Earticle

이 연구에서는 약물남용과 만성적 운동자극에 의한 NK(Naturall Killer)의 조절을 중심으로 많은 약물중에서 알콜, 흡연, 마리화나, 코카인, 아나볼릭 스테로이드를 중심으로 면역조절 효과를 살펴보고 운동자극이 약물 남용의 면 역조절 효과를 경감시킬 수 있는지에 초점을 맞춰 고찰해 보고자 하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 알콜남용자는 유산소 운동 프 로그램에 참여해 장기간 운동에 대한 심폐계와 골격근 대사 적응을 입증할 수 있지만, 이런 이로운 적응은 규칙적인 지 구력-유형 운동에 의한 자연 면역의 정적 조절과 독립적으로 발생 할 것이다. 또한 흡연은 종종 면역억제와 연관되어 있다. 알콜남용, 스트레스 그리고 기타 복합요인들과 흡연의 상호작용 때문에 생체의 면역조절에 대한 담배의 독립적인 효과, 생물학적 효과는 약물, 흡연 또는 가는 흡입의 투여에 의해 영향을 받는다. 마리화나 복용자는 많은 화학 물질에 노출 된다.특히 흡연은 점액면역기능에 영향을 준다. 폐포의 대식세포 수는 흡연에 노출된 폐에서 증가한다. 따라서 앞 으로 약물남용을 억제하고 이에 대한 행동을 억제하기 위해서는 주변의 조언과 사회적인 중제의 역할이 요구될 것이며 재활환경을 조성하고 개선할 수 있는 여건 조성이 선행되어야 할 것이다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of immunosuppression among many drugs, focusing on alcohol, smoking, marijuana, cocaine, and anabolic steroids, focusing on whether motor stimulation can mitigate the effects of drug abuse. Alcohol abusers can participate in aerobic exercise programs to prove their cardiovascular and skeletal muscle metabolism adaptation to long-term exercise, but this beneficial adaptation will occur independently of static regulation of natural immunity by regular endurance-type movements. Also, smoking is often associated with immunosuppression. Due to the interaction of alcohol abuse, stress and other complex factors with smoking, the independent effects of tobacco on the immune control of living bodies, biological effects, are affected by the administration of drugs, smoking, or fine inhalation. Marijuana users are exposed to many chemicals.Smoking, in particular, affects the function of mucous immunity. The number of macrophages in the lungs increases in those exposed to smoking. Thus, in order to curb drug abuse and curb its behavior in the future, the role of surrounding advice and social mediation will be required and the creation of conditions to create and improve the rehabilitation environment will be preceded.

면책특권은 국회의원에게 인정되는 특권이다. 이러한 특권은 국회의원이 전체 국민의 대표로서 입법활동과 국정통제활동을 올바로 수행하기 위하여 인정된다. 따라서 면책특권의 범위는 원칙적으로 넓게 이해되는 것이 타당하다. 그리고 면책특권에 대한 통제는 선거에 의해서 이루지는 것이 바람직하다. 하지만 면책특권은 절대적 특권이 아니기 때문에 제한이 필요하다. 무엇보다도 명예나 사생활에 관한 권리 및 허위사실유포금지와 같은 공익에 의해서 제한될 필요가 있다. 여기서 면책특권은 이와 충돌하는 권리나 공익과 조화롭게 실현되어야 한다. 이를 위해서는 법익의 형량을 본질로 하는 비례성원칙이 적용되어야 한다. 이 과정에서 면책특권이 민주주의와 권력분립의 관점에서 가지는 특수성이 고려되어야 한다. 면책특권과 이와 충돌하는 권리나 법익의 형량은 원칙적으로 국회에 의해서 행해져야 하고, 그에 대한 통제는 헌법재판소가 수행해야 한다. 하지만 면책특권에 대한 제한은 국민이 정치적 표현의 자유를 행사함으로써 상시적으로, 그리고 지속적으로 행해지는 것이 바람직하다.

The immunity is the privilege that is to be recognized to legislators. This privilege is recognized for legislators in order to correctly perform legislative activities and parliamentary control activities as a representative of the entire population. Therefore, it makes sense that the scope of the immunity is widely understood as a general rule. And it is desirable that the control of the immunity is to be fulfilled by the election. But the restriction of the privilege is necessary because it is not the absolute privilege. It may need to be limited above all by honor or privacy rights, and the public interest such as prohibition of distributing false facts. These conflicting rights or public interest and the immunity are to be realized harmoniously. To do this, the principle of proportionality which is essentially balancing of legal interests, should be applied. In this process, the particularity of the immunity should be taken into account in terms of democracy and the separation of powers. The balancing between the immunity and the conflicting rights or legal interests should be carried out by the National Assembly, as a rule, and the control of the balancing must be performed by the Constitutional Court. But for limitation of the immunity, it is preferable that the people do this always and consistently by the exercise of the freedom of political expression.

