction of new cases similar to the collected ones from after-action reports. As the developed model was able to extract new cases with high accuracy, it may contribute to the efficient learning and analysis of lessons learned from after-action reports. On the other hand, the findings suggested the need to explore the optimal amount of training data required to achieve high accuracy and stable learning performance. After these efforts were started with after-action reports of flood disasters, the reports of earthquake and tsunami disasters were also added as the targets. Finally, a support system was developed to extract lessons from after-action reports using the proposed model and to present accumulated lessons efficiently. This system enables users to explore the latest lessons from recently published after-action reports and enhance their capabilities based on these lessons.

They say one is living in difficult times, locally and globally. The current social, cultural, and political turmoil of the world in which one lives is unprecedented in many ways. Zembylas warns that one lives in the crisis of pity, which leads to indifference toward the suffering of the other. The 21st century is in need of a new (or forgotten) moral virtue that could help restore fundamental lessons learned from the Civil Rights Movement during the 1960s-1970s. This paper examines the possibility of how multicultural/intercultural educators can incorporate the ideal of compassion as a virtue into various local and global societies of which schools are a part of. A way in which one simply feels pitiful, sympathetic, and empathetic toward sufferings of distant others is necessary but not sufficient if looking for social change. Sustained interest and taking action are needed to identify root causes of social problems relative to racism, discrimination, and injustice. A biography of Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, who worked hand-in-hand with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is analyzed in search of key principles related to compassion-based multicultural/intercultural education. Father Hesburgh recognized and appreciated common humanity as well as the fragility of humans by insisting that civil rights are a fundamentally moral issue. Serving on the Civil Rights Commission for 15 years, Father Hesburgh demonstrated how globally compassionate educators should express themselves in relation to notions of the good life and human flourishing.

Data is an essential part of carrying out CIR, in particular in research related to understanding the process of interpreting by comparing the ST and TT of SI. The paper reviews current discussions on data collection and preparation, where the issue of sharing interpretation data is being discussed. In order to share data, it is proposed that a set of standardized and agreed upon transcription conventions be used and that the data be transcribed in a manner allowing the machine to read the data. For a look into the actual practice of how data is collected and prepared, this paper reviews 15 articles from two journals published in Korea. It also discusses ways to make the collection and preparation of data more effective and efficient for future research.

Focusing on Japan’s three major metropolitan regions – Tokyo, Osaka and Yokohama – this paper examines the evolution of earthquake disaster preparedness with particular emphasis on high-rise buildings and their performance under longperiod ground motions. The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, also widely known as Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE), revealed critical vulnerabilities in tall structures, especially their susceptibility to prolonged, low-frequency seismic waves that induce large-amplitude, long-duration swaying, and their location in highly dense regions. In response, Japan has advanced both policy and engineering approaches, shifting from a reactive “pull-type” emergency response system to a proactive “push-type” model that pre-positions critical resources. Concurrently, structural design codes and retrofit strategies for high-rise buildings have been significantly enhanced to address long-period seismic effects. This study analyses and discusses representative skyscrapers, including Abeno Harukas and the Cosmo Tower in Osaka, Yokohama Landmark Tower in Yokohama, and major developments in Tokyo such as Azabudai Hills Mori JP Tower, the Toranomon Hills complex, from which 2 were built prior to the event with 3 having their construction completed after the event with design re-evaluations explicitly benchmarked against GEJE ground motion characteristics; Torch Tower currently under construction as the tallest building in Japan upon its completion, and the Tokyo Skytree, which experienced the GEJE during its construction phase, in terms of key structural and technological measures, including tuned mass dampers, seismic control system, base isolation, and energy-dissipating devices designed to mitigate resonance and reduce occupant discomfort and structural damage during extended ground motion. In addition, the study considers the integration of non-structural seismic resilience features, such as emergency shelter capacity, independent energy systems, and redundant communication infrastructure. Given the increasing probability of future mega-earthquakes along the Chishima Trench and Nankai Trough, this paper highlights the necessity of integrating advanced seismic design with comprehensive urban disaster preparedness. It argues that high-rise buildings must function not only as structurally resilient systems, but also as critical nodes of urban continuity in the aftermath of large-scale seismic events.

