Earticle

Recently, Social media has become a concern for businesses, including Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs began to adopt social media to support their performance. To benefit from the application of social media, SMEs must implement the right strategy. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the use of social media in SMEs. Furthermore, alignment between social media functionalities and strategies and their effect on SME‘s performance are investigated. A case study is conducted in Gymi, a garment SMEs in East Java, Indonesia. The data collection includes interviews with the owner of SMEs, observations, and document analysis. Data analysis is performed by pattern matching, which matches the patterns from the literature with data from the case study. The results of this study show that cost-effectiveness, interactivity, and compatibility are factors that influence the use of social media in Gymi. The social media used by Gymi are Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, and LINE. However, the main social media used to support Gymi’s functions is Instagram. Gymi has a relatively good social media strategy as it has defined a specific goal, target audience, and channel selection for social media (Instagram). It also has specific resources and policies to handle social media. Gymi monitors and evaluates their social media content activities. These strategies are aligned with the Instagram feature used to support Gymi‘s function, particularly marketing, sales, customer service, and to some extent, internal operation. The alignment contributes to Gymi’s performance measured by the increase in reputation (number of Instagram followers) and sales.

The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a 1-month detraining composed by Christmas and New Year’s Day in the functional and cognitive parameters of 12 older women who had previously participated in 22-week moderate intensity strength training program (ST; n= 6) or remained performing their regular habits of life during all study period, without engaging in physical exercise programs (CG; n= 6). Transfer capacity (i.e., Timed Up and Go [TUG]) and executive function (i.e., TUG with a cognitive task) were increased in the ST group after the intervention. However, the 1-month detraining period was enough to totally reverse the gains in both parameters. In conclusion, data of the present study indicate that 1 month of detraining was enough to totally reverse the beneficial effects of a 6-month ST program on physical mobility and executive function of older women.

Paulownia coreana has various advantages as a convenient workability, aesthetic outlook, beautiful patterns, low weight and high strength, and its permeability. P. coreana has been widely used for storage but there are no empirical researches proving its functionality in a field of conservation science until now. In this study, the seasonal and daily temperature and relative humidity control, and microbe and insect repellent activity were evaluated under the controlled and uncontrolled circumstances from 2015 to 2016. The results showed to be mainly excellent in relative humidity control and the buffering effect was good to adjust the average daily relative humidity range from the outside. With respect to the antimicrobial properties of P. coreana, we observed that its water-soluble extract produced visible zones of inhibition against five bacteria. However, it was difficult to predict the antimicrobial and/or insecticidal properties.

In this work, the effects of nano TiO2 on functionality and stability of low density polyethylene (LDPE) composite films were investigated for food packaging application. LDPE-nano TiO2 composite films were prepared with various TiO2 contents (0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0wt%) by melt-extrusion and their basic properties such as crystallinity, chemical bonds and surface morphology were examined by XRD, FTIR and SEM. Ultraviolet (UV) light barrier property of asprepared LDPE-nano TiO2 composite films was also studied and the presence of nano TiO2 resulted in significant improvement of UV light barrier compared to the pure LDPE film. To evaluate influence of nano TiO2 on LDPE properties required as packaging material, thermal, mechanical, gas barrier and optical properties of LDPE-nano TiO2 composite films were characterized with various analytical techniques including TGA, UTM, OTR, WVTR and UV-vis spectroscopy. As a result, except optical property of LDPE, no significant effects were found in other properties. Opacity of pure LDPE was greatly increased with increasing concentration of nano TiO2.