경호전공 대학생들은 경호대상자의 생명과 재산을 보호하기 위해 경호무도를 익히고 습득하고 있다. 또한 경호무도는 경호원의 건강한 몸과 정신을 향상시키고 유지하는데 도 움이 되고 있다. 하지만 현재 대학에서 경호를 전공하는 학생 중 경호무도훈련 참여시간 부족과 과도한 음식섭취로 인해 비만해 지는 경우가 늘고 있는 실정이며, 이는 본인의 건 강상태뿐만 아니라 추후 경호업무에도 좋지 않은 영향을 초래할 수 있을 것이다. 경호무도 종목 중 유도는 신체구성에 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 근력과 순발력은 향상시키는 것으로 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 경호전공 비만남자대학생을 대상으로 10주간의 유도훈련이 신체구성, 혈중지질 및 면역력에 미치는 영향을 규명하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 유도훈련은 체지방 감소로 인해 비만을 방지하고 중성지방과 콜레스테롤을 감소시켜 동맥경화성 질환을 예방할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 면역기능에 있어 인체 세균 감 염에 대한 방어기능과 염증반응, 외부항원 대항에 긍정적으로 작용할 것으로 생각된다. 이 는 경호원의 비만을 방지할 뿐만아니라 건강한 삶을 유지하여 경호업무 능률을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

College students majoring in bodyguards learn and acquire bodyguard martial arts to protect the life and property of the subjects. Also, the bodyguard martial arts are helping to improve and maintain the body and spirit of the bodyguards. However, more and more students majoring in security at universities are becoming obese due to lack of time to participate in bodyguard training and excessive food intake, which could have a negative impact on their future security work as well as their health condition. In this study, the effect of 10 weeks of Judo training on body composition, blood lipid and immune function on Security Majoring obese male college students was determined to be as follows. 1. Weight(p<.05), ; body fat ratio(p<.05), BMI(p<.01) etc. of body composition after Judo training were significantly reduced, and in the case of BMI(F=4.488, p<05), there were significant differences in interaction between groups and timing. 2. After judo training, TC (p<.05) and LDL-C(p<.01) of the blood lipid showed a significant decrease. 3. After judo training, lymphocytes of leukocytes were shown to increase significantly(p<.05), lymphocytes(F=11.772, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. 4. After judo training, IgA and IgG of immunoglobulin were shown to increase significantly (p<.05), IgA(F=7.646, p<.05) and IgG (F=14.267, p<.01) showed significant differences among groups. Considering the above results, it is thought that judo training can prevent obesity due to reduced body fat and reduce neutral fat and cholesterol, thus preventing arteriosclerotic diseases. In addition, it is expected to play a positive role in defense against human bacterial infections, inflammatory reactions, and external antigen in immune function. It is thought that this will not only prevent the bodyguards' obesity but also maintain a healthy life and improve the security work efficiency. However, some studies have shown results that are somewhat different from the results of this study, so studies on blood lipids, immune function, and exercise will require more detailed research on various methods of exercise, such as exercise time and intensity.

이 글은 김혜순 시의 몸 이미지의 재현과 시적 언술양상에 주목하였다. 그간 그의 시에서 몸, 그중 여성의 몸은 가부장제 질서의 폭력성을 드러내 왔다. 이러한 경향은 2010년 이후 출간된 시집인 󰡔슬픔치약 거울크림󰡕, 󰡔피어라 돼지󰡕에서 좀 더 확장되며, 몸 인식의 발전을 보여 주고 있다. 폭력을 당하는 몸이나 ‘쓰레기’로 이어지던 ‘비천한 몸’의 상상력은 두 시집에 들어서 동물과 인간 사이의 구분에 질문을 던지는 것으로 이어지기 때문이다. 시적 주체는 집단면역을 위협하는 존재로 주목된 ‘돼지’의 목소리를 빌려, 과연 질서에 위협을 가하는 오염원이 무엇인지를 질문한다. 집단면역을 보호하기 위한 구제역, 그리고 조류 인플루엔자 집단살처분을 인간의 역사와 연결하는 시적 언술은 결과적으로 오염원이 ‘돼지’로 명명된 타자가 아닌 인간임을 지적하며, 죽어간 타자들의 고통과 슬픔을 증언하고 해원하는 데까지 나아간다. 다음으로 이 글에서는 종교적 언술을 전유하는 태도의 윤리성에 주목하였다. 김혜순의 시에서 신으로 상정되는 절대자들은 시적 주체의 질문에 답하지 않는다. 그 결과 시적 주체가 던지는 질문은 답을 기대하지 않는 질문이자 상징질서의 허구성을 노출하는 질문이며, 결과적으로 자신에게 돌아오는 질문이 된다. 김혜순의 시에서 질문은 신에 의한 구원이 더 이상 존재하지 않는 세계에서 지구의 일원이자 사회의 구성원으로서 타자를 착취하거나 소비하지 않고 살아가기 위한 윤리적 질문이라는 점에서 의미가 있다.

