Earticle

Gasoline is highly flammable substance which also shows chronic toxicity when inhaled. Accidental poisoning cases caused by hydrocarbon fuel occur continuously in modern times, therefore the demand of standardized method and threshold in gasoline poisoning cases are increasing in the forensic science field. In this study, analysis conditions and results for the detection of each components in gasoline from fatal poisoning case using solid-phase microextraction and solvent extraction are presented. Specific composition distribution patterns of autopsy samples and field samples are estimated from detection rate and score of each components. From field samples, higher alkanes were mainly found, while autopsy samples had lower alkanes which have relatively high penetrating ratio into body. Besides, aromatic compounds showed relatively high loss rate in both samples, because of their high volatility.

Various neurodegenerative diseases including dementia and cognitive dysfunction pathogenesis are caused due to oxidative stress. Several studies have proved that molecular hydrogen (H2) acts as a therapeutic and preventive anti-oxidant, however, H2 effect on dementia is poorly documented. In the present study, we investigated the effects of H2 inhalation on trimethyltin (TMT)-induced memory dysfunction in the C57BL/6 mice. For this, mice were intraperitoneally injected a single dosage of TMT 2.6 mg/kg body weight. The subjects were randomly divided into the following groups: normal control without TMT induction, TMT only as a negative control (TMT injection + saline administration), positive control group [TMT injection + lithium chloride (50 mg/kg body weight) injection], H2-2wk group [TMT injection + H2 gas inhalation (once a day for 30 min for 2 weeks) and H2-4wk group [TMT injection + H2 gas inhalation (once a day for 30 min for 4 weeks). As a result, TMT-exposed mice showed symptoms such as tremor, seizure and aggressive behavior. Meanwhile, H2-treated groups after TMT treatment showed significantly increased spatial cognition abilities in the Y-maze test. Likewise, the level of the oxidative stress markers such as ROS, NO and MDA were found to be decreased in H2-2wk and H2-4wk groups as compared to the TMT only group in both serum and brain lysate, coherently, antioxidant enzymatic activities were increased in H2-2wk and H2-4wk groups compared to TMT only group. Moreover, H2 showed prevention effect of neuronal apoptosis through the suppression of apoptotic signaling molecules such as BAX, and cleaved caspase-7. Overall, H2 inhalation exhibited memory enhancing activity and decreased the oxidative stress markers and suppressed apoptotic signaling molecules on TMT-inducd mice. Therefore, H2 might be one of candidates for repairing dementia and neuro-degenerative diseases which shows symptoms such as dysfunction of learning, memory and cognition. However further studies are needed to clarify this notion.

Background: Airborne radioactive particulate in many important nuclear facilities (particularly nuclear power plants) will have a strong impact on the relative public dose if they are released into the corresponding environment traversing the stack or vents. The radiation protection researchers have regarded the relative environment assessing and estimation of public doses. And the model of assessing impact of discharges radioactive substance to the environment have been recommended by many international organizations (e.g. IAEA) with the nuclear energy safety and radiation protection. Materials and methods: This paper introduced the generic models that were suggested by International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), for use in assessing the impact of discharges of radioactive substances to the environment (e.g. IAEA Safety Report Series No.19). Results and Discussion: The writers of this paper, based on the recommend methods, assessed the discharge limits in some airborne radioactive substances discharging standards. The reasons that IAEA method are introduced are mainly the following considerations: IAEA is one of international organizations with some authorities in the nuclear energy safety and radiation protection; and, more important, the recommend modes are operational methods rather than the methods having little operations such as that have used by some researchers. Conclusion: It is wish that the introduced methods in this paper can be referenced in draft or revise of the standards related to discharges of radioactive substances to the environment.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of inhaled clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.) oil or linalyl acetate on patients’ anxiety and stress levels before undergoing chemotherapy. Methods: Forty-five eligible participants were randomly assigned to inhale clary sage oil, or linalyl acetate, each at concentrations of 5% vol/vol in almond oil or pure almond oil (control). State-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Stress rating scale, anxiety-visual analog scale (Anxiety-VAS), stress-visual analog scale (Stress-VAS), blood pressure, and heart rate were measured before and after the inhalation prior to undergoing chemotherapy. Results: Anxiety-VAS and Stress-VAS were significantly lower after than before inhalation of clary sage oil (p<.01 and p<.05, respectively) and linalyl acetate (p<.05 and p<.05, respectively), despite having no significant difference in the three groups compared with control group. Systolic (p<.05) and diastolic (p<.01) blood pressure before undergoing chemotherapy were significantly lower after than before inhalation of linalyl acetate, while there was no significant difference in after than before inhalation of clary sage oil, despite both reducing levels of anxiety and stress. Conclusion: These findings suggest that linalyl acetate inhalation may be inappropriate in lowering anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, despite its anxiolytic and antistress effects, while clary sage oil inhalation may be useful in reducing anxiety and stress in patients undergoing chemotherapy, which has a risk of hypotensive side effects.

