Earticle

본 연구는 호텔산업에서의 그린공급사슬관리(GSCM) 활동이 친환경 활동성과 및 기업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 친환경 활동성과의 매개 역할을 확인하여 그린공급사슬관리 활동과 기업성과에 관계를 확인하였다. 또한, 호텔 등급과 그린 교육횟수에 따라 집단을 나눠 분석하여 성과 차이를 비교한다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 그린소 싱과 그린운영활동은 경제적성과와 학습성장성과에 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 그린서비스제공은 경제적성과에 부정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타냈다. 둘째, 친환경 활동성과는 그린공급사슬관리 활동과 기업성과 간에 부분 매개 효과가 있는 것으로 확인하였다. 셋째, 호텔 등급별로는 5성급 호텔에서 모든 성과 변수에 유의한 결과가 도출되었으나, 4성급 호텔에서는 제한적인 효과만 확인되었다. 또한, 연간 1~2회의 그린 교육은 가장 효과적인 성과를 유도한 것으로 도출되었고, 3~4회의 과도한 교육은 오히려 부정적 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구는 호텔 경영 자에게 호텔 등급과 자원 수준에 맞춘 그린공급사슬관리 전략과 그린교육 방안을 제시함으로써, 호텔의 지속가 능경영 실현을 위한 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

This study analyzes the impact of Green Supply Chain Management(GSCM) activities on environmental performance and business performance in the hotel industry, and verifies the mediating role of environmental performance in the relationship between GSCM activities and business outcomes. Additionally, it compares performance differences by categorizing hotel based on hotel rating and the frequency of green training. The analysis results show: first, green sourcing and green operations positively influence both economic and learning-growth performance, while green service provision negatively impacts economic performance. Second, eco-friendly activities performance was found to partially mediate the relationship between GSCM activities and business performance. Third, significant effects were observed across all performance variables in five-star hotels, whereas only limited effects were found in four-star hotels. Moreover, hotels conducting green training 1–2 times per year achieved the most effective performance, while excessive training (3–4 times annually) had a negative impact. This study provides practical implications for hotel managers by suggesting tailored GSCM strategies and effective green training plans according to hotel grade and resource levels, thereby supporting sustainable management in the hospitality industry.

글로벌 마켓에서 경쟁하기 위하여 많은 기업들은 제품의 다양성을 증가시키고, 고객의 요구사항을 만족시키고, 리드타임을 줄이고, 비용을 줄이기 위하여 product family를 적용하고 있다. 성공적인 product family를 위한 핵심 요인은 플랫폼을 도출하는 것이다. Product family를 설계할 때, 제품의 공통성과 차별성간의 절충을 해결하는 것이 중요하다. Product family내에서 공통성을 평가하기 위해서 공통성 지수를 개발하는 것이 필요하다. 공통성 지수는 공통 부품수, 비용, 제조 공정 등과 같은 서로 다른 변수들을 이용한다. 본 연구에서는 선행 연구된 공통성 지수를 벤치마킹하여 환경성을 고려한 새로운 product family 평가 지수인 그린 product family 지수(GPFI)를 개발하고자 한다. 기존에 개발된 공통성 지수들과 본 연구에서 개발된 GPFI와의 비교연구를 통하여 제안한 지수의 적합성과 효과성에 대하여 검증한다. 궁극적으로 본 연구에서 제안하는 새로운 개발한 그린 product family 지수는 환경친화적인 product family를 설계하고 개발하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

To compete global marketplace, many firms are adopting product families to increase variety, satisfy customer requirements, shorten lead-times and reduce costs. The key to a successful product family is the platform from which it is derived. When designing product families, it is important to resolve the tradeoff between product commonality and distinctiveness. To measure the commonality within a product family, it is necessary to develop the commonality index. It utilizes different parameters such as the number of common components, their cost, their manufacturing processes and so on. This paper present a new product family assessment index using the benchmarking method and considering environmental performance called green product family index(GPFI). Through the comparison analysis between some previous developed commonality indices and GPFI, we verify the suitability and effectiveness. Eventually, the proposed a new green product family assessment index can be helpful to design and develop the environmentally conscious product families.

