Earticle

임직원 스톡옵션의 공정가치평가는 재무제표작성시 스톡옵션의 공정가치를 비용화하도록 한 기업회계기준에 의해 중요한 사안이 되었다. 임직원 스톡옵션은 개인의 위험회피도와 실권에 의해 조기행사패턴을 보이는 점에서 일반적인 옵션과 다르며, 이러한 점이 공정가치평가시 반영되어야 한다. 이러한 스톡옵션의 특성을 반영한 대표적인 가치평가모형으로 효용극대화모형(Utility-Maximazation Model; Huddart, 1994)과 확장된 미국형 옵션모형(Extended American Option Model; Carpenter, 1998)이 있다. 본 논문은 이 두 모형을 중심으로 스톡옵션의 실제존속기간을 가장 잘 예측할 수 있는 임직원 스톡옵션의 평가모형은 무엇인지, 그리고 재무제표주석에 공시되는 추정존속기간이 스톡옵션의 특성을 잘 반영하여 산정되었는지 살펴보고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 임직원 스톡옵션에 대한 이론적인 모형 중 확장된 미국형 옵션모형이 다른 어떤 모형보다 더, 또한 재무제표에 제시된 실무자들의 추정치보다 더 기대주가비율과 기대존속기간에 대한 예측력 측면에서 가장 타당한 모형이라고 판단되었다

Employee stock options have been the representative compensation system since they were adopted in 1997 in Korea with the change into the performance culture. Recently fair valuation of employee stock options(ESOs) has become a significant issue not only because they can measure their incentive effects but also because the Accounting Standards require ESOs value to be expensed for documenting financial statements. ESOs, which are inalienable and forfeitable, exhibit different exercise patterns from standard options. Prior researches related with empirical exercise patterns of ESOs exhibit that ESOs are prematurely exercised soon after the vesting period is over and the early exercise patterns are influenced particularly by risk aversion(Huddart and Lang, 1996; Carpenter, 1998; Bettis et al., 2005; Boyd et al., 2007). Kim and Jung (2009) analyzed the Korean ESOs and showed that stock options are exercised approximately 3.15 years after being granted, and these early exercise patterns were found to be influenced by risk aversion, profitability through exercise and firm characteristics. There are ESO valuation models reflecting these ESOs features such as extended American option model(Carpenter, 1998) and Utility-maximization model(Huddart, 1994; Kulatilaka and Marcus, 1994). The one adjusted the simple American option model by adding an exogenous parameter, ‘stopping state’, in which the employees or executives automatically exercise or forfeit the option. The other adopted the employee’s utility function of CRRA(constant relative risk aversion). Employees exercise their stock options when their expected utility, influenced by their risk aversion and outside wealth as well as stopping state, is maximized. But, generally, accounting practitioner estimate the fair valuation of ESOs using just either the modified Black-Scholes model, which adjusts the option’s life to the expected life and subtracts the cancelation, or typical American option model, which can be exercised prior to maturity. The aim of this study is both to look for an ESO valuation model that can best predict the actual exercise pattern. Furthermore, we are to review whether the expected life of ESOs that are currently posted on the financial statements fits the actual exercise pattern. This analysis helps us know if accounting practitioner estimate the expected life of ESOs appropriately considering the ESOs’ features and the correlation between stock price and the timing of exercise. The process of analysis is like followings; First, we have to calibrate some unobserved parameters; stopping state in extended American option model and risk aversion, outside wealth, and stopping state in utility-maximization model according to the method of Carpenter (1998) and Bettis et al. (2005). To do this, we set the mean exercise pattern of sample the base exercise pattern, searching the best unobserved parameters showing the closest to the base exercise pattern through the grid-search method. Second, we calculate the expected exercise pattern of each firm using calibrated parameters(stopping state, risk aversion, outside wealth) and observed parameters of its own; volatility, dividend rate, vesting date, risk-free rate, expected return. Third, we evaluate which option model forecasts most accurately among models; modified Black-Scholes model, American option model, extended American option model, Utility-maximization model. Also we analyze whether the expected life of ESOs that is currently posted on the financial statements forecast properly by comparing the forecast error such as the mean error, the percentage error, the mean absolute error, and the square root of the mean squared percentage error, and by the regressions of the actual exercise variable on the model forecast. We analyzed a total of 159 exercised employee stock options for the years between 2000 and 2008. We limited the sample to ones that we can obtain the characteristics of stock option grant and exercise and the firm specifies the estimates of the characteristics of ESOs on the footnote of financial statement such as expected life of their own. The results are like followings; First, the analysis of 159 stock options in this study indicates that among many theoretical ESO models, the extended American option model appears to be the best valuation model in predicting the expected stock-to-strike ratio and the expected life of ESOs. This result is encouraging and practicable because extend American option model doesn’t assume the risk aversion which is very difficult to observe and presume. So, we can estimate the fair valuation of ESOs without using the elaborate model such as utility-maximization model. Second, the officially posted estimate on the financial statements, on the other hand, didn’t have as good a predictability as the model, and the correlation with the actual exercise period was not even close to the statistics. Consequently, proper measures should be taken in order to estimate the expected life based on the ESOs features such as early exercise and forfeiture rate in the process of fair valuation of ESOs for documenting financial statements.