This article focuses on the reproduction of Kim Hye-soon's body images and poetic rhetoric. In her poems, body images, particularly the body images of women, have demonstrated the violence of the patriarchal order, and in her poems in Sorrow Toothpaste Mirror Cream and I’m OK, I’m Pig there has been a growing awareness of the body. The imagination of a body subjected to violence or a ‘dumb body’ that has led to ‘waste’ leads to entering the two poems and asking questions about the distinction between animals and humans. Asking the question: what pollution sources pose a threat to order? The poetic rhetoric soon links foot-and-mouth disease to human history to protect mass immunity, and the mass killing of avian influenza, going so far as to testify and petition pain and sorrow, pointing out that the source of pollution is not an other named ‘pig.’ Next, the article considers the ethic of Kim Hye-soon’s attitude toward religious speech. In Kim Hye-soon's poetry, absolute rulers who are assumed to be gods do not answer questions from poetic subjects. The question of the poetic subject is a question that does not expect an answer. Therefore, the poet came to ask: what must be done now by those who are still alive but dead? These questions are meaningful in that salvation by God is an ethical question to live without exploiting or consuming others as a member of the Earth and a member of society in a world that no longer exists.

배경: 기존 수기 요법의 한계를 보완한 자가 중력 지압 (self-gravity acupressure, SGA)은 기분을 좋게할 것으로 예상되며 스트레스 감소 효과가 기대된다. 목적: SGA에 의한 기분 상태 변화를 평가하고 스트레스 해소 및 면역과 관련된 효과를 토의하고자 한다. 방법: SGA 프로그램을 75분간 체험한 118명(남:21명, 여:97명)을 대상으로, SGA 전과 후에 6가지 요인으로 구분된 총 65문항으로 구성된 기분 상태 척도(K-POMS)를 이용하여 5단계 (0-4점)로 평가했다. K-POMS의 총점 (iTMDS) 계산을 위해, 유일하게 긍정적 요인인 ‘생동과 여유’에 대한 항목의 점수를 역으로 처리하여, iTMDS가 부정적인 기분과 양의 상관성이 증가하도록 했다. 결과: K-POMS의 iTMDS은 SGA 전 1.09±0.54에서 SGA 후 0.63±0.40으로 11.50%가 감소했다 (p<0.001). K-POMS의 유일한 긍정적인 요인인 ‘생동과 여유’의 평균 점수는 체험 전 1.93±1.17에서 체험 후 2.38±1.31로 10.78% 증가했다 (p<0.001). 반면 5가지 부정적인 요인 중 ‘피곤과 산만함’의 평균 점수는 SGA 전 1.19±1.24에서 체험 후 0.40±0.85로 16.73% 감소해 가장 큰 변화를 보였다(p<0.001). 나머지 4가지 부정적인 요인(우울한 상태, 불안과 공포, 분노와 적개심, 피곤과 산만함, 무력감과 불확실성)은 7.75 % ~ 11.33% 범위에서 감소하는 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 결론: K-POMS의 값의 변화로부터 SGA은 대상자의 기분을 크게 증진하는 것으로 확인되었다. 기분 상태는 스트레 스 및 면역과 깊게 관련되기 때문에, SGA은 스트레스 해소 및 면역력 증진에 효과가 있을 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구 의 결과를 추가적으로 확증하고 SGA의 임상적인 유용성을 높이기 위해, 자가 중력 지압의 스트레스 관리 및 면역력 증진 효과를 평가하기 위한 생체 신호 측정 및 임상 병리학적 검사를 포함하는 후속 연구가 제안된다.

Background: Self-gravity acupressure (SGA), which complements the limitations of conventional manual therapies, is expected to have a positive effect on mood, closely related to reduction in stress. Purpose: This study aims to evaluate changes in mood states by SGA and to discuss its effects on stress relief and immunity. Methods: For 118 subjects (21 males and 97 females) who experienced the SGA program for 75 minutes, their mood states were assessed before and after the SGA session on 5 scales (0-4 points) using K-POMS consisting a total of 65 items grouped in six factors. For calculating the total mood disturbance score (iTMDs), the scores of the items in the only positive mood factor ‘vigor-comfort’ were reversed to have iTMDS increase the degree of the positive correlation with negative mood states. Results: The iTMDS decreased by 11.50% from 1.09±0.54 before SGA to 0.63±0.40 after SGA (p<0.001). The average score of the only positive factor ‘vigor-comfort’ increased by 10.78%, from 1.93±1.17 before SGA to 2.38±1.31 after SGA (p<0.001). On the other hand, the factor 'fatigue-inertia' of the 5 negative factors decreased most significantly in its average score by 16.73%, from 1.19±1.24 before SGA to 0.40±0.58 after SGA (p<0.001). The remaining 4 negative factors (depressed state, anxiety-fear, anger-hostility, and uncertainty-helplessness) decreased by within the range of 7.75% to 11.33% (p<0.001). Conclusions: Changes in K-POMS scores observed in this study indicate that the SGA program improves significantly mood. Since a mood state is closely related to stress and immunity, SGA is expected to have effects on stress relief and immunity enhancement (p<0.001). Continued studies are suggested to further validate the present results and to enhance the clinical utility, which include physiological signal measurements and clinical pathological examinations to test the effetcs of SGA on stress management and immunity enhancement.

