Earticle

목적: 식용 곤충은 우수한 생리활성을 지닌 지속가능한 바이오 자원으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 자원 업사이클링 및 친환경적 화장품 소재 발굴을 위해 쌍별귀뚜라미G(ryllus bimaculatus) 유래 오일(GBO)의 항산화 및 항염증 활성을 분석하고, 지속 가능하며 친환경적인 화장품 에몰리언트 소재로서의 활용 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 쌍별귀뚜라미를 절식, 세척, 건조한 후, 대기압조건 및 120℃에서 스크류 프레스를 이용하여 오일을 압착 추출하였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일의 지방산 조성은 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석하였고, 항산화 활성은 총 폴리페놀 함량(TPC), 총 플라보노이드 함량(TFC), DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성을 측정하여 평가하였다. 결과: 세포생존율 및 항염증 활성은 다양한 농도의 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일을 처리한 RAW 264.7 세포에서 세포 생존율과 산화질소(NO) 생성 및 전염증성 세포전달물질 억제 능력을 통해 검증하였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 9.7%의 수율을 보였으며, 풍부한 불포화 지방산 조성을 나타냈다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일의 6대 주요 지방산은 올레산(30.8%), 팔미트산(27.7%), 리놀레산(26.8%), 스테아르산(8.7%), 팔미톨레산(2.1%), 미리스틱산(1.02%)이었다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 농도 의존적인 방식으로 NO 생성과 전염증성 세포전달물질을 유의미하게 감소시켰으며, 특히 높은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 함께 우수한 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성을 나타내 높은 항산화력을 나타냈다. 결론: 쌍별귀뚜라미 오일은 항산화 효능, 제형 안정화 효과 및 피부 생리학적 보호 기능을 제공하는 다기능성 화장품성분으로서, 고기능성 코스메슈티컬 제재 적용을 위한 유망 바이오 소재가 될 수 있음을 시사한다.

Purpose: Recent research has recognized edible insects as sustainable, high-performance bioresources for advanced functional cosmetic applications. The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) oil (GBO) to support resource-circulating economic practices and evaluate its potential as a sustainable, eco-friendly cosmetic emollient. Methods: The crickets were starved, washed, dried, and then their oil was extracted with a screw press at 120°C under atmospheric pressure. The fatty acid composition of GBO was analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by examining the inhibitory effect on NO production and proinflammatory cytokine levels in RAW 264.7 cells at various concentrations of GBO. Results: The extracted GBO showed a yield of 9.7% and a rich profile of unsaturated fatty acids. The six major fatty acids identified in GBO were oleic (30.8%), palmitic (27.7%), linoleic (26.8%), stearic (8.7%), palmitoleic (2.1%), and myristic (1.02%) acids. GBO attenuated NO production and proinflammatory cytokine levels in a concentration-dependent manner and exhibited high TPCs and robust DPPH scavenging. Conclusion: As a multifunctional cosmetic ingredient that provides antioxidant efficacy, formulation-stabilizing benefits, and physiological protection, GBO represents a promising bioresource for advanced cosmeceutical applications.

目的: 食用昆虫作为具有优异生物活性的可持续生物资源而备受关注。本研究旨在通过分析双斑蟋(Gryllus bimaculatus )衍生油(GBO)的抗氧化及抗炎活性，以实现资源升级再利用并开发环保型化妆品原料，从而评估 其作为可持续且环保的化妆品润肤剂原料的应用前景。方法: 将双斑蟋进行禁食、清洗和干燥处理后，在大气压 条件及120°C下，利用螺旋压榨机压榨提取得到油脂。利用GC/MS分析双斑蟋油的脂肪酸组成；通过测定总多酚 含量(TPC)、总黄酮含量(TFC)以及DPPH和ABTS自由基清除活性来评估其抗氧化活性。结果: 细胞存活率和抗炎 活性是通过在处理了不同浓度双斑蟋油的RAW 264.7细胞中，检测细胞存活率、一氧化氮(NO)生成量以及促炎 介质抑制能力来进行验证的。双斑蟋油的得率为9.7%，并表现出丰富的不饱和脂肪酸组成。双斑蟋油的六大主 要脂肪酸分别为：油酸(30.8%)、棕榈酸(27.7%)、亚油酸(26.8%)、硬脂酸(8.7%)、棕榈油酸(2.1%)和肉豆蔻酸 (1.02%)。双斑蟋油以浓度依赖性方式显著减少了NO的生成和促炎介质的释放，特别是其具有较高的总多酚含 量以及优异的DPPH自由基清除活性，展现出极高的抗氧化能力。结论: 双斑蟋油作为一种兼具抗氧化功效、配 方稳定效果和皮肤生理保护功能的多功能化妆品成分，有望成为应用于高功能性药妆制剂的极具前景的生物原 料。