Objective : To investigate the effects of thorax mobility exercises on thorax mobility, breathing pattern, and respiratory capacity in subjects with restricted thorax mobility. Methods : Thirteen subjects with restricted thorax mobility participated in this study. Measurement of thorax circumference using a tape measure (difference between inhalation and exhalation), breathing pattern (distance of rib cage elevation during breathing), and respiratory capacity was performed. Paired t -test was used to compare the thorax mobility, breathing pattern, and respiratory capacity between before and after thorax mobility excercise. Statiscal significance was set at .05. Results : There were significant differences in thorax mobility and breathing pattern, but no significant difference in respiratory capacity (p < .05). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, thorax mobility exercise using the rib mobilization technique is considered to be a method that can improve thorax mobility and normalize abnormal breathing patterns that cause rib cage elevation.

This study was conducted to find associations of obesity, exercise pattern and nutrient intakes in Korean American immigrants residing in North Western parts of USA. The structured survey forms and food frequency questionnaire that covered 67 food items were used. There was a significant difference in height for subjects by gender and age. However, the weight of females became heavier with increasing age in contrast to males. There was a great difference in BMI between the male and female group in the youngest adult group compared to the aging adults. Significant age difference in exercise pattern was shown. Dietary fiber and sodium intakes were higher in the elderly than young ones in female group. In the same young adult group Zn intakes was the highest in the male group and the lowest in the female group. Folate intakes were higher in females than in males. Strong positive correlations among height, weight and BMI were shown. Zn intake was significantly correlated with weight, height, and exercise pattern in the study. Furthermore, Zn was correlated with sodium, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin E and cholesterol.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of exercising pro-gram utilizing proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation integration pat-tern (PIP), which is effective in improvement of the physical function, on the fall efficacy and gait ability of the elders who experienced injuries from falls. Also, this study aims to investigate he applicability of exercise program as methods for fall reoccurrence prevention and physical functions enhancement. The subjects of the study were 30 elders in the local community with experience of injuries from falls. The period of the study was 4 weeks with 12 exercise sessions. The subjects were ran-domly allocated to 2 groups where 15 elders were allocated to PIP and the rest 15 elders were allocated to general exercise (GE) group. Fall ef-ficacy scale (FES) and GAITRite were used for the measurements in this study. Paired t-test was used to analyze the differences within the group while independent t-test was used to analyze the difference be-tween two groups. In the comparison of measurements before and af-ter exercise program, FES, velocity, cadence, and stride length were shown to be significantly increased in both PIP group and GE group. Also, in the comparison between two groups after the exercise pro-gram, the measurements of FES, cadence, stride length, and step length in PIP group were shown to be significantly increased compared to the GE group. Therefore, the PNF combined pattern is judged to be applica-ble to as methods for fall reoccurrence prevention and physical func-tions enhancement of the elders with experience of being fallen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the muscular exercise and balance exercise on lumbar muscular strength in patients with lumbar spine surgery. Three groups were performed 60 minutes per day and three times a week during 8 weeks. At pre and post exercise, Medx lumbas extension strength test and VAS scale were conducted. The lumbar extension strength was measured at seven degrees of lumbar flexion angles, which are 0°, 12°, 24°, 36°, 48°, 60° and 72° before and after the exercise program. Visual analogue scale was measured by modified table of visual table of analogue scale. The data were analyzed utilizing two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. The results were as follows: 1. As a result of measuring lumbar muscular strength before and after carrying out the exercise program, lumbar muscular strength of the balance exercise group has increased significantly (p<.001, p<.01, p0.05) compared to the muscular exercise group. 2. As a result of measuring visual analogue scale before and after carrying out the exercise program, visual analogue scale of the balance exercise group has decreased significantly (p<.05) compared to the muscular exercise group. Especially, it was shown that balance exercise training was more effective in enhancing the variables compared to resistance exercise training, indicating that the exercise training program for improving the lumbar muscular strength and the abdominal strength for patients with lumbar spine surgery..