국내산 초활성점토광물 SAMs (super activated material series)를 양돈사료에 0.8% 첨가하여 24마리의 돼지를 사육하면서 배설물의 성분 변화, 악취물질의 감소효과와 육질의 변화와 혈액성상의 변화를 연구하는 것이 목적이었다. 배설분(排泄糞) 성분 중에서 P, Zn, Mn과 유기성분등이 감소하는 효과가 있었다. 악취강도가 높은 성분인 valeraldehyde 는 58%, methyl isobutyl ketone은 39%의 감소효과를 보였다. 육질의 특성은 SAMs 0.8% 첨가구의 경우 대조구 에 비해 전체적으로 명도와 적색도, 황색도 모두 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 도체(屠體)성적은 양돈 사료에 SAMs를 0.8% 첨가한 결과 발육(증체 및 사료 요구율)에는 유의성은 없었다. 육성기 돼지새끼에서 혈중 면역항체G의 농도가 11주에서 25-50%, 16주에서 40-60% 수준으로 증가하였고, 임파구의 수는 11주부터 증가하기 시작하여, 16주에는 18% 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때 양돈 사료에 SAMs의 첨가는 분(糞) 중 P와 같은 환경오염물질 배설량의 감소 가 기대되며, 일부 높은 악취성 물질의 감소와 면역증진과 성장률에 긍정적으로 영향을 미칠 것으로 기대된다.

Domestic SAMs (super activated material series) were added by 0.8% to the feed of 24 pigs in order to study the component change of excretion, the reduction effect of malodorous substances, and the change of meatiness. P, Zn, Mn, and organic components out of excrement components were decreased. Valeraldehyde, a highly malodorous substance, and methyl isobutyl ketone were decreased by 58% and 39%, respectively. As for the characteristics of meatiness, in the group with addition of 0.8% SAMs, all of the brightness, red index, and yellow index tended to increase in comparison with those of control group. As for the dressed carcass, the effect of 0.8% SAMs addition on the growth (weight increase and feed conversion rate) was insignificant. The concentration of immunoglobulin G in the blood of growing piglets was increased from the range of 25 to 50% in the 11th week to the range of 40 to 60% in the 16th week, and the number of lymphocytes started to increase from the 5th week and increased by 18% in the 16th week. There existed preventive effects on respiratory disease and viral syndrome, which often generate in growing pigs. The results above indicate that the addition of SAMs to pig feeds is expected to decrease the amount of such an environmental pollutant excretion as P out of excrement and to have a positive influence on the immunity enhancement and growth rate.

본 연구는 만성 심신기능저하가 건강관련 일상생활수행능력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위해 시도하였다. 자료수집은 2011년 6월 8일부터 2011년 7월 13일까지 서울에 소재한 종합병원에 내원한 148명을 대상으로 설문 및 면접조사를 하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 운동습관 여부는 정기적으로 운동하는 경우가 환자군은 남성이 26.7%, 여성은 22.7%였으며, 위험비는 0.25 배로 나타났다. 반면 대조군의 경우 남성은 42.2%, 여성은 31.8%를 보였으며 위험비는 0.61 배이었다. 둘째, 남성의 경우 사회적 요인의 위험비는 45.18 배이었고(p=.04), 여성의 신체적인 요인은 237.1 배의 위험비를 보였다(p=.001). 이러한 결과를 토대로 만성 심신기능 저하를 예방하기 위해서는 건전한 생활리듬을 유지하고 면역력 증진하는 음식을 섭취하며 지속적인 운동 등을 통해 심신의 스트레스를 해소하는 것이 필요하다고 본다.

This study aimed to identify the effect of chronic mind-body function decline on health-related activities of daily living. Data collection was surveyed using interview and questionnaires by 148 subjects in a general hospital located in Seoul from June 8 to July 13, 2011. The results were as follows: First, based on exercise habit, patient group who do exercise regularly showed in male(26.7%) and female(22.7%), respectively. The risk ratio of it was 0.25 times. On the other hand, control group who do exercise regularly showed in male(42.2%) and female(31.8%), respectively. The risk ratio of it was 0.61 times. Secondly, the risk ratio of social factor in male was 45.18 times(p=.04) while the risk ratio of physical factor in female was 237.1 times(p=.001). In conclusion, to prevent declining of chronic mind-body function, it is necessary to solve stress through sound life rhythm maintenance, immunity enhancing food intake and continuous exercise.

