Earticle

The main purpose of this paper is to look into the discourse function of conditional expressions in the forms of inversion and elliptical structure. The result leads to the fact that the speaker prefer using inversion structure: What is important is followed by background information. For example, the speaker seeks an agreement on his judgement, he uses to and ba. On the contrary, while asking the listener's intention or making any suggestion, he prefers the form of tara. Both ba and tara are preferred when the conditional forms are omitted. This study shows that the omitted conditional expressions are widely used in case there is some conflicted opinion between speaker and listener.

글쓰기의 기본은 창의적 발상에 있다. 창의적 발상은 글을 읽는 독자의 사고 과정에도 커다란 영향을 미친다. 그만큼 글쓰기에서의 창의적 발상은 글을 쓰고 전달하는 과정에서 매우 중요한 요소로 작용한다. 이 논문에서는 창의 적 사고의 한 방법으로 트리즈(TRIZ)의 기법을 분석하고, 이 중 '반대로 하기(Inversion)'의 원리를 중심으로 글쓰기 교 육의 가능성을 진단하였다. 이를 통해 트리즈(TRIZ) 발명원리가 창의적 글쓰기에도 상당부분 적용가능하며, 글쓰기에서 의 무분별한 용어 오남용의 실태를 파악하는 데도 도움이 됨을 알 수 있다.

The basis of writing is creative thinking. Creative thinking has a big impact on the thinking process of readers. As much, creative thinking in writing is very important in the writing and communication process. In this paper, we analyze TRIZ 's technique as a method of creative thinking, Among these, the possibility of writing education was diagnosed centered on the principle of‘inversion'. This suggests that TRIZ's invention principle can be applied to creative writing, and it helps to grasp the reality of abuse of words which is indiscreet in writing.

1,1-Bis(n-butyl)-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene (3) and 1,1-bis(t-butyl)-2,3,4,5- tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopentadiene (4) are synthesized from the reaction of the versatile silole dianion (2) with n-butyl bromide and t-butyl bromide. Reduction of (3) and (4) with an excess of lithium to give 1,1-bis(n-butyl)-2,5-dilithio-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1- silacyclopenta-3-enide (6) and 1,1-bis(t-butyl)-2,5-dilithio-2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-silacyclopenta-3-enide (7). 13C-NMR study of two 2,5- carbodianions (6 and 7) shows tert-carbanion at 73.18 and 78.12 ppm respectively. Two bulky tert- butyl groups in (7) increase the inversion barrier at the tert-carbanion, line broadenings of tert-butyl groups in 1H and 13C-NMR spectrum are observed.

"This paper introduces a novel selective channel inversion (SCI) protocol for over-the-air computation (AirComp) networks. The proposed SCI protocol reduces the overhead associated with channel state information (CSI) by broadcasting a predefined channel threshold. Furthermore, it improves mean squared error (MSE) performance by permitting transmission only from sensor nodes with favorable channel conditions. For an arbitrary channel distribution, an exact closed-form expression for the MSE is derived, from which an asymptotic expression for a large number of sensor nodes is obtained. Numerical results demonstrate that the asymptotic expression closely matches the exact result, even for a relatively small number of sensor nodes. An optimization problem is formulated to determine the optimal channel threshold under Nakagami- fading channels, and it is analytically proven that the problem is convex. An algorithm for dynamically determining the threshold under arbitrary channel distributions is also presented. Numerical results demonstrate that SCI AirComp outperforms CI AirComp in scenarios with low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), high fading severity, and a large number of sensor nodes. 2018 The Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)."