After the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, artificial radionuclides such as radioactive cesium and iodine were released into the environment. It caused great anxiety not only in the vicinity of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant but also in other regions of the world. Some members of the Japan Health Physics Society (JHPS), a leading academic society in Japan in the field of radiation protection, volunteered to establish a website called “Question and Answer (Q&A) about radiation in daily life” shortly after the accident to help reduce the residents’ anxiety about the health effects of radiation. In August 2011, “Committee for Q&A about radiation in daily life” was established in JHPS, making the website-related activities a responsibility of JHPS. The Q&A website continued to respond to the questions from the general public with expertise and sincerity until February 2013 when the Committee members decided to end the activities because the number of questions received had gradually decreased with the passage of time. This paper aims to introduce the following: the activities of the Q&A website during the two years (2011–2013), the stance chosen for the activities, the information related to the website activities and the analysis of Twitter data. Building on the experience and the knowledge obtained from the activities, it also discusses issues and experiences that can be utilized in the initial response to emergencies for radiation protection experts as well as those in other fields.

The South Korean government is opening up its legal service market pursuant to the Free Trade Agreement that has been worked out with the Government of the United States of America. Many Korean legal professionals fear that the incoming foreign law firms might take up their market share, citing the German precedent, where many of the local firms got merged by the incoming U.S. and U.K. law firms. This Article proposes that the situation the Korean legal professionals fear will not actually happen, if the U.S. law firms would abide by the rules of Business Administration in selling their product: legal service. Following the rules of Business Administration, they can actually harmoniously blend in the local legal market, complimenting the local legal professionals. To see how this can happen, this Article does an analysis of the effect of liberalization on the composition of the German bar. Then lessons to be learned for the U.S. firms will be derived from the analysis of the German market liberalization. Briefly summarized, the entering U.S. firms and the local firms have different expertise and strengths, and they also have different target customers. Therefore, they can compliment each other in fulfilling the needs of the market. This Article uses the methods commonly used in Business Administration to provide the U.S. law firms with some guidelines in successfully harmonizing with the local firms in the new legal market.

In today's civilization, it can be impossible to prevent disasters that cause large-scale human and material harm, and the environmental industry is not excepted from this. Over the last 50 years, several large and small environmental health catastrophes have occurred in Korea. Notable instances include the phenol pollution accident in the Nakdong River, the Hebei Spirit oil spill in Taean, Chungcheongnam-do, and the humidifier disinfectant disaster. Looking at these instances, it is clear that the government failed to prevent similar incidents and accidents after the tragedies. The government created and executed different policies to prevent such incidents and accidents, but the majority of them were highly fragmented. It is understandable that depending on the political and social level of the society in which the environmental health hazard incident/accident happened, the investigation of the cause, countermeasures, and policy reaction may differ. To put it another way, the more authoritarian and non-democratic a political social system is, the more likely it is to cover up occurrences and accidents without a deep examination. This is in line with the members of society's level of political awareness and acknowledgment of the importance of life and safety. In 1985, when the Onsan pollution disease was discovered, and in 2011, when we recognized the realities of the humidifier disinfectant disaster, South Korea's political and social systems were entirely different.

도시철도와 버스는 대표적인 대중교통 시스템이며, 서로 공생하기도 하며 서로 경쟁하기도 한다. 즉, 경쟁적인 대중교통 시스템의 추가로 인해 전체 대중교통 수요가 증가할 가능성과 경쟁 시스템으로의 수요 전환 수준에 머물 가능성도 존재한다. 본 연구의 목적은 경쟁적인 대중교통 시스템이 존재하는 도시에 추가 경쟁 노선을 도입한 경우, 대중교통 통행량의 변화를 분석하는 것이다. 이를 위해, 도시철도와 버스라는 2개의 대중교통 시스템이 존재하는 대구시에 도시철도 3호선의 도입 전·후에 대한 대중교통 통행 변화를 분석하였다. 정확한 분석을 위해, 2015, 2016, 2019년 4월 두 번째주 1주일간 교통카드 빅 데이터를 수집하여 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 기존 도시철도의 추가적인 개통으로 철도망 확장에 따른 통행량 증대는 있었으나 대중교통 전체 통행량 변화는 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 기존 버스 통행량이 도시철도로 전환된 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 분석결과를 활용하여 단순히 대중교통 노선의 추가가 아닌 대중교통 수요 증대를 다양한 정책적 제언을 제시하였다.