목적: 본 연구는 쌍별귀뚜라미가 혈당, 혈중지질 및 간 기능 관련 지표 관련 지표에 미치는 효과를 규명하기 위하여 메타분석을 수행하였다. 2015년부터 2025년까지 발표된 연구문헌을 PICOS 기준에 따라 선정하였으며, 최종적으로 6편의 연구와 69개의 효과 크기 사례를 분석에 포함하였다. 방법: 메타분석은 CMA 4 프로그램(Comprehensive Meta-analysis 4)을 이용하였고, 표준화 된 평균차(standardized mean difference, SMD)가 있는 사전-사후 데이터로 분석하였다. 각 연구물 간의 이질성은 Cochran’s Q-value 와 Higgins의 I2로 검증한 후 랜덤효과모형(random-effects model)을 적용한 자료를 사용하였으며, 출판편향은 깔때기 도표(funnel plot)와 trim-and-fill 기법으로 검증하였다. 결과: 전체 효과 크기는 0.898로 큰 효과 크기였으며, 95% 신뢰구간은 0을 포함하지 않아 통계적으로 유의하였다(p<0.001). 출판편향은 처음 관측 값과 보정된 관측 값이 동일하여 출판편향은 없었다. 중재변인에 따른 분석은 혈당과 혈중지질이 중간 효과 크기, 총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤 및 간 기능 관련 지표(AST/GOT)는 큰 효과 크기를 보였다. 또한 실험 기간에 따른 분석 결과, 12주 이상, 50 mg/kg 이상으로 섭취한 경우 높은 효과 크기를 보였으나, 섭취량의 경우 안정성과 신뢰성를 고려하면 50 mg/kg 이하로 섭취하는 것이 더 효과적이라 판단된다. 결론: 쌍별귀뚜라미는 혈당 조절, 혈중지질 개선 및 간 기능 관련 지표 보호에 긍정적인 생리활성을 나타내는 것으로 판단되며, 기능성 식품, 뉴트리코스메틱 및 화장품 바이오소재로서의 활용 가능성이 높을 것으로 판단된다.

Purpose: To perform a meta-analysis of the effect size of the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus ) as a functional food ingredient on blood glucose, serum lipids, and liver enzyme levels. Methods: Based on the PICOS criteria, studies published between 2015 and 2025 were screened. The final analysis included six studies reporting 69 effect sizes. The meta-analysis was conducted using Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA 4) and the data were analyzed using standardized mean differences. Heterogeneity among studies was assessed using Cochran’s Q-value and Higgins’ I² statistic, and a random-effects model was applied. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and the trim-and-fill method. Results: The overall effect size was 0.898, reflecting a large effect. The 95% confidence interval did not include zero, indicating statistical significance (p <0.001). No publication bias was detected, as the observed and adjusted effect sizes were identical. Subgroup analyses revealed medium effect sizes on blood glucose and serum lipid levels and large effect sizes on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and AST/ GOT. Furthermore, subgroup analyses revealed more pronounced effect sizes in studies utilizing intervention durations exceeding 12 weeks and dosages greater than 50 mg/kg. Nonetheless, when balancing therapeutic efficacy, safety profiles, and the consistency of the current evidence, a dosage of 50 mg/kg or less emerges as the most appropriate and reliable intake level. Conclusion: The findings of this meta-analysis support beneficial bioactive effects of the two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus ) on blood glucose regulation, serum lipid levels, and liver function, supporting its potential as a functional food ingredient as well as a nutricosmetic and cosmetic biomaterial.

目的: 本研究旨在探讨双斑蟋蟀(Gryllus bimaculatus )对血糖、血脂及肝功能相关指标(AST、ALT)的影响，并对 其进行了荟萃分析(Meta分析)。根据PICOS标准筛选了2015年至2025年间发表的研究文献，最终将6篇研究论文 及69个效应量案例纳入分析。方法: 荟萃分析采用CMA 4软件(Comprehensive Meta-analysis 4)进行，并对具 有标准化均数差(SMD)的前后对照数据进行了分析。各研究间的异质性通过Cochran’s Q值和Higgins的 I2进行 检验，随后采用了随机效应模型(random-effects model)进行数据分析。发表偏倚则通过漏斗图(funnel plot)和 剪补法(trim-and-fill)进行检验。结果: 总体效应量为0.898，属于大效应量，且95%置信区间不包含0，具有显 著的统计学意义(p <0.001)。在发表偏倚方面，初始观测值与修正后的观测值完全一致，表明不存在发表偏倚。 调节变量分析结果显示，血糖和血脂呈现中等效应量；总胆固醇、HDL-胆固醇、LDL-胆固醇及肝功能相关指标 (AST、ALT/GOT)则呈现大效应量。此外，摄入期间的分析结果表明，摄入时间在12周以上、剂量在 50 mg/kg 以上时表现出较高的效应量；但从安全性和可靠性角度考量，建议摄入量控制在 50 mg/kg 以下更为有效。结 论: 结果表明，双斑蟋蟀在调节血糖、改善血脂及保护肝功能相关指标方面具有积极的生物活性，未来作为功能 性食品、口服美容产品(nutricosmetics)及化妆品生物原料具有极高的应用潜力。