Arano (2014) presents different syntactic analyses to Locaive Inversion (LI) and Quotative Inversion (QI) constructions on the basis of three empirical facts. They are about how pronouns are realized in tag questions, whether post-nominal alone can modify post-verbal DPs, and how sensitive LI and QI are to experiencer arguments selected by raising verbs. Although this paper agrees to Arao’s position that the syntactic disparities between LI and QI can be accounted for by focusing on the syntactic status of post-verbal DPs in these constructions, it is argued that Arano’s (2014) proposal of covert DP-movement in QI should be abandoned. Instead, on the basis of a few empirical facts, this paper argues that post-verbal DPs in QI have subject properties and move overtly to [Spec, TP]. With this revision, the three empirical facts in question, which reveal the syntactic disparities between LI and QI, are successfully accounted for under the modified feature inheritance mechanism. The empirical data showing that QI is unacceptable with quantifier floating do not counterexemplify this paper’s proposal of overt subject-raising in QI because they are independently accounted for under Takami’s (1998) analysis, in which floated quantifiers are considered as secondary subjects.

토마스 하디의 소설은 자주 주요인물들이 관련된 비극적 아이러니의 상황을 절묘하게 창출한다. 『캐스터브리지 시장』에서 마이클 헨처드의 삶과 죽음에 관한 비극적 이야기에는 아이러니가 짙게 배어 있는데, 이는 그와 다른 인물들 사이의 관계에서 반복적으로 드러나는 역할의 전도로부터 크게 기인한다. 관계전복의 유형은 헨처드와 도널드 파프레 사이에서 가장 뚜렷이 나타난다. 사업과 개인적 인간관계, 그리고 사회적 지위에서 그들의 역할은 철저하게 뒤바뀌고 만다. 이러한 전복의 양상은 많은 다른 인물들, 예를 들어 수전, 루세터, 엘리자베스제인, 좁, 휘틀, 뉴슨, 밀죽 파는 여인 등과 헨처드의 관계를 통해 더욱 두드러진다. 헨처드와 그 밖의 인물들에 의하여 연출되는 이러한 역할의 전도는 "세상의 방식"과 인생살이에서 "예기치 못한 것들의 집요함"에 대하여 독자들을 깨우쳐 준다.

The postposed thematic subject in the Locative Inversion Construction (LIC) is considered to receive focus interpretation. Regarding the discourse-related properties like focus and topic, Rizzi(1997) argues that an element should move into spec-FocP in C-space in order to receive focus interpretation. This analysis may capture coherent explanation that syntactic configuration is directly related to interpretation. However, this analysis cannot explain how the inverted subject in the LIC receives focus interpretation. Revising Rizzi’s analysis, Jayaseelan (2008) argues that there is a FocP above VP. This analysis may account for some syntactic characteristic of LIC well, but it also has some problems on explaining some properties of LIC. In this respect, I try to explore some syntactic configuration of this construction and argue that FocP is between vP and VP. This analysis enables us to explain some puzzling properties of Locative Inversion and Heavy NP Shift.

This paper studies the SAI(Subject Auxiliary Inversion) in English syntax through the analysis of split projections. The SAI is obligatory in the matrix clause of non-subject WH-question, but it doesn't take place in the subject WH-question. Futhermore, the SAI can be found in neither of the indirect WH-questions and the indirect Y/N questions. However, the SAI is found in both the matrix and the embedded clauses of negative inversion sentences. To solve these tricky problems, I introduce Park(1996)'s OSHA based upon split projection. This new approach will become an alternative on the analysis of English subject-auxiliary inversion. If we assume Park(1996)'s OSHA as the available theory, we can have more explanatory power to analyze the SAI constructions consistently.

There are two major types of inversions - Subject Auxiliary Inversion(SAI) and Stylistic Inversion(SI). In the minimalist approach, SAI can straightforwardly be analyzed as movement of an auxiliary from T to C for feature checking, with the subject remaining in the canonical subject position Spec,TP. By contrast, SI constructions involve inversion around a full lexical verb rather than an auxiliary. This poses a significant challenge for the minimalist theory of derivation, as it cannot be straightforwardly accounted for by movement of the verb to T or C. This is due to the widely accepted analysis of English, according to which main verbs generally do not undergo overt movement. In this paper, we aim to focus on SI constructions, especially Quotative Inversion(QI), demonstrating that they are also derived systematically. As we discuss the derivation of QI, we will put forward the following claims. First, contrary to some claims that the EPP can be violated under certain conditions in SI, we will argue that the EPP should be reanalyzed as a Criterial requirement, allowing elements other than default subjects to satisfy it. Second, contrary to some proposals that the subject in SI constructions uniformly remains in its base position within vP, we will show that in the case of QI, the subject occupies the canonical Spec,TP position. Third, we propose that SI results from the interaction between syntax and phonology and/or semantics.