Background: This study examined whether activation of innate immunity and alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism precede development of subclinical mastitis (SCM). Methods: Blood samples were collected from the coccygeal vein from 100 Holstein dairy cows at -8, -4, disease diagnosis week, and +4 weeks postpartum. Six healthy cows (controls ? CON) and six cows that showed clinical signs of SCM were selected for serum analyses. All serum samples were analyzed for acute phase proteins (APP) haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA); proinflammatory cytokines including interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and serum lactate, BHBA, and NEFA concentration. Data of DMI, milk production, and milk composition were recorded and analyzed. Results: The results showed that cows with SCM had greater concentrations of SAA, TNF (P < 0.01), and lactate before expected day of parturition (P < 0.05) compared to CON cows. Cows with SCM showed greater concentrations of lactate starting at -8 weeks (P < 0.05) and TNF starting at -4 weeks prior to the expected day of parturition (P < 0.01). Interestingly, at -4 weeks, concentrations of IL-1 and Hp were lower in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows (P < 0.01) followed by an increase during the week of disease diagnosis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis was associated with lower DMI, at -4 weeks before calving, milk production (P < 0.05) and increased somatic cell counts (SCC) (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Results of this study suggest that SCM is preceded by activated innate immunity and altered carbohydrate metabolism in transition dairy cows. Moreover the results support the idea that Hp, lactate, and SAA, at -8 weeks, and TNF and IL-1 at -4 weeks can be used as early indicators to screen cows during dry off for disease state.

Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) can stimulate Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) signaling pathways. In this study, DF-1 cells were treated with poly(I:C) at various concentrations and time points to examine the comparative expression patterns of innate immune response genes. The viability of DF-1 cells decreased from 77.41% to 38.68% when cells were treated different dose of poly(I:C) from 0.1 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL for 24 h respectively. The expressions of TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR15, TLR21, IL1B, and IL10 were increased in dose- and time-dependent manners by poly(I:C) treatment. On the contrary, the expression patterns of interferon regulatory factors 7 (IRF7), Jun proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit (JUN), Nuclear Factor Kappa B Subunit 1 (NF-κB1), and IL8L2 were varied; IRF7 and IL8L2 were increasingly expressed whereas the expressions of JUN and NF-κB1 were decreased in a dose-dependent manner after they were early induced. In time-dependent analysis, IRF7 expression was significantly upregulated from 3 h to 24 h, whereas JUN and NF-κB1 expressions settled down from 6 h to 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although they were induced at early time from 1 h to 3 h. Poly(I:C) treatment rapidly increased the expression of IL8L2 from 3 h to 6 h with a plateau at 6 h and then the expression of IL8L2 was dramatically decreased until 24 h after poly(I:C) treatment although the expression level was still higher than the non-treated control. These results may provide the basis for understanding host response to viral infection and its mimicry system in chickens.