In this work, nano ZnO was introduced into low density poly ethylene (LDPE) composites films with various contents (0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0 and 5.0 wt%) by melt-extrusion. Their basic properties such as crystallinity, chemical bonds and surface morphology were examined by XRD, FTIR and SEM. XRD patterns and FTIR peaks intensity were increased in proportion to the ZnO contents. SEM images showed well dispersed nano ZnO in LDPE composite films. Antimicrobial functionality of LDPE-nano ZnO composite films was also studied and the presence of nano ZnO resulted in significant improvement of antimicrobial functionality compared to the pure LDPE film. To evaluate influence of nano ZnO on LDPE properties required as packaging material, thermal, mechanical, gas barrier and optical properties of LDPE-nano ZnO composite films were characterized with various analytical techniques including TGA, UTM, OTR, WVTR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. As a result, except optical and mechanical properties of LDPE, no significant effects were found in other properties. Opacity of pure LDPE was greatly increased with increasing concentration of nano ZnO and tensile strength was also improved at 0.5wt% ZnO content.

본 연구는 천연안료 중 단청용 적색안료로 주로 사용되는 석간주의 성분 및 물성에 따른 기능성 및 내광성을 평가하는데 목적이 있다. 한국과 일본에서 전통적인 방법으로 제조하여 시판되는 적색의 산화철계열 천연안료는 석간주와 대자라는 명칭으로 불리고 있으며 수집된 8종의 석간주를 대상으로 구성광물과 성분조성을 분석한 결과, 대부분 Hematite를 포함하고 있으며, 성분조성에 따라 Fe2O3함량이 40% 이상의 고함량인 그룹과 15%이하의 그룹으로 구분되었다. 또한 소성 여부에 따라서도 구분이 되는데 소성된 석간주의 경우 소성에 따라 운모의 상전이로 인한 색상 변화와 평균입도의 차이가 관찰되었다. 석간주 안료 자체의 색도를 분석한 결과 Fe2O3 함량이 높은 시료들의 색도는 암적색, 회갈색인 반면, Fe2O3의 함량이 낮은 시료는 황갈색이나 황적색을 나타내었으며, 적색도 a*를 결정하는 것은 산화철(Fe2O3)의 함량이었다. 안료의 기능적인 특성을 확인하기 위해 아교를 석간주와 배합하여 발림성, 은폐력의 기능적 특성을 확인하였고, 결과 점토성 광물의 성분에 따라 상이한 결과를 얻었다. 내광성 평가를 통하여 색변에 대한 안정성을 확인하였다. 그 결과 안료의 발림성과 은폐력은 주구성광물에 따라 다르게 측정되었다. 내광성 평가 결과 대부분 누적광량이 0~9,000 KJ/m2까지는 색차가 크지 않지만 18,000 KJ/m2에서 크게 변색되었다. 특히 소성한 석간주는 소성하지 않은 석간주에 비해 내광성이 높게 나타난 것을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the functionality and lightfastness of the natural pigments according to the type of Seokganju used as Dancheong. The commercially available red iron-oxide-based natural pigments that are called Seokganju and Daija manufactured by traditional methods in Korea and Japan were selected. The analysis of the constituent minerals and constituents of 8 kinds of collected Seokganju showed that most of them contained hematite. There are two types of Seokganju according to the Fe2O3 contents. The type of Seokganju can be characterized not only using the main component but also from the burn-out processing. The chromaticity results for Seokganju with a high Fe2O3 concentration indicate dark red or grayish brown, while those for Seokganju with a low Fe2O3 concentration indicate yellowish red or yellowish brown. Samples were prepared by mixing with a glue solution and functional properties were evaluated based on the opacity and spreadability. Coated samples were used in the lightfastness test. The spreadability and opacity of the pigments were measured differently depending on the main component. Most Seokganju samples a showed slight color change until 9,000 kJ/m2 but rapid color changes were detected after 18,000 kJ/m2. In particular, burnt Seokganju showed superior lightfastness.

Recently, with the increasing global demand for Ganoderma lucidum as a material for functional beverages, varieties with enhanced functionality are needed. As part of this effort, 10 strains were selected from a collection of 160 G. lucidum strains, based on their quantity and fruiting body characteristics. These included four strains collected in Korea, three in Japan, and three of unknown origin. Approximately 44% of the 1,290 hybrid strains were secured. After two rounds of bag cultivation in oak sawdust, three strains (G-20-4, G-20-5, and G-20-7) were ultimately selected for single-timbered cultivation. Among these, G-20-4 demonstrated the earliest harvesting with a large size and a bright cap. Additionally, this strain exhibited the highest levels of total glucan, β-glucan, total triterpenoid, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid content.