In this paper, we will show that multiple subject positions can also be found in the locative inversion construction(LIC) in English and Korean, associated with specificity feature of the subject. For this purpose, we will show that LIC and the inverted presentational there construction are basically the same construction, the only difference being that the subject position is occupied by a null expletive pro in the former, but by the overt expletive there in the latter. After that, we will show that the null pro and the expletive there occupy SpecTP and the fronted PP raises to SpecTopP via SpecFinP, and that the mixed subject and non-subject properties that the fronted PP displays can be reconciled under our analysis. We also argue that Korean has a limited number of LICs and the locative subject construction, which forms a multiple nominative construction, is one of the examples. We will show that LIC in Korean is derived exactly like LIC in English except that the former lacks a null expletive pro or an overt expletive there in SpecSubjP.

This paper argues that stylistic inversion should be analyzed differently from SAI, which is an instance of narrow syntax. Stylistic inversion is argued to be the consequence of direct interactions that syntax requires of phonology and semantics. We scrutinize common characteristics of stylistic inversion, and then conclude that the sentence-final subject of stylistic inversion does not raise to cannonical TP subject position, but stays low within the verb phrase. Theoretically, the subject appearing post-verbal position is due to non-application of the EPP, which requires that the subject must be filled. The motivation is that the sentence-final subject differs from the canonical TP subject, in that it receives some kind of focus. The focus property is generally caused by the subject appearing post-verbally, which also creates prosodic highlighting. Every stylistic construction has its own idiosyncratic properties, which are also systematically analyzed in a derivational way. In particular, so-inversion is assumed to be a mixed phenomenon between SAI and stylistic inversion. Also, we showed that quotative inversion allows, though normally unexpected in English, (V-to-T) movement of finite verbs.

This study examines English Subject-Verb Inversion (SVI) which is a marked linguistic phenomenon that has been drawing great interests from a lot of linguists. A lot of research has mainly focused on one aspect of Subject-Verb Inversion such as syntax or pragmatics. However, language is a complex system which involves interplay of various linguistic factors. Hence, in this paper, we tried to provide holistic view of SVI focusing on its constraints and triggers. First of all, SVI takes place with very limited linguistic environment: syntactically, only with intransitive verbs and semantically and pragmatically, main verbs are informationally light (i.e. contains no important information). Along with these constraints, there are also triggers for SVI. Syntactic trigger is heavy NP, phonological trigger is rhythm and pragmatic triggers are Communication and Stylistic Force. Implications for teaching constraints and triggers are also discussed.

In sports, there is a constant discussion about the hyper-pronation and supination of the foot during loading and its relation to injuries or dis-comfort. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possi-ble differences in the subtalar joint in the midstance phase of running, between individuals with Pes Planus and Pes Cavus, after 5 min and 45 min of running. Thirty-four subjects, meeting the requirements for Pes Planus (30 feet) and Pes Cavus (35 feet), according to the criteria for Medial Longitudinal Arch-angle, were included in the study. The calca-neal vertical angle, representing the eversion/inversion of the subtalar joint, was measured using with two-dimensional digital analysis and Dartfish Software with the subjects running barefoot on a treadmill, be-fore and after 45 min of outside running wearing shoes. Both individuals with Pes Cavus and Pes Planus showed a significant increase in the calcaneal eversion (P<0.05) after 45 min of running. Between the groups, there was a significantly greater eversion of the Pes Planus, on the right foot, after 45 min of running (P<0.05) compared to the Pes Ca-vus. The effect of fatigue evident in the present study suggests that fur-ther biomechanical research should be considered when exposing the foot to the repetitive nature of running, conditions most likely responsi-ble for the overrepresented overuse injuries among runners.