Inhaled solvents such as toluene are of particular concern due to their abuse potential that is easily exposed to the environment. The inhalation of toluene causes various behavioral problems, but, the effect of short-term exposure of toluene on changes in emotional behaviors over time after exposure and the accompanying pathological characteristics have not been fully identified. Here, we evaluated the behavioral and neurochemical changes observed over time in mice that inhaled toluene. The mice were exposed to toluene for 30 min at a concentration of either 500 or 2,000 ppm. Toluene did not cause social or motor dysfunction in mice. However, increased anxiety-like behavior was detected in the short-term after exposure, and depression-like behavior appeared as delayed effects. The amount of striatal dopamine metabolites was significantly decreased by toluene, which continued to be seen for up to almost two weeks after inhalation. Additionally, an upregulation of serotonin 1A (5-HT_1A) receptor in the hippocampus and the substantia nigra, as well as reduced immunoreactivity of neurogenesis markers in the dentate gyrus, was observed in the mice after two weeks. These results suggest that toluene inhalation, even single exposure, mimics early anxiety-and delayed depression-like emotional disturbances, underpinned by pathological changes in the brain.

Purpose: This study investigated the effects of aroma inhalation on sleep quality, professional quality of life (QoL), and near-misses in medication errors during night shifts among emergency room nurses. Methods: A randomized crossover experimental design was used to determine the effects of this intervention. The research participants included 55 nurses (29 in Group 1 and 26 in Group 2) who worked as nurses in the emergency room at a tertiary general hospital in Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. Aroma inhalation was conducted on the night shift. Sleep quality, professional QoL, and near-misses in medication were measured before and after inhalation of the aroma. Data was analyzed using the independent t-test, the chi-square test, and a linear mixed-effects model. Results: The aroma treatment group had significantly better sleep quality than the non-treatment group (p < .010), and the sleep time on the third day of aroma treatment was longer than that of the non-treatment group (p = .008). However, there were no signs of improvement in professional QoL or near-misses in medication errors in response to aroma treatment. Conclusion: Aroma inhalation effectively improved sleep quality and increased sleep duration in emergency room nurses. Therefore, aroma inhalation is suggested as an intervention to improve the sleep quality of emergency room nurses who work night shifts. Follow-up studies are needed to build a more robust evidence base to inform strategies for improving nurses' professional QoL and patient safety during medication management.

Background: During the coronavirus pandemic, masks played a critical role in preventing respiratory infections. While the performance of masks such as KF-certified masks and N95 masks was evaluated and managed by the authorities, the performance of common masks was not. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of uncertified masks in four Asian countries against certification standards (Korean KF80, KF94, and US N95). Methods: Thirty uncertified mask products from Indonesia, 20 from South Korea, 26 from Taiwan, and 30 from Thailand were purchased to perform performance evaluations. The uncertified masks included disposable dental masks, cloth masks, and children's masks. Filtration efficiency and inhalation airflow resistance tests were conducted according to Korean KF80, KF94, and US N95 protocols. Results: None of the 106 identified masks complied with the KF94 standard. A few complied with the KF80 standard: four from Indonesia, four from South Korea, 13 from Taiwan, and 16 from Thailand. Some of the masks met the N95 standard: one from Indonesia, three from South Korea, two from Taiwan, and one from Thailand. Conclusions: Since many uncertified masks did not comply with performance standards, wearing them might not have provided sufficient protection. Performance of uncertified masks could provide critical information for next pandemic management.