This study investigated the effects of L-glutamine (Gln) supplementation on growth performance, physiological traits, heat shock proteins (HSPs), and gene expression related to muscle and adipose tissue development in Hanwoo steers under heat stress (HS) conditions. Eight Hanwoo steers (initial body weight [BW] 570.7 ± 43.6 kg, months of age 22.3 ± 0.88) were randomly separated into two groups, control and treatment, and supplied with the concentration (1.5% of BW kg/day/head) and rice straw (1.5 kg/day/head). The treatment group were fed the Gln supplementation (0.5% of concentration, as-fed basis) once a day at 08:00 h. Blood samples for the assessment of haematological and biochemical parameters and the separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected four times, at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks of the experiment. Feed intake was measured daily. BW to analyze growth performance and hair follicle collection to analyze the expression of HSPs were executed four times at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks. To analyze gene expression, longissimus dorsi muscle samples were collected by biopsy at the end of the study. As a result, growing performance, including final BW, average daily gain, and gain-to-feed ratio, were not different between the two groups. Leukocytes including lymphocytes and granulocytes, tended to increase in the Gln supplementation group (p = 0.058). There were also no differences in biochemical parameters shown between the two groups, except total protein and albumin, both of which were lower in the Gln supplementation group (p < 0.05). Gene expressions related to muscle and adipose tissue development were not different between the two groups. As temperature?humidity index (THI) increased, HSP70 and HSP90 expression in the hair follicle showed a high correlation. HSP90 in the hair follicle was decreased in the treatment group compared with the control group at 10 weeks (p < 0.05). Collectively, dietary Gln supplementation (0.5% of concentration, as-fed basis) may not be influential enough to affect growth performance and gene expression related to muscle and adipose tissue development in steers. However, Gln supplementation increased the number of immune cells and decreased HSP90 in the hair follicle implying HS reduction in the corresponding group.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of co-dried fish protein hydrolysate (CFPH) on broilers performance, intestinal microbiology, and cellular immune responses. Five hundred one-day-old (Ross 308) male broilers were allocated to four treatments with five replicates of 25 birds in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments included four levels of CFPH (0% as the control, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%) in the isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets. During the experiment, body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were periodically recorded in addition to calculating average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), liveability index, and European broiler index (EBI). In addition, cellular immune responses were evaluated at 30 days of age. On day 42, ileal contents were obtained to examine the microbial population. Based on the findings, Dietary supplementation of 5 and 7.5% CFPH increased the percentage of the thigh while decreasing the relative weight of the gizzard compared to the control group. The highest relative length of jejunum was observed in birds receiving 2.5 and 5% CFPH, and its highest relative weight belonged to birds fed with 5% CFPH. The number of coliforms, enterobacters, and total gram-negative bacteria in the intestines of birds receiving CFPH was less than that of the control group. In general, the application of CFPH in broiler nutrition can decrease the level of soybean meal in diet and it can be considered as a new protein supplement in poultry production. It is suggested to study the incorporation of this new supplement in other livestock’s diets.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary flavor on growth performance, diarrhea severity, nutrient digestibility, systemic immunity, and gut microbiota of weaned pigs. Weaned pigs (n = 72; 6.66 ± 0.32 kg body weight [BW]; 28 days of age) were randomly assigned to one of the two dietary treatments (9 pens/treatment; 4 pigs/pen): nursery basal diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 0.05% milky cream flavor (FLA). The experiment lasted for 42 days. Pigs in the FLA group tended to have increase (p < 0.10) BW on day 42 and had greater (p < 0.05) average daily gain during each interval, compared with pigs in the CON group. Pigs fed FLA diet tended to have increase (p < 0.10) average daily feed intake during the overall period compared with pigs fed CON diet. The FLA group had increased (day 1 to 7, p < 0.05; day 1 to 14, p < 0.10; day 1 to 21, p < 0.05) gain to feed ratio during each interval compared with the CON group, except from day 1 to 42. The FLA group showed reduced (p < 0.05) frequency of diarrhea from day 8 to 14 after weaning and tended to increase (p < 0.10) gross energy apparent total tract digestibility compared with the CON group. Pigs fed FLA diet tended to have lower (p < 0.10) white blood cell count, serum TNF-α, and serum IL-6 on day 7 and lower (p < 0.05) white blood cell counts on day 14 than pigs fed CON diet. Pigs treated with FLA had a higher (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes, whereas had a lower (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Bacteroidetes than pigs treated with CON. At the genus level, the FLA group had a higher (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Clostridium but had a lower (p < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotella in fecal samples than the CON group. In conclusion, dietary flavor supplementation may enhance growth performance, reduce diarrhea, and increase energy digestibility by alleviating systemic immune responses and altering the gut microbiota of weaned pigs.

주권면제원리는 태평양전쟁 중의 일본군 ‘위안부’ 문제 피해자들이 자국에서 배상 을 받기 어렵게 하고 있어 우선 주권면제이론의 현재 상황 특히 2012년도 페리니 판 결을 중심으로 살펴보았을 때 ‘군사력’ 및 ‘군사분쟁’이 강조되면서 정작 재판부가 다 루려고 했던 ‘영토내 불법행위’ 예외에 대한 심도있는 논의가 이루어지지 않았다는 점을 알 수 있다. 주권면제에 대해 예외를 인정하는 이유가 국가의 행동이 주권의 행사가 아닌 사법적 상업적 행위 즉 채용, 하도급, 소유, 과실 등에 해당할 수 있음을 고려할 때 , 일본정부가 ‘위안부’를 동원한 것은 ‘군사력’이나 ‘군사분쟁’의 일부라기 보다는 당시 식민주의체제의 최하층의 피식민들이 억압받던 상황에서 최악의 조건에 서 전시체제에 동원되었던 현상의 일부였으며 ‘군사력’, ‘군사분쟁’의 관련성이 있다는 이유만으로 주권면제 예외론에 대한 심의를 중단해서는 아니된다. 도리어 1992년 미 국연방대법원이 주권면제이론을 법제화한 외국주권면제법을 해석하면서 군사력과 관련이 있더라도 ‘총알을 구매하는 행위는 상업적 행위’라고 했던 웰트오버 판결의 교훈이 유익하다. 일본군은 ‘위안서비스’의 최종고객이자 원청업자로서 이 ‘서비스’를 사주, 조달 및 구매하여 전비를 아끼려고 하였다. 이 사법적 행위는 민간업자들이 식민체제하에서 빈곤에 처해있던 조선여성들을 사기와 강요로 모집하고 비인간적으로 대우 및 착취 하도록 하는 동기를 부여하였다. 일본군은 이 기간동안 ‘서비스’의 규격 및 조건을 정하는 최종고객이자 원청업자의 특권을 행사하였으며 이 역할은 일본정부가 인신매 매라는 ‘영토내 불법행위’에 대한 공동불법행위자로서 또 ‘위안서비스’를 구매한 ‘상업 적 행위’의 수행자로서 갖는 책임을 규정하는 것이며, 주권면제이론에도 불구하고 한국법원에서 법적 책임을 감수해야 하는 이유이다.