이모티콘은 온라인과 오프라인 소통에서 폭넓게 사용되고 있다. 얼굴이모티콘의 지각적 부호화가 얼굴-특수 구성적 처리에 의존하는지 밝히기 위해 자극 역전이 ERP성분 N170과 P1의 진폭과 정점 잠재기에 미치는 영향을 조사하였는데, N170은 얼굴에 민감하고 정위상 바른 얼굴보다 역전된 얼굴에 대해 진폭이 더 크고 잠재기가 더 지연되지만(N170-얼굴역전효과) P1은 저수준 시각적 속성에 민감한 것으로 알려져 있다. 얼굴이모티콘, 얼굴사진, 그리고 집아이콘을 정위상 바르게 또는 역전시켜 제시하고서 자극 윤곽선상 두 개 틈의 상대적 높이를 판단하도록 참가자에게 요구했다. N170과 P1의 평균진폭과 정점 잠재기를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. N170 진폭에 있어 얼굴이모티콘은 얼굴사진과 차이가 없었고, 두 얼굴유형 모두 집아이콘보다 더 부적이었으며(얼굴-민감 N170효과), 역전 정위와 바른 정위의 차이(역전효과)가 모든 자극유형에서 관찰되지 않았다. N170 정점 잠재기에 있어 얼굴이모티콘은 얼굴사진보다 더 짧았고 집아이콘과 차이가 없었는데, 이러한 잠재기상 차이는 역전 정위에서만 관찰되었다. N170 정점 잠재기와 관련된 역전효과가 두 얼굴유형 모두에서 관찰되었고(N170-얼굴역전효과) 집아이콘에서는 관찰되지 않았지만, 역전효과의 크기에 있어서는 얼굴사진이 얼굴이모티콘보다 더 컸고 얼굴이모티콘은 집아이콘과 차이가 없었다. P1의 진폭과 정점 잠재기는 얼굴-민감효과나 얼굴역전효과를 보이지 않았으며, 단지 자극들간 저수준 시각적 차이의 효과만을 보였다. 이러한 결과는 얼굴이모티콘의 지각적 부호화가 얼굴-민감 구성적 처리기전에 다소 의존하지만, 구성적 처리가 방해받는 역전 정위의 경우에는 집아이콘과 같이 사물-민감 지각기전에 주로 의존한다는 것을 시사한다.

Emoticons are widely used for various offline and online communication. To investigate whether the perceptual encoding of face emoticon relies on the face-specific configural processing, we examined how stimulus inversion affects the amplitude and peak latency of face-sensitive ERP component N170 which is known to be larger and delayed in response to inverted than to upright human face (N170-face inversion effect; N170-FIE) as well as ERP component P1 which is known to be sensitive to low-level visual features. ERPs were recorded to upright and inverted face emoticons, face photos, and house icons which were surrounded by oval-shaped outline. Participants had to judge the relative height of two gaps on the outline. N170 was enhanced for face emoticons and face photos relative to house icons (face-sensitive N170 effect), and showed no amplitude difference between face emoticons and face photos. N170 amplitude was not affected by inversion for all types of experimental stimuli. N170 was delayed for face photos relative to face emoticons as well as house icons, and showed no latency difference between face emoticons and house icons. The aforesaid latency difference among experimental stimuli were found only for inverted stimuli. For face emoticons and face photos, N170 was delayed for inverted relative to upright faces (N170-FIE), but, no N170 peak latency-related inversion effect was found for house icons. However, the magnitude of inversion effect was largest for face photos, and showed no difference between face emoticons and house icons. The amplitude and peak latency of P1 showed neither face-sensitive effect nor FIE, and only showed the effect of low-level visual differences among experimental stimuli. These findings show that perceptual encoding of upright face emoticons can rely on face-sensitive configural processing mechanisms to a less degree than face photos, but perceptual encoding of inverted face emoticons can rely on object-sensitive perceptual mechanisms like house icons.