목적: 본 연구는 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스의 근감소증 억제 효과를 탐색하기 위해 일반성분과 아미노산, 지방산 조성과 함량을 분석 하고, 근육세포(C2C12 cell line)에 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말단백질과 알 추출물을 처리하였을때 근감소증 바이오마커인 마이오 스타틴 발현에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 수행되었다. 방법: 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말과 분말 단백질 추출물, 알, 알단백 질 추출물 시료를 제조하여 아미노산은 자동분석기, 지방산은 gas chromatography 법으로 조성과 함량을 측정하였고, 일반성분은 AOAC 방법, 무기질 함량은 ICP-OES Ultima Expert를 사용하여 분석하였다. 근육세포에 그릴투스 비마쿨루투스 추출물을 농도별 로 처리하여 세포활성을 측정한 후 마이오스타틴 발현 억제효과를 측정하였다결. 과: 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스는 단백질 함량은 높고 지방과 탄수화물 함량은 낮았다. 특히 필수아미노산 중 분지아미노산(발린, 류신, 이소류신) 함량이 높았다. 지방산은 올레산이 많 이 함유되어 있었다. 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말과 분말 단백질 추출물은 마이오스타틴 발현을 감소시켰다. 결론: 이상의 결과 그 릴루스 비마쿨루투스는 아미노산 조성이 우수하고 분지아미노산과 불포화지방산이 많이 함유되어 있으며 근육세포에서 마이오스 타틴 발현을 감소시켜 근감소 억제 식품 소재로서의 활용가능성을 제시하여 노약자 건강유지와 증진에 도움이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose: Currently, aging-related sarcopenia is considered a serious problem. However, few studies have addressed the treatment or prevention of sarcopenia using Gryllus bimaculatus . Therefore the present study was carried out to determine whether Gryllus bimaculatus has an ameliorative effect on sarcopenia and to study its applicability as a food for sarcopenia in the elderly or in patients with this condition. Methods: The contents of moisture, crude ash, crude protein, crude fat, carbohydrate and minerals were analyzed. The amino acid and fatty acid compositions were analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer and gas chromatography, respectively. Cell viability was measured using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Myostatin expression was investigated in C2C12 cells using a luciferase reporter assay after treatment with a Gryllus bimaculatus extract. Results: The Gryllus bimaculatus powder (GBP), protein extract of Gryllus bimaculatus (PEGB), Gryllus bimaculatus egg (GBE), and egg protein extract of Gryllus bimaculatus (EPGB) were high in essential amino acids, especially branched chain amino acids, and unsaturated fatty acids, and low in carbohydrates. Moreover, Gryllus bimaculatus appeared to have ameliorative effects on sarcopenia by suppressing the mRNA expression of myostatin in C2C12 cells. Conclusion: It is expected that Gryllus bimaculatus will be positive for the development of food materials or to prevent sarcopenia in the elderly or in patients with this condition.

目的: 目前，与衰老相关的肌肉减少症被认为是一个严重的问题。然而，很少有研究涉及使用 双斑蟋蟀治疗或 预防肌肉减少症。因此，本研究旨在确定双斑蟋蟀是否对肌肉减少症有改善作用，并研究其作为食物对老年人 或患有这种疾病的患者的肌肉减少症的适用性。方法：分析了水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、碳水化合物 和矿物质的含量。分别使用自动氨基酸分析仪和气相色谱法分析氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。使用 3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑 -2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑 (MTT) 测定法测量细胞活力。在用双斑蟋蟀提取物处理后，使用荧光素酶报告基因 测定在 C2C12 细胞中研究肌生长抑制素表达。结果：双斑蟋蟀粉 (GBP)、双斑蟋蟀蛋白提取物 (PEGB)、双斑 蟋蟀卵(GBE)和双斑蟋蟀卵蛋白提取物(EPGB)富含必需氨基酸，尤其是支链氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸，碳水化合物 含量低。此外，双斑蟋蟀似乎通过抑制C2C12细胞中肌肉生长抑制素的mRNA 表达来改善肌肉减少症。结论： 双斑蟋蟀将对食品材料的开发或预防老年人或患有这种疾病的患者的肌肉减少症产生积极影响。