The redress and reparation efforts for the “comfort women” of the Japanese military during the Pacific War have been hampered in their home countries by the state immunity doctrine. In this paper, we first evaluate the current state of jurisprudence on state immunity doctrine, especially as expressed in the seminal 2012 Ferrini ICJ decision. There the concept of “armed forces” has been emphatically commandeered to bolster the strict application of state immunity, and a full legal analysis under the state immunity doctrine, namely, that of the putative exception of “territorial torts,” was cut short by the court upon their finding of the element of “armed conflicts”, “armed forces”. However, the reason for making exceptions to state immunity is that state actions are sometimes not exercises of sovereignty but private commercial acts such as e.g., hiring, contracting, property owning or private civil acts such as negligently causing damages inside the forum state, etc. Japan’s mobilization and maintenance of ‘comfort women’ and ‘comfort stations’ does not constitute ‘armed conflicts’, the quintessential exercises of sovereignty. It was the result of colonialism whereby men and women of occupied territories within the empire were forced into most subservient and inhumane roles in the intra-empire economy supplying its imperial war efforts. The evolution of jurisprudence on exceptions to state immunity should not be shut down easily with respect to ‘comfort women’ issues on the ground of a nexus to “armed forces”, “armed conflicts.” For subject matter relevance, the less well-known 1992 Weltover decision of the US Supreme Court interpreting the American codification of the state immunity doctrine is instructive, where it characterized purchase of bullets and other military supplies as a commercial act exempt from state immunity. Such shut-down of the full analysis is especially worrying because it is during ‘armed conflicts’ that worst tragedies especially against women take place and they happen at the hands of ‘armed forces’. The Japanese military, as the end-customer of ‘comfort services’, solicited/procured and paid for ‘comfort services’ to reduce the cost of the war. These private legal acts incentivized the private contractors into recruiting Korean women already impoverished under colonialism by deceit and into treating the Korean women thus recruited harshly and inhumanely during the ‘comfort services’. Throughout the relevant periods, the Japanese military set the specifications of the services to be delivered, exercising its prerogative as the end-customer and primary contractor. It is for this role as a joint tortfeasor in the “territorial tort” of fraudulent human trafficking and also as a purchaser in the “commercial activity “ of purchasing ‘comfort services’ that the modern Japanese government should be held accountable in a Korean court of law despite state immunity.

This paper employs theories of biopolitics to examine the narrator’s rise to sovereign power and his exercise of biopower upon racialized bodies in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. I argue that race is a crucial factor that not only enables but further complicates Crusoe’s exertion of sovereign authority. Drawing upon the narrative’s conflicted division between, or occasional conflation of, zoe and bios, key terms through which Giorgio Agamben explicates conditions of human life, this paper seeks to create an intervention in existing scholarly discussions by examining the complex nature of Crusoe’s sovereign power and sovereign exception. By closely examining scenes where Crusoe interacts with cannibals and his slave/companion Friday, with a particular focus on the narrator’s initial reluctance in, and ultimate enforcement of, punishing cannibals for their barbarity, this paper explores configurations of race in Defoe’s early novel. The analysis mainly focuses on how different characters’ racial identities serve as impacting factors in Crusoe’s sovereign decision. Crusoe’s sovereign power becomes a hybridized version of governing, in which elements of absolute sovereignty and disciplinary training merge. Roberto Esposito’s logic of immunization anchors the reading of Crusoe’s incorporation of the racialized Other into his sovereignty, in which his initial desire to establish a protective boundary between himself and foreign, threatening elements becomes altered. I read Crusoe’s education of Friday as a process of dilution that takes place in advance of immunization via vaccination. Tracing the theoretical discussions of governmentality and sovereignty in biopolitical theory through Defoe’s early novel, this paper seeks to examine how race serves as a biopolitical factor in Crusoe’s attempt to establish his sovereign power on the island.