This paper is the study on the trends of precedents about the functionality of trade dress. 3 recent CAFC's precedents were introduced. First, Functionality doctrine does not imply that preserving basic elements for the public domain is the doctrine's only role. Another goal, as TrafFix stressed, is to separate the spheres of patent and trademark law, and to ensure that the term of a patent is not extended beyond the period authorized by the legislature. CAFC held that a design such as Clarin's x-frame chair was functional not because it was the only way to do things, but because it represented one of many solutions to a problem. Second, in contrast to Franek’s mark, the green-gold pads in Qualitex were so distinctive that they were nonfunctional. But a circle was the kind of basic design that a producer like Jay Franco adopted because lternatives were scarce and some consumers wanted the shape regardless of who anufactured it. A design's aesthetic appeal could be as functional as its tangible characteristics. CAFC held that trademark for circular beach towel was functional, and therefore, not protectable. Third, AFC decided 5 factors to determine whether a design was functional: (1) the existence of a utility patent, expired or unexpired, that involves or describes the functionality of an item's design element; (2) the utilitarian properties of the item's unpatented design elements; (3) advertising of the item that touts the utilitarian advantages of the item's design elements; (4) the dearth of, or difficulty in creating, alternative designs for the item's purpose; (5) the effect of the design feature on an item's quality or cost.

픽토리얼 타이포그래피는 이미지와 활자의 융합 형태로 문자가 주는 지루함과 이미지가 주는 모호함을 서로의 장점으로 보완하여 쉽고 빠르게 정보를 인지할 수 있도록 한다. 본 연구에서는 A 특성화고 디자인 수업에서 학생 30명 에게 총 6차시로 아트프로펠 방식을 픽토리얼 타이포그래피 디자인 수업에 적용하여 지각, 성찰, 창작의 과정에 따라 진행 한 후 학생들의 사전과 사후 설문조사와 작품 분석을 통해 두 가지 평가 요소인 기능성과 심미성의 변화를 분석하 여 아트프로펠 교육 과정의 타당성을 검증하고자 한다. 본 연구에서 실시한 사전 사후 평가에서 자기평가와 동료평가를 비교해보면 1차에서보다 2차에서 점수가 향상되었다. 기능성은 자기평가에서는 5.34점이, 동료평가에서는 5.4점이 상 승하였고, 심미성은 자기평가에서는 2.1점이, 동료평가에서는 1.8점이 상승하였다. 이 결과로 볼 때 아트프로펠 과정을 통한 픽토리얼 타이포그래피수업이 기능성과 심미성 향상에 도움을 주었으며 심미성보다는 기능성 면에서 효과가 더 크다는 것을 알 수 있다.

Pictorial typography is a fusion of image and type, which makes it possible to easily and quickly recognize information by complementing the boredom of characters and ambiguity of images. In this study, 6 classes were assigned to the 30 students in A specialization design class and applied artistic propel method to the pictorial typography design class, followed by the process of perception, reflection and creation, We analyze the two evaluation factors, functional and aesthetic changes, and verify the validity of the artpropel course. In the pre-post survey conducted in this study, the self - evaluation and the peer evaluation were improved. Functionality increased by 5.34 points in self evaluation, 5.4 points in peer evaluation, and 2.1 points in self evaluation and 1.8 points in peer evaluation. As a result, it can be seen that the pictorial typography class through the artpropel process helped to improve the functionality and aesthetic, and the effect of functionality was more significant than the aesthetic.

This study was conducted to develop a healthy functional food material using mycelial extract of Phellinus sp. Jangsoo and GMPL48007 were selected as suitable strains because of good mycelial growth and high functionality. The highest total polyphenols and reducing power were observed in the Jangsoo strain and the radical scavenging was shown in GMPL48007. Among grains media, whole-grain wheat had the highest extraction yield from mycelia of selected strains; especially, the GMPL48007 strain showed the highest content of beta-glucan.