Purpose: Patients undergoing cholecystectomy report experiencing stress related to the surgery, complaining of pain and poor sleep quality. Aromatherapy is known to have positive effects on these complaints. However, the effect of aromatherapy on cholecystectomy patients has yet to be determined. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of aromatherapy on laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients’ stress, pain, and sleep quality. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial involving 69 adults who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Essential oil therapy was given to an intervention group, and almond oil was given to a placebo group. The outcome variables were stress, pain, and sleep quality. Results: There were no differences between the groups in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics and pretreatment dependent variables. After the intervention, subjective stress (F ¼ 7.43, p < .001), objective stress (F ¼ 2.70, p ¼ .034), parasympathetic nerve activity (F ¼ 2.65, p ¼ .036), pain (F ¼ 8.74, p < .001), analgesics administration (F ¼ 22.43, p < .001), and sleep quality (F ¼ 5.23, p < .001) were significantly different between the intervention, placebo, and control groups. Sympathetic nerve activity was not significantly different. The effect sizes regarding the sleep quality of the intervention versus control group and the intervention versus placebo group were 1.92 and 1.52, respectively. Conclusion: Postoperative aromatherapy received by cholecystectomy patients was effective in reducing stress and pain and improving sleep quality. No side effects of aromatherapy were reported during the experimental treatment.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the abdominal muscle activity difference while performing the abdominal bracing technique focusing on inspiration (abdominal bracing group), the general abdominal bracing technique (general bracing group), and the abdominal hollowing technique (abdominal hallowing group) Design: A cross-sectional study design. Methods: Thirty-three healthy participants were recruited for this study. The participants were allocated to 3 different groups; Abdominal bracing group, general bracing group, and abdominal hallowing group. The surface electromyography was placed over the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles to collect the activation of abdominal muscles during the trial. Results: The muscle activity of the abdominal bracing group and general bracing groups was significantly higher in all abdominal muscles than in the abdominal hollowing group (p<0.05) Both rectus abdominis and external oblique muscles showed higher muscle activations in the abdominal bracing group over the general bracing group (p<0.05). However, the ratio of bilateral external obliques and rectus abdominis to bilateral internal obliques was highest when the hollowing technique was applied (p<0.05). Conclusions: The results of study showed the abdominal bracing technique that emphasized inhalation rather than the abdominal hollowing technique or general abdominal bracing technique increased the activity of the abdominal muscles. Therefore, this study is considered to be a data for effective training if the abdominal bracing technique that emphasizes inhalation is applied as a method to increase the activation of the abdominal muscles.

Asthma is one of the crucial inflammatory diseases with wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. It is accompanied with the airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary inflammation and airway remodeling. Recently, inhalation of essential oils from aromatic plants has been reported to have therapeutic effects for respiratory disease. In this study, we verified the inhibitory effects of peppermint oil inhalation using a nebulizer in mice. Network pharmacology analysis was conducted to predict the functional mechanism of peppermint oil prior to animal experiment. The target genes of menthol and menthone, main compounds of peppermint oil, consisted of the whole network and then analysed in both of KEGG pathway and GO Biological process databases. Based on the results from Network pharmacology, cytokine expression and the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway were confirmed in lung epithelial cells and asthmatic mice. Through a network pharmacological analysis, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and JAK/STAT was expected to be potential mechanisms of peppermint oil. Fine particulate matter (PM)- exposed lung epithelial cells showed the decreases of pro-inflammatory and T helper 2-specific cytokines by peppermint oil treatment. Inhalation of peppermint oil by nebulization also reduced the IL-6 levels and JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation in PM-exposed lung tissues. Moreover, respiratory epithelium hyperplasia, collagen deposition and goblet cell activation were ameliorated in peppermint oil-treated asthmatic mice. Taken together, inhalation of peppermint oil significantly down-regulated the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in inflamed lung tissues. Peppermint oil may have an inhibitory effect on inflammatory asthma under the condition of PM-exposure.