목적: 본 연구는 발효 기간 및 추출물 농도에 따른 곤충 젓갈 에탄올 추출물의 물리화학적 및 생리활성 특성을 분석하였다. 방 법: 냉동 후 밀웜과 쌍별귀뚜라미 두 가지 곤충과 소금을 혼합하여 젓갈을 제조하고 이를 15℃의 온도조건에서 180일간 발효하면 서 염도, 당도, pH, 색도 및 겉보기 점도를 측정하였다. 항산화능으로는 총 폴리페놀함량, DPPH 소거능, ABTS 라디칼 소거능 및 α-glucosidase 저해 활성 등을 측정하였다. 결과: 염도 측정 결과 모든 젓갈에서 발효기간에 따른 변화 양상은 나타나지 않았으 나 pH 및 점도는 발효 기간의 증가에 따라 지속적인 감소를 나타내었다. 모든 젓갈에서 총 폴리페놀 함량, DPPH 라디칼소거능 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거활성은 발효기간의 증가에 따라 증가한 것으로 분석되었으며, 그 효과는 에탄올 추출물의 농도가 클수록 큰 것으 로 나타났다. α-Glucosidase 저해 활성 측정 결과는 낮은 농도에서는 효과가 매우 적었으나 고농도에서는 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 본 연구에서는 곤충 젓갈로부터 얻은 에탄올 추출물의 생리활성 효과를 확인할 수 있었으며, 발효식품에 곤충 원료를 사용할 수 있는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and biological activity of ethanol extracted from the insect Jeotgal based on the fermentation period and extract concentration. Methods: Tenebrio molitor and Gryllus bimaculatus were crushed and then mixed with salt. Each sample was fermented at 15℃ for 180 days, and their physicochemical properties, such as salinity, brix, pH, color value and apparent viscosity were analyzed. The total polyphenol content, 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging ability, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) scavenging ability and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity were measured as antioxidant activity. Results: Salinity measurement results showed no significant difference in the fermentation period, but pH and viscosity were analyzed and found to continuously decrease with the increase of the fermentation period. Based on biological activity analysis, the total polyphenol content, DPPH scavenging activity, and ABTS radical scavenging activity increased with the increase of the fermentation period, and the effect was particularly remarkable at high concentrations. The results of the α-glucosidase inhibition activity showed that the effect was small at low concentrations but sufficient at high concentrations. Conclusion: The physiological activity of ethanol extract of salted fish using insects has been confirmed, and this finding may be used as a basic data for applying insect food to fermented food.

目的: 本研究旨在根据发酵时间和提取物浓度研究昆虫酱的理化性质变化和其乙醇提取物的生物学活性。方法: 将黄粉虫、双斑蟋粉碎，与食盐混合。将每个样品在15℃下发酵180天，并分析其理化性质，如盐度、糖度、 pH、色值和表观粘度。为确定其乙醇提取物的抗氧化活性测量总多酚含量、2,2-二苯基-1-苦基肼 (DPPH)清除 能力、ABTS清除能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。结果: 盐度测量结果表明，所有昆虫酱都没有根据发酵时间产 生变化，但pH和粘度随着发酵时间的增加而持续下降。生物活性分析表明，总多酚含量、DPPH清除活性、 ABTS自由基清除活性随着发酵时间的延长而增加，且在高浓度时效果尤为显着。α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的结果 表明，低浓度时效果小，高浓度时效果足够。结论: 本研究证实了昆虫酱的乙醇提取物的生理活性作用，这一发 现可作为昆虫食品应用于发酵食品的基础数据。

목적: 본 연구는 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말과 분말 단백질추출물의 아미노산 조성과 항산화 활성을 탐색하고자 수행되었다. 방법: 쌍별 귀뚜라미 분말의 일반성분과 분말 단백질추출물의 무기질 성분은 Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 방법, 아미 노산은 아미노산 분석기로 측정하였다. 항산화 활성은 총 폴리페놀, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 소거능을 측정하였 다. 결과: 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말의 칼슘과 칼륨 함량이 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말 단백질 추출물보다 많이 함유되어 있었다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 분 말 추출물과 분말단백질 추출물에는 필수 아미노산과 비필수 아미노산이 많이 함유되어 있었다. 특히 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말 추출물 에는 분지아미노산인 발린 17186.31 mg/kg, 이소루이신 12790.01 mg/kg, 루이신 25382.52 mg/kg, 분말 단백질 추출물에는 발 린 1147.28 mg/kg, 이소루이신 1281.90 mg/kg, 루이신 2753.34 mg/kg으로 분말 추출물의 분지아미노산 함량이 높았다. Total polyphenol 함량은 쌍별귀뚜라미 단백질 추출물(12.18 mg GAE/g), 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말 추출물(6.61 mg GAE/g), DPPH radical 소 거능은 쌍별귀뚜라미 단백질 추출물(80.37%), 쌍별귀뚜라미 분말 추출물(68.25%)로 단백질 추출물에서 높게 나타났다. 결론: 쌍별 귀뚜라미는 단백질 함량은 높고 지방함량은 낮았으며 특히 아미노산조성이 우수하고 분지아미노산도 함유되어 있었으며 항산화 활 성이 높아 근감소 억제, 항산화 및 뷰티 푸드 관련 식품소재나 식품으로서의 활용가능을 제시하는 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose: In the present study, we evaluated the amino acids, antioxidant activities of cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus ) powder and protein extract. Methods: Moisture, crude fat, protein, and mineral content were measured via chemical analysis according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. Amino acid composition was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer. The antioxidant activities of cricket (G. bimaculatus ) powder extract (CPE) and cricket (G. bimaculatus ) powder protein extract (CPPE) calculated by assessing the total polyphenol content and the radical scavenging activities of the radicals 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: CPE had higher values of Ca and K, than CPPE. CPE had higher essential amino acid amounts compared to CPPE. CPE’s branched chain amino acid contents [i.e., valine (CPE, 17186.31 mg/kg; CPPE, 1147.28 mg/kg), leucine (CPE, 25382.52 mg/kg; CPPE, 2753.34 mg/kg), and isoleucine (CPE, 12790.01 mg/kg; CPPE, 1281.90 mg/kg)] significantly higher values than CPPE. The total polyphenol content of CPPE (12.18 mg GAE/g) was higher than CPE (6.61 mg GAE/g). DPPH radical scavenging activity of CPPE (80.37%) was also higher than CPE (68.25%). Conclusion: Therefore, the results of this study suggest that cricket (G. bimaculatus ) is a suitable protein and natural antioxidant material for health improvement. In the future, further studies on the health benefits of cricket (G. bimaculatus ) should be conducted.