전기비저항 탐사에서 잡음원은 높은 접촉저항, 장비의 측정오차 및 주변의 불규칙한 잡음을 들 수 있다. 전기비저항 탐사 자료의 올바른 해석을 위해서는 이들 잡음의 정확한 추정이 필요하다. 반복성시험은 불규칙 잡음을 억제하는데 효과적이며, 상반성시험은 측정자료의 정밀도를 제공해 준다. 또한 이들 반복성시험과 상반성시험은 잡음의 측정에 매우 효과적이다. 최근 전기비저항 탐사기기들은 잡음자료의 표준편차를 제공한다. 하지만 국내의 경우 이 잡음을 현장자료획득 단계에서 자료의 질을 평가하는데 사용하는데 그치고 있다. 본 연구에서는 정확한 잡음측정방법과 잡음수준에 자료가중값을 결정하는 방법을 제안하였다. 수치실험을 통하여 정확한 잡음측정과 잡음에 따른 가중값을 사용할 경우 역산의 분해능 저하 없이 잡음의 영향을 효과적으로 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The major sources of noise in DC resistivity measurement are high contact resistance, measurement errors, and sporadic background noise. Accurate quantification of data noise is crucial to prevent misinterpretation of resistivity data. Stacking repeated measurements is useful for minimizing random errors. Reciprocal measurements can provide a measure of data precision. Stacking and reciprocal measurements are both useful in estimating noise. Fortunately, most of modern resistivity devices measures standard deviation of data noise. However, the measured noise, especially in Korea, has generally been used only for the data quality control in the data acquisition stage. In this study, we propose a noise estimation and data weighting method according to noise level. Through numerical tests, we assure that accurate noise estimation and data weighting according to noise level effectively suppress the effects of noise without degrading resolving power.

Geostatistical inverse approach using geophysical data was applied to indirectly make the RMR classification at points apart from boreholes. The geostatistical approach was usually used to find optimized estimation which supports two or more different physical properties at unsampled points. However, in this study, an approach to solve inverse problem was proposed. The primary variable, RMR values obtained at known boreholes, is geostatistically simulated with many realization at pre-defined grid point according to the variogram model. The simulated values are sequentially compared with the physical property resulted from geophysical survey at an arbitrary grid point, and the most similar one is chosen. This process means that the spatial distribution of primary variable, RMR, is conformed well to the original pattern of the borehole observation, and ensure to fit the geophysical survey result to reflect the correlation between different physical properties.

전기비저항 검층은 시추공 주변의 전기비저항 분포를 밝히는 가장 정확한 방법으로 알려져 있으나, 그 측정값은 지층의 전기비저항 값이 아닌 겉보기 비저항에 불과하며, 특히 지층의 두께가 얇을 경우에는 그 지층의 전기비저항과는 상반된 반응을 나타내기도 한다. 이 연구에서는 전기비저항 검층 중 가장 많이 사용되는 노말 전기비저항 검층 자료로부터 지하의 참 전기비저항 분포를 획득하는 효율적인 역산 알고리듬을 개발하였다. 수평다층구조에 대한 노말 검층 자료의 지층 전기비저항과 지층의 두께에 대한 이론 편미분식을 유도하고, 다수 지층의 전기비저항값과 두께를 모델변수로 채택하여 역산을 수행함으로써 초기모형 선정의 어려움을 극복하였으며, ACB법을 통하여 분해능 향상을 기하였다. 또한, 전기비저항 검층에서 해석하기 힘든 고비저항의 박층이 협재된 경우와 임의의 무작위 지층 모형에 대한 수치모형실험, 그리고 현장자료의 역산실험 등을 통하여 개발된 알고리듬의 효율성을 입증하였다.

Resistivity logging is believed to be the most accurate method to obtain the resistivity profile with depth. The measured data, however, are merely apparent resistivity, which are not true resistivity of the earth. In particular, for a very thin layer, the measured data may not reflect the true resistivity of this layer. In this study, we have developed an efficient automatic inverse code to obtain true resistivity profile of stratified earth from normal resistivity logs. To overcome the difficulty in selecting a proper initial model and to facilitate the inversion, we divide the earth into many thin layers and the resistivity and thickness of each layer are selected as inverse variables. Moreover, theoretical formula to calculate partial derivatives with respect to these variables is derived and the Active Constraint Balancing method is adopted to enhance the resolving power of the inversion. The efficiency of our inverse code is tested with a layered model with thin resistive layer, which is hard to resolve in resistivity logs, and with randomly generated stratified earth model. Inversion results of field data set show that the developed algorithm is efficient to reveal real resistivity changes with depth.