Airway inflammatory diseases like asthma is a global public health concern due to their chronic inflammatory effects on the respiratory mucosa. Recently, the application of molecular hydrogen (H₂) has been recognized for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of H₂ in airway inflammation using an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced BALB/c mouse model of allergic asthma. Female BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA to induce airway inflammation and thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups: NT (non-treatment), HTC (3% H₂ treatment only), NC (negative control, OVA only), PC (positive control, OVA + intranasal 1 mg/ml salbutamol 50μl), and HT (H₂ treatment, OVA + inhaled 3% H₂). Various inflammatory and oxidative stressinduced markers such as WBC and its differential counts, lung histology, reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT), cytokine levels such as interferongamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), (IL)-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), (IL)-5, (IL)-13, and total immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels were investigated. Our results demonstrated that inhaled H₂ significantly reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, oxidative stress markers, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression while upregulating antioxidant enzyme activity. Additionally, H₂ also significantly decreased serum IgE levels, a marker of allergic inflammation. Collectively, our findings suggest that H₂ inhalation could be a promising treatment option for airway inflammation, offering a novel approach with potential clinical applications.

목적: 본 연구는 아로마 흡입법을 중환자실 간호사들이 겪고있는 스트레스, 피로 및 우울을 해결하는 중재의 기초자료로서 활용하 고자 시행하였다. 방법: 종합병원 중환자실 간호사들을 대상으로 2017년 11월부터 1개월간 설문조사를 실시하였으며 총 33부가 최종 분석에 사용되었고, 실험은 아로마 목걸이를 5일간 8 h 이상 착용하게 하였다. 결과: 연구 대상자의 일반적 특성은 평균 연령 27.79세, 총 근무경력 61.79개월이었다. 중환자실 근무경력은 평균 40.42개월이었다. 대상자의 스트레스 정도는 흡입 전 29.79, 흡 입 후 25.03으로 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p=0.004). 피로는 정서적 소진, 직업적 자신감, 냉소의 3영역으로 분석한 결과, 정서적 소진 영역이 흡입 전 22.18, 흡입 후 19.12로 감소하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 우울은 흡입 전 25.58, 흡입 후 20.64로 감소하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<0.001). 결론: 본 연구 결과로 아로마 흡입 자가관리 방법이 중환자 실 간호사들의 스트레스, 피로 및 우울을 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. 다만 J 지역의 종합병원 중환자실 병동수가 제한적이고 5일 이라는 짧은 기간에 실시되어 본 연구결과를 일반화할 수 없다는 한계점을 가지고 있으므로 향후 아로마를 이용한 중재방안에 대한 연구를 지속적으로 시행하고, 중환자실 이외의 다른 간호 영역에도 확대 적용할 필요가 있다