目的: 研究蟋蟀粉和粉末蛋白质提取物的氨基酸组成和抗氧化活性。方法: 根据官方分析化学家协会 （Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC）指南，通过化学分析测定水分、粗脂肪、蛋白质和 矿物质含量。用氨基酸自动分析仪分析氨基酸组成。CPE[蟋蟀（G.bimaculatus ）粉末提取物]和CPPE[蟋 蟀（G.bimaculatus ）粉末蛋白提取物]的抗氧化活性通过评估总多酚含量和1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)自由基清除活性来计算。结果: CPE的钙和钾含量均高于CPPE。CPE的必需氨基酸含量高于CPPE。CPE 支链氨基酸含量[即缬氨酸（CPE，17186.31 mg/kg；CPPE，1147.28 mg/kg）、亮氨酸（CPE，25382.52 mg/kg；CPPE，2753.34 mg/kg）和异亮氨酸（CPE，12790.01 mg/kg；CPPE，1281.90 mg/kg）]明显高于 CPPE。CPPE的总多酚含量（12.18 mg GAE/g）高于CPE（6.61 mg GAE/g）。CPPE对DPPH自由基的清除率 （80.37%）也高于CPE（68.25%）。结论: 蟋蟀是一种适宜的蛋白质和天然抗氧化剂。今后，应进一步研究蟋 蟀对健康的益处。

목적: 본 연구에서는 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말을 첨가한 미숫가루의 일반성분, 무기질 함량, 아미노산, 지방산 조성과 함량, 항 염증활성을 측정하여 건강기능성 식소재나 식품으로서의 가능성을 확인하여 향후 건강식품으로서의 응용가능성을 검증하고자 하 였다. 방법: 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말이 함유된 미숫가루를 제조하여 아미노산은 자동분석기, 지방산은 gas chromography 법 으로 조성과 함량을 측정하였고, 일반성분은 AOAC방법, ICP-OES Ultima Wxpert 를 사용하여 분석하였다. 결과: 그릴루스 비마 쿨루투스 분말 첨가 미숫가루의 함유량은 100 g 당 조단백질 41.87 g, 조지방 19.75 g, 탄수화물 28.52 g, 칼슘 889.66 mg, 칼륨 1189.73 mg, 아연 15.50 mg 이었다. 분지아미노산인 valine 21.361 mg/kg, leucine 29.180 mg/kg, isoleucine 15.562 mg/kg 함 유되어 있었다. 또한 대식세포에서 염증 전 인자인 TNF-α, IL-6, interleukin-1β 발현을 억제하였다. 결론: 이상의 결과 그릴루스 비마쿨루투스 분말이 첨가된 미숫가루는 필수아미노산 조성이 우수하고 단일불포화지방산이 많으며 탄수화물은 적고 항염증 활성 이 있어 노인이나 환자의 염증을 억제하고 근감소 예방이나 중장년 건강관리를 위한 기능성 식소재나 식품으로의 이용이 가능할 것 으로 사료된다. 특히 포화지방산과 탄수화물 함량이 낮아 다이어트 식소재로서의 개발 가능성도 기대되는 바이다.

Purpose: This study investigated the nutritional value of Misutkaru with added Gryllus bimaculatus powder (GBM) and its applicability as a healthy functional food. Methods: Chemical analysis of the moisture, crude fat, protein, and mineral contents was performed in accordance with the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) guidelines. The amino acid and fatty acid compositions were analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer and gas chromatography, respectively. The levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‑alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL- 1β), and interleukin 6 (IL‑6) induced by lipopolysaccharides in RAW 264.7 cells were measured. Results: The general composition per 100 g of GBM was 41.87 g protein, 19.75 g fat, and 28.52 g carbohydrates. The mineral content per 100 g of GBM was 889.66 mg calcium, 1189.73 mg potassium, 220.36 mg magnesium, 207.51 mg sodium, 694.81 mg phosphorus, and 15.50 mg zinc. In particular, valine (21.361 mg/kg), leucine (29.180 mg/kg), and isoleucine (15.562 mg/kg) were abundant in GBM. GBM also effectively downregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Conclusion: Misutkaru with added Gryllus bimaculatus powder may have potential for application in the development of food materials or foods to prevent muscle loss in elderly individuals and sarcopenia patients, build muscle, and prevent increase in blood lipid concentrations in middle aged people. In particular, as Gryllus bimaculatus is low in fat and carbohydrates, it can be used as a diet material.