The rapid economic growth of China has improved the quality of life for Chinese consumers, and the Chinese automobile market has also grown rapidly. This study investigates the characteristics of Korean automobile preferred by Chinese consumers in China market. The purposes of this study is as follows. First, this study analyze how the attributes such as the economics, design, post-service, convenience, and functionality of Korean automobile affect the satisfaction and repurchase intention. Second, this study is to verify the moderating effect of gender and income level on the relationship between automobile attributes and satisfaction. This study conducted online survey on Chinese consumers who had experience purchasing Korean automobile. We used 367 questionnaires to analyze the research model. The results of this study are as follows. First, the automobile attributes such as functionality, post-service, and economics have a positive effect on the satisfaction, but convenience and design have no significant effect on the satisfaction of Korean automobiles. Second, the satisfaction has a positive effect on repurchase intention of Korean automobile. Third, there were a difference in the convenience, design, and functionality of customer satisfaction according to gender. However, there is no difference in the economics and post-services by the gender. Finally, we examined where there is a difference between the attributes such as economics, design, post-service, convenience, and functionality of Korean automobile and customer satisfaction according to income level of Chinese consumers. The economics, functionality, and post-service were found to have difference effects on the satisfaction of Korean automobile according to the income level, but design and convenience did not differ according to income level. This can provide practical implications for Korean automobile companies in the Chinese market.

목적: 본 연구에서는 블루베리, 상황, 율피, 승마 복합추출물의 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 항산화와 항염증 활 성을 측정하였다. 방법: 블루베리, 상황, 율피, 승마는 70% 에탄올에서 추출하였고, 복합추출물은 각 시료를 1:1:1:1의 비율로 사용하였다. 항산화 평가를 위해 복합물을 농도에 따라 처리하여 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 라디칼 소거능과 2,2’ -azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) 양이온 라디칼 소거능을 확인하였다. 항염증 활성평가는 과학적 으로 증명된 방법인 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) 분석법, western blot 분석법, realtime polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) 분석법으로 측정하였다. 결과: 복합추출물은 1000 μg/mL 농도에서 DPPH 라 디칼 소거능 활성이 83.1%로 나타났으며 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거능 활성이 98.4%로 나타났다. MTT 분석법을 통한 세포 생존율은 10, 25, 50 μg/mL 농도에서는 생존율이 81.0% 이상으로 나타났고, 100, 250 μg/mL 농도에서는 세포사멸이 21.0% 이상으로 나타났 다. 따라서 복합물의 최종농도를 10–50 μg/mL로 사용하였다. Nitric oxide (NO) 생성은 50 μg/mL 농도에서 28.0% 감소되었고, western blot 분석을 통한 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)와 cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) 단백질 발현은 50 μg/mL 농도에서 각 32.8%, 48.0%의 감소를 나타내었다. Real-time PCR 결과 iNOS와 COX2의 mRNA 발현율은 농도 의존적으로 감소되었다. 결론: 복합추출물은 항산화 및 항염증에 탁월한 효능이 있으며 이러한 추출물이 향후 약용화장품 소재로서 사용되기를 기대한다.

Purpose: To confirm the possibility of using complex extracts of Vaccinium spp., Phellinus linteus, Castanea crenata, and Cimicifuga heracleifolia for cosmetic substances, we tested anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: The complex extracts of Vaccinium spp., Phellinus linteus, Castanea crenata, and Cimicifuga heracleifolia were used in a ratio of 1:1:1:1, and these complexes were extracted in 70% ethanol. To evaluate the anti-oxidant activity, the complexes were concentrated and the scavenging activities of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation were assessed. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, western blot analysis, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR). Results: Complex extracts showed 83.1% DPPH and 98.4% ABTS+ radical scavenging activities at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. The MTT assay revealed cell viability over 81.0% at 10, 25, and 50 μg/mL concentrations of the complex extracts and cell death over 21.0% at 100 and 250 μg/mL concentrations of the complex extracts. Therefore, the experimental concentration of the complex extracts was 10–50 μg/mL. Western blot analysis revealed that at 50 μg/mL concentration of the complex extracts, the expression level of nitric oxide (NO) was decreased by 28.0% and those of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) were decreased by 32.8% and 48.0%, respectively. Real-time PCR showed a decrease in iNOS and COX2 mRNA expression levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: Complex extracts have excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and we expect that these extracts will serve as functional cosmeceutical materials.