전파형을 이용한 역산에서는 행렬식의 계산을 위해 대용량의 메모리를 요구하는 최소자승법보다는 대부분 경사법이 사용되어왔다. 하지만 경사법은 잔차가 진동하는 경향을 보이며 수렴 속도가 느려 상대적으로 많은 연산횟수를 필요로 하는 단점을 가진다. 본 연구에서는 주파수 영역에서 감쇠 최소자승법을 사용하여 지하의 속도모델을 효과적으로 찾아가는 역산 알고리듬을 구현하고, 이 알고리듬의 타당성 및 적용성 검토를 위해 수치모형 실험을 수행하여 적은 반복 연산 횟수에도 비교적 정확한 해를 찾아가는 것을 확인하였다. 감쇠 최소자승법의 메모리 문제를 해결하기 위하여 모델링에 이용된 셀의 2 × 2 크기로 역산블록을 설정하고 계산시간의 단축을 위하여 병렬처리 프로그램을 이용하였다. 또한 초기모델의 선정이 역산에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해 심도에 따라 속도가 증가하는 초기모델과 제로-오프셋 VSP나 음파검층 자료가 있을 때 이로부터 획득한 구간속도를 평활화한 초기모델을 사용하여 역산한 결과를 비교·분석하였다. 그 결과, VSP 자료나 음파검층 등의 자료를 초기속도모델로 사용한 경우 지하 속도구조의 층 경계들을 잘 영상화하고 보다 정확한 속도 정보를 제공함을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 감쇠 최소자승법의 경우 최대경사법과 달리 민감도 행렬을 계산하기 때문에 이러한 정보를 이용하여 주파수에 따른 영향범위를 확인할 수 있다.

The gradient method has been used for full waveform inversion more often than the least-squares method that requires the huge computational memory in solving matrix equation. However, since misfits of the gradient method show an oscillating tendency and updated velocities converge to true values very slowly, the gradient method requires many iterations. In this study, we have presented an inversion algorithm to find the subsurface velocity structure using the damped least-squares method in the frequency domain. To verify our waveform inversion scheme, we applied the algorithm to the synthetic data, and found that comparatively correct solutions were acquired even with a few iterations. To reduce computer memory requirements and computing time, we utilized inversion blocks consisting of 2×2 elements, which are larger than that of forward modelling, and parallel processing technique based on MPI (Message Passing Interface). For investigating the effects of the initial model on inversion results, we compared and analyzed inversion results for two initial velocity models. One is a gradually increasing velocity model and the other is a smoothed horizontally layered velocity model. The latter was constructed based on the assumption that we have horizontally layered velocity information from zero-offset VSP or well logging data. The inversion result obtained by using the smoothed horizontally layered velocity model shows interfaces of subsurface velocity structures more clearly and provides more accurate velocity values than those using the gradually increasing velocity model. In addition, since the damped least-squares method calculates the sensitivity matrix unlike the steepest-descent method, we can identify the influence of frequency range on inversion results by comparing the sensitivity matrices for a couple of frequencies.

Small loop electromagnetic (EM) method has the ability to provide continuous conductivity distribution at shallow depth. Especially, this method is very suitable for monitoring conductivity variation in the subsurface because data acquisition is very rapid and non-destructive. In this study, we developed a time-lapse inversion algorithm to effectively interpret monitoring data. The developed inversion algorithm imposes a big penalty on model parameter with small change, while a minimal penalty on model parameter with large change compared with a reference model. Consequently, inversion result shows a focused image where model parameters changed greatly. Applying the method on the inversion of synthetic 2.5D small loop EM monitoring data, we can ensure that it is effective in the detection of areas which show great change between a reference and time-lapse model.