Purpose: This study aims to throw light on the effectiveness of aroma inhalation therapy as a countermeasure in managing the stress, fatigue, and depression levels of nurses working in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The data collected for this study was used as the primary material for designing intervention measures aimed at reducing the stress, fatigue, and depression levels of the nurses. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to nurses working in the ICU in general hospital; the questionnaires were administered for a period of one month, starting from November, 2017. Subjects were required to wear an aroma necklace for over 8 h every day for 5 days. In total, we analyzed 33 questionnaires to assess the subjects’ stress, fatigue, and depression levels. Results: The average age of the subjects was 27.79 years, and the total work experience was 61.79 months. The average work experience of the ICU nurses was 40.42 months. The stress level of the subjects was 29.79 before inhalation. After aroma inhalation, however, their stress level dropped to 25.03 (p =0.004). In addition, the subjects’ fatigue level, which was measured in terms of emotional exhaustion, occupational self-esteem, and cynicism, was also significantly alleviated by aroma inhalation; their fatigue level dropped from 22.18 to 19.12. Aroma inhalation also had a positive impact on the subjects’ depression score; their depression score was 25.58 before inhalation and 20.64 (p <0.001) after inhalation. Conclusion: The results show that aroma inhalation therapy reduces the stress, job exhaustion, and depression experienced by the ICU nurses. However, the results of this study cannot be generalized due to the following limitations: (i) the number of ICU in J-district and (ii) the short duration of this study. Thus, it is necessary to further examine the efficacy of aroma inhalation therapy as an intervention plan. To this end, the efficacy of this method should be tested on nurses working in units other than the ICU.

目的: 探索芳香吸入疗法对解决重症监护病房 (Intensive Care Unit, ICU) 护士压力，疲劳和抑郁的效果，并作 为基础资料。方法: 对在综合医院ICU工作的护士进行问卷调查，问卷从2017年11月开始执行，为期一个月。 受试者每天需要佩戴芳香项链超过8 h，持续5天。总共，分析了33份问卷以评估受试者的压力，疲劳和抑郁水 平。结果: 受试者的平均年龄为27.79岁，总体工作经历为61.79个月。ICU护士的平均工作经历为40.42个月。 吸入前受试者的压力水平为29.79。然而，吸入香气后，他们的压力水平降至25.03 (p =0.004)。此外，以情绪 衰竭，职业自尊和犬儒主义来衡量的受试者的疲劳水平也通过吸入香气显着缓解；他们的疲劳程度从22.18下 降到19.12。香气吸入对受试者的抑郁评分也有积极的影响；吸入前他们的抑郁评分为25.58，吸入后为20.64 (p <0.001)。结论: 香气吸入疗法减轻了ICU护士经历的压力，工作疲惫和抑郁。然而，由于以下限制，本研究 的结果不能一概而论: (i) J区的ICU数量和 (ii) 本研究的短期持续时间。因此，有必要进一步研究香气吸入疗法 作为干预计划的功效。为此，应该对非ICU单位的护士进行这种方法的有效性测试。