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the isotonic exercise, balance and combined(balance exercise and isotonic exercise) exercise on isometric lumbar extension strength in chronic low back pain patients. Three groups were performed for 60 minutes per day and two times a week during 8 weeks. At pre and post exercise, Medx lumbar extension strength test and Tetrax balance test were conducted. The results were as follows; i) isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after isotonic exercise. Furthermore, Tetrax balance test shows that balance was significantly different among groups. ii) in balance exercise group, isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after balance exercise. The balance was significantly different among groups. iii) in combined exercised group, isometric lumbar extension strength was significantly increased after combined exercise. The balance showed an improvement with the significant difference on Tetrax balance test. According to the results as presented above, the results showed statistically significant influence that isotonic exercise, balance exercise, combined exercise on isometric lumbar extension strength. The results will serve as an important information when treating low back pain patients.

본고는 보고논문이다. 민화(民畵)를 소재로 내재된 의미에 어울리는 적절한 패턴 디자인을 창출하고, 그에 어울리는 상품개발의 방향성을 타진했다. 문헌과 기존 연구들을 통해 연령별로 선호하는 색감과 디자인이 다르다는 것을 인지하고, 적절한 민화의 소재를 선택하여 디자인을 전개하였다. 책가도(冊架圖), 어해도(魚蟹圖), 십장생도(十長生圖)를 이용하여 텍스타일 패턴 디자인을 제작하고자 한다. 이후 개발된 패턴의 활용방안에 대한 연구를 통해 상품으로써의 가치를 창출해 보고자 하였다. 그 결과 민화는 제한된 범위에서 과거에만 머물러 있는 것이 아니라 현대 디자인의 재해석 과정을 통해 무궁무진한 디자인의 모티브로써 활용될 수 있다는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 민화는 가장 한국적이고, 우리민족의 정서를 잘 담고 있다. 민화의 파격적인 구도와 묘사의 독특한 감성을 현대적으로 풀어나간다면 낡게 느껴졌던 우리나라의 전통문화를 재조명할 수 있는 발판이 될 것이다.

As globalization accelerates, the economic and social boundaries between nations are gradually disappearing. As a result, the boundaries of design diminish and the country's design identity becomes blurred. On the other hand, the Korean Wave is attracting worldwide attention, and Korean contents are affecting far away continent of Europe and the Americas beyond China and Japan. However, when Korea's cultural contents are attracting more attention than any other era, Korea's design development is still insufficient to reach to this dimension. More the border is blurred, more emphasis is placed on the importance of locality. Among them, the material of folk painting is the most Korean-esque and it contains a great meaning in the history because it contains the emotion of our nation. If the fancy painting of the folk painting and the unique sensitivity of the description are solved in a modern way, it will become a stepping stone to re-examine the traditional culture of our country which was felt old. We have created suitable pattern design suitable for the meaning of folk painting and suggested direction of product development to match it. Recognizing that the preference on color and design are different by age and referencing to literature on the same objects, I explore to new conception on textile pattern design. The Chaekgado(paintings of writing supplies), Eoaedo(paintings of fishes), Sipjjangsaengdo(paintings of the ten traditional symbols of longevity) age focused especially. As a result, it can be confirmed that the folk paintings can be utilized as a motif of an unlimited design through the process of reinterpretation of design, rather than staying in the limited quantity in the past.