目的: 探讨蓝莓、桑黄、栗皮、升麻复合提取物作为化妆品原料的可行性，测定其抗氧化和抗炎活性。方法: 在70%乙 醇中，分别提取蓝莓、桑黄、栗皮、升麻的提取物，将这些提取物按1:1:1:1的比例混合作为复合提取物。为了评价复合 提取物的抗氧化活性检测1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) 自由基消除能力和2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) 阳离子消除能力。抗炎症活性通过科学证明的方法，即，3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) 分析法、western blot法、real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) 等方 法来评价。结果: 1000 μg/mL的复合提取物的DPPH自由基消除能力为83.1%，ABTS+自由基消除能力为98.4%。细胞生存 率通过MTT分析法来测定，在10, 25, 50 μg/mL的浓度下，细胞生存率显示出81.0%以上，在100, 250 μg/mL的浓度下， 细胞死亡达到21.0%以上。因此，复合提取物的最终使用浓度为10–50 μg/mL。在50 μg/mL浓度下，nitric oxide (NO) 的 生成减少了28.0%。通过western blot法检测inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 和cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) 的蛋白质 表达，其结果显示：复合提取物在50 μg/mL浓度下，iNOS和COX2分别减少了32.8%，48.0%。Real-time PCR结果显示： iNOS 和COX2 的mRNA表达水平以浓度依赖性降低。结论: 复合提取物具有卓越的抗氧化和抗炎症功效，期待这些提取物 将成为药妆品使用。

DRM 기술이 디지털 콘텐츠의 저작권을 적절하게 보호할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 DRM SW가 고품질을 갖추고 있어서 디지털 콘텐츠에 DRM을 부여했을 때 결함이 발생하지 않아야 한다. 따라서 DRM SW의 품질평가 모 델을 개발하는 것은 디지털 콘텐츠의 저작권을 효과적으로 보호하기 위한 기초가 된다고 할 수 있다. 그 중에서도 DRM SW의 보안성은 DRM SW가 갖추어야 할 가장 핵심적임 품질특성이라고 볼 수 있으므로 본 논문에서는 DRM SW의 보안성 품질을 측정할 수 있는 방법에 관한 연구를 수행하였다.

To make the DRM technology protect adequately the copy right of digital contents, DRM software should have high quality and no defects when DRM is added to digital contents. It can be a basis for the effective protection of the copyright of digital contents to develop a quality evaluation model of DRM SW. First of all, the security of DRM SW is the most critical quality characteristic that DRM software must have. In this paper, we conducted research on how to measure the quality of security of DRM SW.

소프트웨어 품질에 대한 중요성이 강조되어지고 있다. 개발에 주력하던 회사들도 소프트웨어 품질에 많은 관심을 가지고 있으며 품질을 개선하기 위한 노력을 기울이고 있다. 본 연구에서는 소프트웨어 테스팅을 통해서 얻어진 데이터를 분석하려 한다. 소프트웨어의 시험수와 시험에 소요된 날짜, 각 기능별 나타나는 발견된 오류수를 중심으로 소프트웨어 테스팅에 영향을 미치는 요인을 발견하려 한다. 또한 회귀분석을 통해서 소프트웨어 총 오류수에 가장 영향을 미치는 변인을 찾아보려 한다. 또한 테스터의 성별에 따라서 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 분석을 하려 한다

We consider about software quality nowadays. The company considers about software quality more and more compare to software development. We analyze the software testing data in this paper. We find the software effect according to the number of testing, the number of testing date, the number of fault according to characteristics. Also, we analyze the result by regression. Also, we propose the testing effect by sex.