目的: 探讨添加双斑蟋蟀粉（Gryllus bimaculatus powder，GBM）的谷物烘焙粉的营养价值及其作为健康功 能食品的适用性。方法: 根据官方分析化学家协会（AOAC）指南对水分、粗脂肪、蛋白质和矿物质含量进行化 学分析。分别使用自动氨基酸分析仪和气相色谱分析氨基酸和脂肪酸组成。在RAW 264.7细胞中测量脂多糖诱 导的炎性细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素（IL）-1β和IL-6的水平。结果: 每100 g 的GBM的中含有41.87 g蛋白质、19.75 g 脂肪和28.52 g 碳水化合物。每100克GBM的矿物质含量包含钙 889.66 mg、 钾 1189.73 mg、镁 220.36 mg、钠 207.51 mg、磷 694.81 mg和锌 15.50 mg。特别是缬氨酸（21.361 mg/kg）、亮氨酸 （29.180 mg/kg）和异亮氨酸（15.562 mg/kg）在GBM中含量丰富。GBM还有效地下调RAW 264.7巨噬细胞 中炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的产生。结论: 添加双斑蟋蟀粉的谷物烘焙粉可能在食品材料或食品的开发 中有潜在的应用，以防止老年人和肌肉减少症患者的肌肉损失，增强肌肉，防止中年人血脂浓度的增加。特别 是，由于双斑蟋蟀的脂肪和碳水化合物含量较低，因此可以作为一种饮食材料。

우리는 처음으로 쌍별귀뚜라미 소화기관에서 6종류의 미생물을 분리하고 특성을 규명하였다. 이들은 16S rDNA을 기준으로 분류한 결과 4종류(Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Citrobacter, Proteus)에 속하였다. 분리된 6종류의 미생물은 공통적으로 ampicillin에 저항성을 보이지만 kanamycin 저항성은 보이지 않았다. 이들을 Gram염색하여 미생물의 형태적 특징을 확인하였다. Gram-positive한 rod-shaped GL2와 round-shaped GL4는 다른 분리 균 보다 많은 양의 세포외분비물을 만들었다, 이들을 MALDI-TOF-MS spectral analysis결과 87-kDa collagenase, 56-kDa & 200-kDa hypothetical protein이였다. 새롭게 분리된 6종류의 미생물은 귀뚜라미의 생리에 미치는 영향과 이들의 생물공학적 혹은 해충 방제에 이용될 수 있는 연구가 기대된다.

We describe the isolation and characterization of six different intestinal microorganisms from the digestive tract of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, we obtained six isolates belonging to four different genera: Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Citrobacter, and Proteus. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin. Ampicillin is an irreversible inhibitor of the enzymeetranspeptidase, which is needed to make bacterial cell walls. None of the isolates were resistant to kanamycin, which binds to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and then inhibits total protein synthesis. Gram staining was conducted, in addition to morphological classification under a microscope. Four grampositive isolates and two gram-negative isolates were detected. The gram-positive isolates were GL1 (round shaped, 2 am in diameter), GL2 (rod shaped, $2.5{\mu}m$ in length), GL3 (rod shaped, $2{\mu}m$ in length), and GL4 (round shaped, $1.5{\mu}m$ in diameter). The gram-negative isolates were GL5 (rod shaped, $2{\mu}m$ in length) and GL6 (rod-shaped, $2.5{\mu}m$ in length). Notably, two of the isolates, GL2 and GL4, secreted specific extracellular proteins. These were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS spectral analysis to be a 87 kDa collagenase, 56 kDa hypothetical protein, and 200 kDa hypothetical protein. The six isolates in this study could be used for various biotechnological applications and pest management, both in the field and in greenhouse systems. In addition, it would be interesting to determine the relationship between these isolates and their host.

2016년에 쌍별귀뚜라미는 식품의약품안전처 식품공전에 등록된 식품원료로 가장 큰 장점은 월동 없이 연중 대량 사육이 가능하다는 것과 60% 이상의 단백질 함량이다. 본 연구에서는 사육공간, 인건비 등의 문제로 인하여 귀뚜라미 사육이 불가능할 때를 대비하여 저장조건을 설정하였으며, 산란율이 높은 산란처 선발과 알의 동종포식률을 조사하였다. 산란은 상토 산란처에서 가장 선호도가 높았으며(p < 0.05), 알의 동종포식률을 보았을 때 10 L 당 종령 약충 62마리 이하, 1일 동안 산란을 받는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 판단되었다(p < 0.05). 알의 저온 저장을 하였을 때는 28℃에서 10일간 보관 후 16℃에서 10일간 저온 저장했을 때 부화율이 가장 높았고, 저장을 하지 않았을 때와 비교하였을 때 12~14일 부화를 연장할 수 있었다(p < 0.05). 쌍별귀뚜라미의 산란처, 산란 방법 및 알 저장조건을 설정함으로써 효율적인 생산방법을 제시하였다.