본 연구의 목적은 20대 여대생을 대상으로 45도 기대어 앉은 자세와 바로 누운 자세에서 PNF를 융합한 호흡운 동을 실시하였을 때 폐기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 한다. 20대 정상인 20명을 대상으로 실험군 10명, 대조군 10 명으로 무작위 배치하였다. 실험은 4주간 실시하였으며, 주당 5회 30분씩 실시하였다. 실험군은 45도 기대어 앉은 자세 에서 PNF 호흡운동 30분을 실시하였고 대조군은 바로 누운 자세에서 PNF 호흡운동 30분을 실시하였다. 실험대상자들 은 실험전과 실험후에 폐활량분석기를 통해 폐기능을 평가하여 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 실험군이 대조군보다 호기예비용적과 폐활량, 최대환기량에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 본 연구를 통해 45도 기대어 앉은 자세에서 PNF호흡패 턴운동을 실시한 실험군이 바로 누워 PNF호흡운동을 실시한 대조군보다 폐기능의 증진을 볼 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether PNF respiratory convergence exercise increases the pulmonary function of normal adults by 45° leaning sitting position. Twenty normal adults in their 20s were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=10) or control group (n=10). Over the course of four weeks, the experimental group participated in PNF respiration exercises by 45° leaning position for 30 minutes three per week. And the control group participated in PNF respiration exercises by supine position for 30 minutes three times per week. Subjects were assessed pre-test and post-test by measurement of pulmonary function. Our findings show that the experimental group had significant improvements in expiratoy reserve volume and vital capacity, maximal voluntary volume. In this study, the experimental group showed greater improvement in pulmonary function than the control group, which indicates that the PNF respiratory exercise by 45° leaning sitting position is effective at increasing the pulmonary function of normal adults.

Cerebral palsy is a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitations. This study aimed to investigate how Pilates exercises immediately affect standing balance and walking in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy. We included 8 participants aged 7∼18 years with spastic cerebral palsy. We administered the Pilates exercise for 60 minutes. We used the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, balance plate, and gait analysis to evaluate balance function and gait pattern before and after the intervention. Comparison of the average values of all measured variables before and after therapy showed a statistically significant difference (p<.05) after therapy. There were significant differences in TUG test, balance function, gait speed, and cadence before and after pilates exercise. Pilates exercise is immediately effective in improving standing balance and gait function in children and adolescents with spastic cerebral palsy.

본 연구는 기능적 다리 길이 차이가 있는 성인을 대상으로 깔창 착용 하지 보행 훈련이 골반 불균형과 보행 패턴에 미치는 영향을 분석하여, 불균형 체형을 위한 효율적인 중재 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 20대 성인 21명을 대상으로 4주간 주 3회, 회당 30분씩 깔창 착용 보행 훈련을 실시하였다. 전신 자세 분석기와 광전식 보 행 분석기를 활용하여 중재 전후의 골반 정렬과 보행 변수를 측정 및 비교하였다. 분석 결과, 골반 높이 비대칭 과 좌·우 골반 경사각은 중재 전후 유의한 변화가 없었다(p>0.05). 그러나 보행 분석에서는 디딤기 감소, 흔듦기 증가, 보폭 및 보폭 시간의 증가 등 유의미한 보행 지표 향상이 나타났다(p<0.05). 이는 깔창 착용이 골반의 구조 적 정렬 변화를 즉각 유도하기보다는, 하지 정렬의 안정성을 높여 보행의 효율성과 기능적 패턴을 개선하는 데 더 효과적임을 시사한다. 반면, 접촉 시간 변화는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 깔창 기반 보행 훈련의 기능적 개 선 효과를 확인했으며, 향후 대조군을 포함한 장기 추적 연구가 필요하다.