부산시내에는 지형적 특성상 대규모 옹벽이 산재해 있다. 부산시에서는 도심환경 저해요소가 되고 있는 대형 콘크리트 옹벽 73개소에 대하여 2008년부터 아름다운 도시 부산 만들기 5개년 종합계획에 의거 환경개선을 위한 옹벽디자인 개선사업을 진행하고 있다. 부산시내의 옹벽은 규모가 크고, 야간에도 화려한 불빛이 있는 도심에 위치하고 있다는 점을 감안한다면 기존의 벽화와는 다른 기능이 요구되어야 할 것이며, 도시디자인이라는 측면에서 도시의 구조와 기능, 환경에 대한 배려가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 옹벽디자인 개선사업을 통해 현재까지 진행된 5개소 옹벽벽화의 제작과정과 현장 환경, 벽화의 내용을 서류와 현장조사를 통해 현황을 조사, 분석한 결과 5개소 옹벽벽화에 공통적으로 나타나는 특징은 옹벽 자체의 크기가 큰 대규모의 단일 벽화이며, 평면소재에서 벗어나 목재, 금속, 투명재료 등을 사용하여 부조 형식의 입체감을 주었다. 특히 내부에 LED를 채용한 조명을 활용하여 야간 경관에 대한 배려를 하였다. 이는 기존의 벽화에서 볼 수 없었던 가장 큰 차이점이며, 부산도심 옹벽벽화의 가장 큰 특성으로 나타났다. 반면 대부분 옹벽의 규모에 비해 오브제 조형물의 크기가 작아 노출된 옹벽 면이 넓은 점은 벽화로서의 기본적 기능이 부족한 것은 보완되어야 할 사항이다. 앞으로 진행예정에 있는 옹벽벽화는 화려한 도심의 기능을 충족시킬 수 있는 벽화로 제작되어 주민들에게 아름다움을 제공하고, 생활의 활력소를 불어 넣어줄 뿐 아니라 쾌적한 삶의 환경을 조성해줄 수 있어야 할 것이다.

There are large retaining walls in downtown Busan due to its topographic characteristic. Busan city has been running a wall design project for environmental improvement based on 5-year comprehensive plan of making beautiful city Busan since 2008, which is drawing mural on 73 large concrete walls that are causing hindrance to city environment. Since retaining walls in Busan city are large and they are located in the city with splendid lights at night time, different functions are demanded from the existing murals and structure, functions, and environment of city must be considered in terms of city design. As a result of researching and analyzing production process, site environment and mural details of wall murals in 5 places through the improvement project of mural design, common features in murals of 5 places are single murals of a large scale and it has a three-dimensional effect of a relief form by using wood, metal, and transparent materials. In particular, lighting with LED inside was used for night time view. It is the biggest difference from the existing mural, and it is satisfying the most important functionality as the city mural. On the other hand, most of murals have small objet structures compared to the wall size, exposing spacious surface of wall. This lack of basic function as mural has to be improved. Murals that are scheduled to be painted must satisfy functions of splendid city, providing beauty to residents, creating pleasant life environment, becoming an energizer for people’s life.

The rumen fluids contain a wide range of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. The various ruminal microorganisms in the rumen provide nutrients by fermenting the forage they eat. During metabolic processes, microorganisms present in the rumen release diverse vesicles during the fermentation process. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the function of rumen extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their interaction with the host. We confirmed the structure of the rumen EVs by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the size of the particles using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). Rumen EVs range in size from 100 nm to 400 nm and are composed of microvesicles, microparticles, and ectosomes. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans smart animal model, we verified the interaction between the host and rumen EVs. Exposure of C. elegans to rumen EVs did not significantly enhance longevity, whereas exposure to the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Staphylococcus aureus significantly increased lifespan. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis showed gene expression alterations in C. elegans exposed to rumen EVs, with significant changes in the metabolic pathway, fatty acid degradation, and biosynthesis of cofactors. Our study describes the effect of rumen EV interactions with the host and provides novel insights for discovering biotherapeutic agents in the animal industry.