In 2016, the two-spotted cricket was approved as a general food ingredient by the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Additionally, the two-spotted crickets have high protein content (60%) and can be reared throughout the year even during the overwintering period. In this study, storage conditions were set in case cricket breeding was not possible due to problems such as breeding space and labor costs, and selection oviposition mats to determine high fecundity rates and low cannibalism rates for the eggs were investigated. The oviposition mat was mostly composed of soil (p < 0.05). Less than 62 crickets per 10 litters were found to be best suited for 1 day of spawning, based on the cannibalism rate of the eggs during the egg laying period. The results from the hatched eggs indicated that the hatching extended 12 to 14 days, and the best hatching rate was approximately 85% when stored at low temperatures(16℃) for 10 days. An efficient production proposed method that established the best oviposition mat and egg storage method for the cricket.

쌍별귀뚜라미의 먹이 섭식량, 부화기간, 성충사망률, 사육밀도 및 성비에 따른 부화 약충수와 산란경향을 실내사육실($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$RH)에서 조사하였다. 사육중인 성충의 사육밀도가 50 ~ 400 개체로 증가할 때 사육밀도에 관계없이 하루에 $0.067{\pm}0.008g$의 사료를 섭식하였고 무는 0.128 ~ 0.068 g을 섭식하여 밀도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 산란된 알은 부화시작 후 6일차까지 95.8%가 부화하였다. 평균 사망률은 사육일수가 증가함에 따라 일차함수로 증가하여 8주차에 93.9%가 사망하였다. 암컷 100개체의 사육밀도일 때 암컷 한 개체당 총 부화 약충수는 $248.8{\pm}17.8$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) 개체로 200 개체일 때의 $172.2{\pm}10.6$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) 개체보다 많았다. 암컷과 수컷의 성비는 부화약충수에 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 조사되었다. 산란 시작후 일차별로 산란수의 증감이 반복되는 경향을 보였으며 3주차까지 총 산란수의 81.5%를 산란하였다.

The aim of the present study is to investigate food consumption, hatching periods, adult mortality, the mean number of hatchlings and ovipositional trend of Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer. The rearing and experiments were conducted in the rearing room ($28{\pm}2^{\circ}C$, $60{\pm}10%$RH). As the adult rearing density increased from 50 to 400, it did not affect the average daily food consumption of adult crickets which was $0.067{\pm}0.008$ g a day. However, the daily radish consumption decreased from 0.128 to 0.068 g per day. 95.8% of eggs hatched by the sixth day after the beginning of hatching. The average mortality of the adults gradually increased, and reached 93.9% by the 8th week. Total number of hatchlings per female was $172.2{\pm}10.6$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) in 200 females rearing cages, which was noticeably less than $248.8{\pm}17.8$ ($mean{\pm}SD$) in 100 females rearing cages. Sex ratio of the crickets given in the rearing cages did not affect both the number of hatchlings and ovipositon rate. Oviposition rate periodically fluctuated as progressed, and it reached 81.5% of the total oviposition by the $3^{rd}$ week since the beginning of ovipoisiton.

생쥐 비장세포에 대한 아열대산 귀뚜라미(Gryllus bimaculatus)와 왕귀뚜라미 (Teleogryllus emma)로부터 3종 추출물(Al, A2, Bl)의 면역활성능을 조사하였다. 3종의 추출물 모두 normal spleen cell에 대하여 독성을 나타내지 않았다. Al과 A2는 세포의 proliferation을 증가시키는 경향을 나타내었으며, 1000ug/m1의 고농도에서는 약 10-20%의 증가를 보였다. Bl의 경우는 약간의 감소경향을 나타내었으며, T cell의 mitogen인 Con A에 대한 mitogenic response는 두드러진 활성을 나타내지 않았다. (중략)

The field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) is commonly consumed as food in different parts of the world. This study was performed to characterize the chitosan extracted from crickets and to assess its potential use to the growing functional market. The degree of deacetylation (DA), Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, molecular mass, scanning electron microscopy spectra, and color were measured. Cricket chitosan nanoparticles were prepared, and the optimal conditions were identified. The molecular mass of the cricket chitosan was lower than that of commercial chitosan; however, the DA, FTIR, and XRD spectra were similar. The particle size ($208.27{\pm}3.47nm$), zeta potential ($35.72{\pm}1.29mV$), and polydispersity index (PDI: $0.27{\pm}0.03$) of the cricket chitosan NPs were superior to the commercial. Addition of NaCl reduced the cricket chitosan NPs size up to 15.5%. This finding is a novel trial to prove the availability of the insect chitosan with a low molecular mass as an active carrier source.