This study aimed to analyze the effects of gait training with insoles on pelvic imbalance and gait patterns in adults with functional leg length discrepancy, suggesting an effective intervention for postural imbalance. Twenty-one adults in their 20s underwent gait training wearing insoles for 30 minutes per session, three times a week for four weeks. Pelvic alignment and gait variables were measured before and after the intervention using a full-body posture analyzer and an optoelectronic gait analysis system. The results showed no significant changes in pelvic height asymmetry or bilateral pelvic tilt angles (p>0.05). However, gait analysis revealed significant improvements in indicators, including decreased stance phase, increased swing phase, and increased step length and step time (p<0.05). This suggests that wearing insoles is more effective in enhancing gait efficiency and functional patterns by improving lower limb stability rather than inducing immediate structural changes in pelvic alignment. Changes in contact time were not statistically significant. This study confirmed the functional improvement effects of insole-based gait training; future research involving control groups and long-term follow-up is required.

이 연구는 경호무도 지도자의 리더십이 남녀 태권도 전공자들의 운동성과에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 목적을 가지고 있다. 목적을 달성하기 위하여 대상자들은 2008년도 현재 경호학 관련 학과에 재학 중인 학생을 모집단으로 선정하여 전국의 대학 남녀 태권도 전공자들 중 1학년에서 3학년 재학생 중심으로 편의표본추출법(Convenient sampling)을 이용하여 259부의 자료를 최종적으로 활용하였다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여 통계적인 유의수준은 α=.05 수준에서 하였다. 경호무도 지도자의 긍정적인 리더십은 전공자들의 성과를 향상시키므로 지도자는 전공자들에게 전통적인 리더십 행태인 일방적 소통보다는 시대 흐름의 패러다임에 맞게 객관적이며, 합리적인 전공자를 존중해 주는 리더형태를 보여야 할 것이다. 또한 리더는 전공자들의 명확한 비전제시와 성장을 위한 노력을 거시적인 측면에서 적극적으로 기울일 때, 전공자들의 성장 잠재성은 커지며, 가시적인 성과도 증대될 것이다.

This research is aimed at looking into the effect of the leadership of a leader of a guard martial art on majors' exercise results. For this purpose, this research selected the present students of guard science-related department as a population as of the year 2008, and finally used the data from the 259 questionnaires collected mainly from the first-year students to the third-year students among the man & woman majors in Taekwondo at colleges across the country by using convenient sampling. To achieve research results, this research set a statistical significance level at α=.05. A guard martial art leader's positive leadership can help Taekwondo majors improve their exercise results, so a leader is encouraged to show a leadership pattern having respect for objective, reasonable majors in tune with the paradigm of swimming with the stream of times rather than a traditional leadership pattern-lopsided communication. In addition, Taekwondo majors' potential for growth could get bigger , and visible results could also increase when a leader makes a positive effort to induce majors into making definite suggestion of their vision and growth at an all-inclusive viewpoint.