Urban rails and buses are representative public transit systems that not only cooperate with each other, but also compete with each other. In other words, there is a possibility that the overall demand for public transportation may increase due to the introduction of a competitive public transportation system, or there is a possibility that demand will be maintained at the level that is simply converted to a competitive system. The objective of this study is to analyze the change in public transit flow when an additional transit system is introduced in a city with alternative public transit systems. To carry out this objective, we analyzed changes in public transit passenger flow before and after the introduction of an urban rail transit line 3 in Daegu Metropolitan City, where two public transit systems, urban rail and bus, exist. For accurate analysis, big data collected by passenger transportation cards were utilized for one week in the second week of April 2015, 2016, and 2019. From the analysis, it was found that although the urban rail passenger flow increased due to the additional urban rail transit system, the change in the overall public transit passenger flow in the city was insignificant. In other words, it is interpreted that the bus transit passengers have been shifted to the urban transit systems. Based on the results, this study suggested various policies to increase the demand for public transit rather than simply adding public transit systems.

독립형 자율주행 기술의 한계를 극복하기 위해 협력형 자율주행 기술이 필요하다. 협력형 자율주행 시스템은 자율주행 차량이 다른 차량 또는 인프라와 협력함으로써 주행의 효율성과 안전성을 높이는 기술을 의미한다. 본 연구에서는 협력형 자율주행 기술 개발을 위해 필요한 기술적 요소를 알아보고, 국내·외 연구 동향을 조사하였다. 미국, 유럽, 일본, 국내에서 수행된 협력형 자율주행 관련 서비스, 통신 기술, 표준 개발 등의 사례 검토를 통해 국가별 연구의 특 성을 비교하였다. 연구 동향 검토를 통해 향후 협력형 자율주행 기술 개발을 위한 시사점을 도출하고, 자율주행차량을 지원하기 위한 인프라 가이던스의 필요성을 제시하였다.

A cooperative driving automation system is imperative to overcome the limitation of the stand-alone automated driving technology. By definition, a cooperative driving automation system refers to a technology in which an automated vehicle cooperates with other vehicles or infrastructure to increase driving efficiency and safety. Specifically, in this study, the technical elements necessary for the cooperative driving automation technology and the technological research trends were investigated. Subsequently, implications for future cooperative driving automation technology development were drawn through the research trends. Finally, the importance of cooperative driving automation technology and infra-guidance service for automated vehicles were discussed.

오늘날 각종 재난발생 유형이 다양해지고 다기능화 된 도시 구조로 예측 불허의 재난 발생이 우려되고 있다. 또한 지구 온난화 등으로 재난이 한번 발생했다 하면 대형화되고 있고, 재난 수습을 위하여 가용한 자원을 최대한 동원하여야 하며, 재난현장이 실시간대 언론 등 미디어를 통해 생중계되는 상황이기에 재난현장 지휘자는 그 모든 요소를 고려하여 재난현장을 지휘해야 한다. 그러나 재난현장 지휘에 영향을 미치는 요소는 그 중요성에도 불구하고, 여기에 관련된 사전 연구가 거의 없는 실정이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 국방 분야에서 전투현장 지휘에 적용되고 있는 요소인 METT-TC(Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather, Time available, and Civilian considerations)를 기반으로, 일반 재난현장을 효과적으로 지휘하는데 영향을 미치는 요소로 MORT-TEC(Mission, Object, Resources available, Terrain and weather, Time available, Exercise, and Civilian considerations)를 제안한다. 이러한 요소를 세월호 구조 상황에 적용해 봄으로써, 향후 연구 및 재난현장의 지휘자들에게 도움이 될 수 있는 정책적인 의미를 제시한다.

Today, scale of a disaster becomes huge, all the available resources should be mobilized to control the disaster situation, and situations of the disaster site is broadcasted by the various media on a real-time basis. Accordingly, The commander of the disaster site should manage the situation taking all the factors into consideration. Despite the importance of the factors affecting the command of disaster site, there are not much research on this topic. This study utilizes METT-TC(Mission, Enemy, Troops, Terrain and weather, Time available, and Civilian considerations) which is applied in a combat situation by the military area and proposes MORT-TEC(Mission, Object, Resources available, Terrain and weather, Time available, Exercise, and Civilian considerations) as factors affecting the effective command of disaster site. These factors are applied to the Sewol Ferry Incidents and policy implications which can help researchers and practitioners in the area are suggested.

This article argues for the implementation of an expansive notion of art education that embraces the extraordinary potential of technologies as new art materials and encourages students to gain fluency and confidence in technology-infused art making. It is the outcome of a reflective-in-action research methodology, presenting select takeaways from 12 semesters spent teaching new media to pre-service teachers and collecting written feedback in the form of student blogs. The four “lessons” presented include the importance of stepping back from technology in order to re-approach it creatively, the power of making, the need to expose students to the vastness of technology in a variety of ways, and the value of making students stewards of their own learning.