본 연구는 외래종 쌍별귀뚜라미 (Gryllus bimaculatus, GB)의 도입에 따른 토착종 왕귀뚜라미 (Teleogryllus emma, TE)의 개체군 크기 감소 위협이 예상됨에 따라, 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)와 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 체장과 개체수 비율에 따른 생존 경쟁을 조사한 실험이다. 실험에 사용된 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)와 왕귀뚜라미 (TE) 공시충은 경북대학교 농업생명과학대학 곤충생태학연구실 내의 온실에서 대량 사육한 개체들을 사용하였다. 사육온도는 $28^{\circ}C{\sim}30^{\circ}C$이며, 장일 조건 (16L : 8D), 상대습도는 50%~60%로 유지하였다. 매일 두 종의 개체수를 계측하여 개체수 변화를 조사하였다. 본 실험에서는 더듬이를 제외한 체장 0.5 cm, 1 cm의 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)와 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)를 이용하여 왕귀뚜라미 (TE) : 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 개체수 비율을 1 : 2, 1 : 1, 2 : 1로 나눈 총 3가지의 조건으로 실험하였다. 그 결과, 개체가 작을 때에는 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 세력이 약하고, 시간이 지날수록 쌍별귀뚜라미(GB)의 세력이 왕귀뚜라미(TE)보다 강해지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 최종 생존종은 대부분 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)였으며, 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 노화가 예상됨에도 불구하고 생존력이 강한 경향을 보였다. 쌍별귀뚜라미 (GB)의 생존율은 큰 차이를 보이지 않았던 반면, 왕귀뚜라미 (TE)의 생존율이 큰 폭으로 감소하는 현상이 나타났다.

This research was conducted to investigate the competition for survival between the two cricket species: Gryllus bimaculatus (GB) and Teleogryllus emma (TE). The test insects for this research were bred in the greenhouse of the Ecological Entomology Lab, College of Agriculture and Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Korea. The feeding environment was $28^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$, Long-Day condition (16L : 8D) and Relative Humidity: 50%~60%. The changes of the individual number in two species (TE, GB) were checked every day. This research had three experimental conditions which the ratios of individuals (TE : GB) were set at 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1. The survival rate of GB was net better than that of TE in the result of this study. However, due to the absence of the diapauses period in the egg stage, GB would dominate over TE in the field condition. The appropriate legal measure against GB is recommended.

Cricket (Gryllus bimacutus) is mass-bred in 6 cycles per one year in insect farms. They are used as dry or live foods for animals, tropical fish, reptile and amphibians. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotoxicity of whole bodies of G. bimaculatus.(omitted)

Recently, research investment in the improvement of food safety as a food source and specializing of nutritional source of edible insects is being actively conducted. Cricket especially has been attracting considerable interest in entomophagy; however, research on the safety assessment of cricket is limited. This study investigated the effects of cricket ethanol extract when orally administrated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Here, we performed a 4 wk repeated oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley rats following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development test guidelines 407 under Good Laboratory Practice regulation. Rats were randomly allocated 4 groups: vehicle control, 250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg test groups and administrated based on body weight for 28 d. The animals were observed for mortalities and clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption. At the end of treatment period, blood and urine were collected and analyzed. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed and subjected to gross pathological examination and organ weight measurement. The organs were preserved for histopathological examination. The results showed that there were no systemic toxicological effects related with the cricket ethanol extract in the 4 wk oral repeated dose toxicity study. It is considered that NOAEL of cricket ethanol extract is greater than 1,000 mg/kg/d and there was no target organ detected.

This study aims to evaluate the quality characteristics, antioxidant activity, and storage of acorn mook with Gryllus bimaculatus, which is reported to have excellent protein content. The storage and quality characteristics of acorn mook were analyzed. The proportions of Gryllus bimaculatus powder for each sample were set to 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. The pH of the acorn mook increased as the percentage of Gryllus bimaculatus powder increased, while the chromaticity of the acorn mook decreased in L-value, a-value, and b-value. As the percentage of Gryllus bimaculatus powder increased, the hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness decreased but adhesiveness increased. The final syneresis rate of acorn mook with 30% added Gryllus bimaculatus powder was controlled to around 10%, confirming its positive potential for storage and distribution. As the percentage of Gryllus bimaculatus powder increased, the total flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging increased. The results showed that the addition of Gryllus bimaculatus powder to acorn mook enhances its storage stability and antioxidant activity, indicating its potential to mitigate sarcopenia caused by free radicals or oxidative stress. This research provides a basis for improving the storage stability and shelf life of acorn mook, which is beneficial for commercial distribution.

The isolation and purification of ferritin from the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus haemolymph were accomplished by anion exchange column chromatography using HiTrap Q column (1.6 $\times$ 4 cm, Amersham Phamacia Co.), 7$0^{\circ}C$ heat and acid treatment, and gel filtration column chromatography using G4000SW column (0.75 $\times$ 60cm, TOSOH Co.) by FPLC system. (omitted)