Systematic exercise is required for patients with degenerative joint conditions and the elderly in need of others' help. In this study, the authors developed 30 bed rehabilitation exercises for the elderly to conduct easily on a bed using their upper extremity muscles and fine motor muscles. However, the rehabilitation exercises are effective only if those who do them have the will to continue them. Many people are taking advantage of ICT, such as on their smartphones, for constant exercise management. In this paper, the authors suggested five different motions for bedside rehabilitation exercises and obtained experimental results from the motion patterns using a three-axis acceleration sensor of the smart phone. Each motion of the rehabilitation exercises has a specific pattern, which is composed of x, y, and z-coordinates from acceleration sensor of the smart phone. Further studies on the development of motion detectors/guides for assisting bedside rehabilitation exercises are needed.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the intramuscular activation of the scapular stabilizing muscles and the upper trapezius/middle serratus anterior (UT/MSA) ratios during shrug exercise and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) scapular pattern exercise. Methods: The participants of this study were 13 young adult men who voluntarily consented to participate in this experiment after listening to its purpose and methods. All participants were instructed on maximal voluntary isometric contraction and scapular exercises. The intramuscular activation of the upper trapezius (UT), lower trapezius (LT), middle serratus anterior (MSA), and lower serratus anterior (LSA) muscles while performing scapular exercises in a side-lying position were measured using surface electromyography. To analyze the muscle activation and UT/MSA ratio between the two exercises, a one-way repeated ANOVA was performed. Post-hoc analyses were conducted using Tukey’s multiple comparison and analysis. Hamstring flexibility for each group was measured by a passive straight leg raising test. Results: The shrug exercise showed significantly higher UT activation compared to PNF anterior elevation and posterior elevation scapular patterns. The PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern showed significantly higher serratus anterior activation than the shrug exercise. Additionally, the UT/MSA ratios were significantly lower in the PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern than in the two exercises. Conclusion: Although shrug exercise was effective for strengthening UT, the PNF scapular anterior elevation pattern may be effective for strengthening MSA and improving the UT/MSA ratio.

Purpose: This study verifies the muscle activity around the amputation site during proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) pattern exercise for the upper extremities on the non-amputated part in upper extremity amputees and provides basic data on effective exercise around an amputation site. Methods: Manual resistance was applied to the PNF upper extremity pattern of the non-amputated part to generate muscle activity around the amputation site. The resistance was adjusted to an intensity that could cause maximal isometric contraction. The muscle activity of the amputation site and the non-amputated part was measured using a surface electromyogram for the upper trapezius, middle trapezius, infraspinatus, serratus anterior, and pectoralis major. Results: During the scapular exercise in the painless range, the amputated side showed significantly lower muscle activity and a lower muscle contraction ratio compared with the non-amputated side. During the PNF pattern exercise in the painless range, the amputated side showed lower muscle activity and a lower muscle contraction ratio compared with the non-amputated side. When the direct scapular exercise of the amputated side was compared with the PNF pattern exercise of the non-amputated side, their muscle contraction ratios were similar. Conclusion: This study confirmed the effectiveness of the PNF pattern exercise of the non-amputated part as a way to indirectly train the injured site with no pain for rehabilitation of patients with serious body injuries, such as amputation. It is necessary to develop effective exercise programs for the rehabilitation of the amputation site based on the results of this study.