Nanotechnology in the food industry can increase the effectiveness of food ingredients. Nanotechnology can increase the bioavailability and absorption of bioactive compounds, enhance their stability, and improve the sensory quality of the product. Processed meat products are easily damaged due to bacterial activity. Advanced nanoemulsions as a meat preservative are nanoemulsions that can be used as preservative agents in meat products, particularly essential oil nanoemulsions, due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Its application is still limited to foods made from meat products. Therefore, this literature review examines nanoemulsion and its application in meat products and functionality improvement. Also, in the future, nanoemulsions in meat products must be made safe, and the government and businesses must work together to build consumer trust. It can be concluded that essential oilbased nanoemulsion has the potential to be used as an additive in meat products because it can kill bacteria, fight free radicals, improve flavor, and keep food fresh. Nanoemulsion is challenging in the meat industry because it can be toxic due to its tiny droplets (under 200 nm).

Korean food has garnered global interest, especially after COVID19, with a signifcant increase in demand for KFood staples like bulgogi, tteokbokki, bibimbap, kimchi, and galbi, as well as related YouTube content. A key ingredi? ent that enhances the deliciousness of Korean cuisine is Gochujang. Gochujang, with its unique taste and aroma, is an unparalleled fermented spice seasoning, adding spiciness and a special favor to a variety of dishes. Made from ingredients such as Meju, glutinous rice, red pepper powder, malt, and salt, Gochujang has a rich history span? ning thousands of years and is celebrated for its spicy and sweet favor. Gochujang is diferentiated by commercial and traditional manufacturing methods. Traditional Gochujang is produced through natural fermentation using glutinous rice, malt, Meju powder, salt, and red pepper powder. Conversely, commercial production blends tradi? tional methods with modern industrial techniques, utilizing pure microbial cultures like Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus subtilis as starters to meet mass production demands. Beyond its culinary uses, Gochujang is recognized globally for its nutritional value and health benefts. Fermentation enhances its health functionality by creating new substances or converting fermentation metabolites. Notable compounds synthesized during fermentation include capsaicin from red pepper powder and nonglycoside isofavones from Meju, which are linked to antiobesity, antidiabetic, antia? therosclerosis, and anticancer efects. Gochujang also helps restore intestinal microbial balance, promoting gut health. This review aims to explore the historical background of Gochujang, its production methods, favor characteristics, nutritional composition, health benefts, and the expansion of culinary research involving Gochujang.

ABSTRACT Background A physical therapeutic diagnosis, classified on the basis of underlying mechanics that produce disabilities, will help to predict the disorders and will be a guideline for determining the appropriate intervention. Fewer studies have investigated specific interventions via movement system impairment (MSI) classification of patients with nonspecific chronic low back pain (NCLBP). Purpose The aim of the present study is to compare the effects of general exercises and specific exercises of classified subgroups in patients with NCLBP. Study design Randomized Controlled Trial. Methods A total of 34 patients with NCLBP participated, 17 in the specific exercise group by MSI classification (the MSI group) and 17 in the general exercise group (the general group). Before and after a 6-week intervention program, low back pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), and functional evaluation was assessed using the Sorensen test and functional movement screening test (FMS). Results A significant time-by-group interaction was observed for the VAS, Sorensen, and FMS (p<0.05). A post hoc paired t-test showed that the VAS and the Sorensen test scores decreased, and FMS increased significantly post-intervention in the MSI group (p<0.01). The mean difference in the VAS, Sorensen, and FMS were significantly greater in the MSI group than in the general group (p<0.05). Conclusions The findings of this study suggest useful information for applying specific exercises in the subgroups, as determined by MSI classification.

Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical, eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards, chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed resources for the future.