Xenotransplantation is proposed as a solution to the problem of organ shortage. However, transplantation of xenogeneic organs induces an antigen-antibody reaction in α-1,3-gal structure that are not present in humans and primates, and thus complement is also activated and organs die within minutes or hours. In this study, we used FasL gene, which is involved in the immune response of NK cell, and US11, which suppresses MHC Class I cell membrane surface expression, to inhibit cell mediated rejection in the interspecific immunity rejection, and also hDAF(CD55) was introduced to confirm the response to C3 complement. These genes were tranfeced into Korean native pig fetal fibroblasts using pCAGGS vector. And cytotoxicity of NK cell and human complement was confirmed in each cell line. The US11 inhibited the cytotoxicity of NK cell and, in addition, the simultaneous expression of US11 and Fas ligand showed excellent suppress to T-lymphocyte cytotoxicity, hDAF showed weak resistance to cytotoxicity of natural killer cell but not in CD8+ CTLs. Cytotoxicity study with human complement showed that hDAF was effective for reducing complement reaction. In this studies have demonstrated that each gene is effective in reducing immune rejection.

목적: 본 연구는 혈청, 혈액 및 조직학적 분석을 이용하여 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 급성염증이 유도된 마우스 모델에서 항염증, 선천적 면역반응 억제 및 미용작용에 대한 평패모 추출물의 능력을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 평패모 추출물의 항염 및 선천면역반응 억제 효과를 확인하기 위하여, 80% 에탄올로 환류추출하여 평패모 추출물을 얻었다. Balb/c 생쥐를 급성염증을 유발하지 않는정상군과 증류수만을 투여하는 대조군, 평패모 추출물을 200 mg/kg/day, 400 mg/kg/day를 투여하는 실험군 총 4개의 그룹으로나누어 7일간 경구 투여한 후, 정상군을 제외한 대조군, 실험군 200, 400에 LPS 1 mg/kg를 복강에 주사하였다. 90 min 후, 사이토카인과 면역세포 분석 및 등 피부 조직 병리학적 분석에 근거한 효과를 평가했다. 결과: 대조군과 비교하여 평패모 추출물 투여군은 염증 표지자(interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), 및 interleukin 6 (IL6)), 면역 마커(백혈구 및 단핵구)의 생성량을 감소시킨 반면, 과립구(호중구, 호산구 및 호염기구)의 농도를 증가시켰다. 또한, 조직검사결과, 평패모 추출물은 표피의 증식을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 평패모 추출물의 급성염증 예방 및 개선효과를 통해 평패모 추출물의 새로운 건강식품, 의약품 또는 화장품 원료로서의 개발가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflmmatory effects, innate immunity suppression, and cosmetic activity of Fritillaria ussuriensis (FU) extracts in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflmmatory mice models using serum, blood, and histological analyses. Methods: FU extracts were obtained by refluxing with 80% ethanol and used to investigate the anti-inflammatory and innate immune responses. Balb/c mice were divided into four groups: a normal group in which acute inflmmation was not induced, a control group in which only distilled water was administered, and test groups in which 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of FU extract were orally administered. After the administration, 1 mg/kg of LPS was injected intraperitoneally in the control and test groups but not the normal group. After 90 min, effects based on cytokine and immune cell analyses and skin histopathological analysis were evaluated. Results: Compared with the control group, the test groups showed reduced serum concentrations of inflammation markers (interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), and interleukin 6 (IL6)) and immune markers (white blood cell (WBC) and monocyte markers). The test groups also showed an increased number of granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils). Moreover, histological examination demonstrated that the FU extract suppressed thickening of the epidermis in the test groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that FU extracts prevented and improved acute inflmmation. Thus, FU extracts may be used as raw material for preparing new health foods, medicines, or cosmetics.

目的: 在lipopolysaccharide (LPS)诱导急性炎症的小鼠模型中，利用血清，血液和组织学分析方法，评价平贝母提取物 的抗炎，先天免疫抑制以及美容作用。 方法: 为确认平贝母提取物的抗炎，先天免疫抑制作用，利用80%乙醇环流提取 平贝母提取物。 将Balb/c小鼠分为四组：未诱发急性炎症的正常组，仅施用蒸馏水的对照组， 每天口服平贝母提取物 200 mg/kg，400 mg/kg的实验组。经过7天口服给药后，除了正常组，在对照组和实验组腹腔注射LPS 1 mg/kg。经过 90 min 后，基于细胞因子和免疫细胞分析以及皮肤组织病理学分析，评估平贝母提取物的功效。 结果: 与对照组相比， 实验组减少了炎症标志物 (interferon gamma (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) 以及 interleukin 6 (IL6))和免疫标志物 (白血球和单核细胞) 的生成量。实验组还显示增加了粒细胞 (嗜中性粒细胞，嗜酸性粒细 胞和嗜碱性粒细胞) 的浓度。此外，组织学检查表明平贝母提取物抑制了实验组表皮的增厚。 结论: 平贝母提取物能够预 防和改善急性炎症。因此，平贝母提取物可以用作制备新的健康食品，药物或化妆品原料。