Purpose: The current study seeks to examine the effect of coordinative pattern exercises of the upper and lower extremities using harnesses and walking rails on the walking and balance abilities of chronic stroke patients, and to develop effective programs and training methods to improve the functions of such patients. Methods: Subjects included 16 patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (n=8), on which coordinative pattern exercises of the upper and lower extremities were conducted, and a comparison group (n=8) that received typical exercise therapy. The experimental group underwent 30 minutes of typical exercise therapy and 30 minutes of coordinative pattern exercises of the upper and lower extremities, while the comparison group underwent typical exercise therapy for 30 minutes twice a day, five days per week for a six-week period. To evaluate walking ability, 10-m walking tests (10MWT) and 6-m walking tests (6MWT) were conducted. To assess balance ability, timed up and go tests (TUG) were performed. Results: After the intervention, significant (p<0.05) differences were seen in the 10MWT, 6MWT, and TUG in both the experimental and comparison groups. As for the 10MWT, the experimental group showed more significant improvement than the comparison group (p<0.05). In terms of the 6MWT, no significant differences were found between the groups, while the experimental group showed more significant differences than the comparison group in the TUG (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results from the current research indicate that training programs that apply coordinative pattern exercises of the upper and lower extremities with harnesses are extremely effective for improving the walking and balance abilities of chronic stroke patients.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the activation of the contralateral upper and lower extremities and trunk muscle during ipsilateral upper extremity diagonal isokinetic exercise. Methods: Twenty-one healthy male subjects with no history of shoulder injury undertook ipsilateral diagonal isokinetic exercise at 60, 120, and 180°/sec, utilizing a standard Biodex protocol. Muscle activation amplitudes were measured in the upper trapezius, pectoralis major, biceps brachii, rectus abdominis, external oblique, rectus femoris, adductor longus, and biceps femoris muscles using electromyography. A one-way analysis of variance and paired t-tests were conducted, and the data were analyzed using SPSS, version 21.0. Results: The results revealed no statistically significant interaction between motion and angular velocity and no statistically significant contralateral muscle activation according to angular velocity (p˃0.05). However, they revealed statistically significant contralateral muscle activation according to motion (p˂0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest that the movements involved in contralateral upper extremity diagonal isokinetic exercise can enhance muscle strength in patients affected by stroke, fracture, burns, or arthritis.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of bridging exercise and combined lifting pattern bridging exercise on the lower extremity muscle activity. Methods : Twenty-five healthy adults volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete following bridging exercises. Muscle activity was measured by QEMG-4 system(LXM 3204, Laxtha Korea). A paired t test was used to determine the influence of muscle activity for each exercise and descriptive statistics was used to characteristics of the subjects. Results : The biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius of combined lifting pattern bridging exercise showed significance excepted vastus medialis(p<.05). In the case of men, biceps femoris showed significance in the combined lifting pattern bridging exercise(p<.05). In the case of women, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior showed significance in the combined lifting pattern bridging exercise(p<.05). Conclusion : The combined lifting pattern bridging exercise was more increased than bridging in lower extremity muscle activation. This result will be used for knee joint stabilizing exercises and biceps femoris strength training.

본 연구는 수면패턴이 노인의 규칙적 운동 수행에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 수면패턴과 규칙적 운동의 관계에 서 주관적 건강상태가 매개효과를 가지는지 파악하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 연구의 목적을 위해 통계청의 2020년 사회조사에 응답한 65세 이상 노인을 분석대상으로 하였다. 총 4,567명의 노인을 대상으로 다중회귀분석을 실시하였 으며, 매개효과의 유의미성은 Sobel test를 통해 검증하였다. 분석결과 노인의 수면패턴은 규칙적 운동수행에 유의미 한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 적정수면을 하는 경우 규칙적 운동을 수행할 가능성이 높아지는 것으로 나타 나 수면패턴이 노인의 규칙적 운동수행에 직접적인 영향을 미침이 확인되었다. 또한 수면패턴은 노인의 주관적 건강 상태에 유의미한 영향을 미쳐 적정수면을 할 경우 자신의 주관적 건강상태에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하는 것으로 나타 났다. 매개효과에 있어서는 주관적 건강상태가 노인의 수면패턴과 규칙적 운동과의 관계에서 부분매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과는 노인의 건강관리를 위한 규칙적 운동 수행을 위한 개입에 있어 노인의 수면패턴 이 고려되어야 함을 보여준다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of sleep pattern on regular exercise and to examine mediating effect of subjective health status in the relationship between sleep pattern and regular exercise of older people. For the purpose of the study, older people aged over 65 years old who participated in 2020 Social Survey conducted by Statistics Korea were analyzed. Multiple regression analyses were used and significance of mediating effect was examined using Sobel test for 4,567 older people. Results of the analyses showed that sleep pattern had a significant effect on regular exercise of older people. That is, having an appropriate sleep increased the possibility of doing regular exercise, so the direct effect of sleep pattern on regular exercise was found. Sleep pattern had a significant effect on subjective health status, so older people having an appropriate sleep perceive their subjective health status more positively. As for the mediating effect, subjective health status had partial mediating effects in the relationship between sleep pattern and regular exercise of older people. Results of this study show that sleep pattern of older people should be considered in intervention for improving practicing regular exercise.