Background: The current study reports measurements of activity concentrations of radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) in dwellings, followed by inhalation dose assessment of the public, and then by the development of regulation and the national radon action plan (NRAP) in Cameroon. Materials and Methods: Radon, thoron, and thoron progeny measurements were carried out from 2014 to 2017 using radon-thoron discriminative detectors (commercially RADUET) in 450 dwellings and thoron progeny monitors in 350 dwellings. From 2019 to 2020, radon track detectors (commercially RADTRAK) were deployed in 1,400 dwellings. It was found that activity concentrations of radon range in 1,850 houses from 10 to 2,620 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 76 Bq/m3. Results and Discussion: Activity concentrations of thoron range from 20 to 700 Bq/m3 with a geometric mean of 107 Bq/m3. Thoron equilibrium factor ranges from 0.01 to 0.6, with an arithmetic mean of 0.09 that is higher than the default value of 0.02 given by UNSCEAR. On average, 49%, 9%, and 2% of all surveyed houses have radon concentrations above 100, 200, and 300 Bq/m3, respectively. The average contribution of thoron to the inhalation dose due to radon and thoron exposure is about 40%. Thus, thoron cannot be neglected in dose assessment to avoid biased results in radio-epidemiological studies. Only radon was considered in the drafted regulation and in the NRAP adopted in October 2020. Reference levels of 300 Bq/m3 and 1,000 Bq/m3 were recommended for dwellings and workplaces. Conclusion: Priority actions for the coming years include the following: radon risk mapping, promotion of a protection policy against radon in buildings, integration of the radon prevention and mitigation into the training of construction specialists, mitigation of dwellings and workplaces with high radon levels, increased public awareness of the health risks associated with radon, and development of programs on the scientific and technical aspects.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is closely related to insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility, and it is a metabolic stress liver injury. As a result of the multifactorial pathological development in vivo, endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase, leading to inflammatory necrosis of hepatocytes. In recent years, many studies have confirmed that hydrogen is not a physiological inert gas. It has reliable therapeutic properties for some diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's disease, atherosclerosis and so on. It can be said that hydrogen is a gas with great potential medical value. We used nitrogen-oxygen mixture as control, and inhaled hydrogen-oxygen mixture (66% hydrogen and 33% oxygen) to non-alcoholic fatty liver patients. We found that hydrogen can improve the blood lipid level, reduce the plasma total cholesterol level and low density lipoprotein level, and increase the liver/spleen CT ratio in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. At the same time, hydrogen can improve the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxygen ability of plasma in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver. It can reduce plasma glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and alanine transaminase levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The results showed that hydrogen could protect hepatocytes and alleviate the degree of nonalcoholic fatty liver.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 에센셜오일 흡입이 자율신경계에 미치는 영향을 혈액형사상체질 집단에 따라 비교하는 것이다. 방법: 페 퍼민트, 로즈마리, 유칼립투스, 파인, 레몬을 12:4:2:1:1 비율로 혼합한 블렌딩 오일을 구성하여, 중년 여성 32명을 대상으로 블렌 딩한 아로마 오일을 거즈에 적신 후 연구대상자의 뒷목에 28 min 동안 부착하였다. 심박변이도와 뇌파는 4 min 간격으로 흡입 전, 흡입 직후, 흡입 후 4 min, 8 min, 12 min, 16 min, 20 min, 24 min에 측정하였다. 결과: 블렌딩한 에센셜오일 흡입이 측정시점에 따른 심박변이도와 뇌파의 변화가 혈액형사상체질에 따라 차이가 있는지를 확인하기 위한 반복측정 분산분석 결과, 평균 심박수, 자율신경계 균형도, 상대 알파파에서 에센셜오일 흡입 전후 측정시점에 따른 평균 값의 변화가 혈액형에 따라서 다르게 나타나고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 결론: 페퍼민트 외 4종의 에센셜오일을 블렌딩한 냉성오일 흡입이 자율신경계에 미치는 영향이 개인의 혈 액형사상체질에 따라서 다르게 나타나고 있는 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose: This study aims to compare the effects of inhalation of blended aroma essential oils on autonomic nervous system (ANS) according to blood type (BT). Methods: Peppermint, rosemary, eucalyptus, pine, and lemon essentials oils were mixed in the ratio of 12:4:2:1:1, respectively. In total, 32 middle-aged women inhaled the blended aroma oil for 28 min. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured and an electroencephalogram (EEG) was conducted before; immediately after; and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 min after essential oil inhalation. Results: Analysis revealed significant differences in BT-time interaction for average heart rate (HR), low frequency/high frequency activity ratio (LF/HF), and relative alpha. Conclusion: The effects of aroma essential oil inhalation on ANS are dependent on the duration of inhalation and individual BT.

目的: 按照血型四象体质群体比较研究精油吸入对自主神经系统影响。方法: 薄荷、迷迭香、桉树、松树、柠檬精油按 12:4:2:1:1的比例混合。以32名中年女性为对象，将纱布浸泡在混合精油中，贴在受试者的劲背28 min。吸入精油前，吸 入精油后立即以及吸入精油后4 min、8 min、12 min、16 min、20 min、24 min分别测量心率变异性和脑电图。结果: 为 确认根据血型四象体质，混合精油吸入随着测定时间心率变异性和脑电图变化是否有差异，进行反复测定并分散分析。 其结果显示，平均脉搏数，自主神经平衡，相对α波，在吸入精油前后测定时间的不同，其平均值随着血型有所变化。结 论: 除薄荷以外，4种精油混合的冷性精油的吸入，按照个人的血型四象体质，对自主神经系统产生不同影响。