오늘날의 글로벌 시장에서의 경쟁은 많은 회사들이 시장에서 충분한 다양성을 가진 product family를 개발 하도록 하고 있다. Product family를 설계할 때 중요한 이슈 중에 하나는 제품의 공통성과 차별성간의 절충점을 찾아 내는 것이다, 이와 동시에 Product family를 설계할 때 리드타임을 단축시키고, 품질을 향상시키며 비용을 절감하는 것뿐만 아니라 제품의 환경 성능을 고려하는 것도 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 환경성을 고려한 메타 휴리스틱 알고리 즘 기반의 그린 Product Family 재설계 방법론을 제안한다. 제안하는 방법은 그린 product family의 설계를 위해 메타 휴리스틱 알고리즘으로써 유전자 알고리즘과 green product family index (GPFI)를 이용한다. 추가적으로 product family 레벨과 부품 레벨의 product family 재설계 추천방안도 제시하였다. 본 연구에서는 테이블 램프 product family 를 대상으로 제안한 방법의 효율성과 타당성을 검증하였다.

The competitiveness in today’s global market forces many companies to develop families of products to provide enough variety for the marketplace. The challenge when designing a product family is in resolving the tradeoff between product commonality and distinctiveness. Simultaneously it is necessary to consider environmental performance to design a product family as well as to shorten lead-times, improve quality and reduce costs. This paper proposes a metaheuristic algorithm based redesign methodology for green product family considering environmental performance. The proposed method uses a genetic algorithm as metaheuristic algorithm and green product family index (GPFI) to support green product family design. In addition, it provides the redesign methodology such as product family level and component level. A case study used table lamps as an product family's example shows the verification and effectiveness of the proposed method.

본 연구는 국내 상장 제조기업을 대상으로 가능화 환경통제시스템의 구축 특성, 환경통제시스템의 이용방식, 그리고 환경성과 간의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다. 이를 위해 600대 상장 제조기업을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하고, SPSS 25와 Smart PLS 4.0을 활용하여 구조방정식 모형을 분석하였다. 분석결과, 첫째, 가능화 환경통제시스템은 환경성과에 직접적인 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 가능화 환경통제시스템은 환경통제시스템의 이용방식에 1% 유의수준에서 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 가능화 환경통제시스템의 구축 특성이 환경통제시스템의 진단적 이용과 상호작용적 이용을 촉진한다는 것을 보여준다. 셋째, 환경통제시스템의 이용방식은 환경성과에 1% 유의수준에서 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 환경통제시스템이 어떤 방식으로 활용되는가에 따라 환경성과의 달성 여부가 달라질 수 있음을 시사한다. 이러한 결과는 기존 환경통제시스템 관련 선행연구에서 보고된 일관되지 않은 환경통제시스템의 효과를, 구축 특성과 이용방식을 동시에 고려하는 통합적 관점에서 보다 정교하게 해석할 수 있는 근거를 제공한다. 또한, 기업이 환경성과를 향상시키기 위해서는 단순한 환경통제시스템의 도입 여부를 넘어, 가능화 구축 특성과 이용방식(진단적, 상호작용적)을 함께 고려한 설계 및 운영 방안을 모색해야 하며, 이를 통해 환경성과 제고를 위한 정책적 및 실무적 시사점을 제공하고자 한다.

This study empirically examines the relationships among the enabling design of environmental control systems(ECS), the use of ECS, and environmental performance in Korean listed manufacturing firms. A survey was conducted with 600 large listed manufacturers, and the data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS 25 and Smart PLS 4.0. The result show, first, that enabling ECS do not have a significant direct effect on environmental performance. Second, enabling ECS have a positive and statistically significant effect on the use of ECS at the 1% level, indicating that and enabling design of ECS promotes both the diagnostic and interactive use of these systems. Third, the use of ECS has a positive and statistically significant effect on environmental performance at the 1% level, suggestung that how ECS are actually used shapes the extent to which environmental performance goals are achieved. These findings provide a basis for interpreting previously mixed evidence on the effects of environmental control systems form an integrated perspective that jointly considers design characteristics and use. They further imply that, to enhance environmental performance, firms must move beyond the mere adoption of ECS and instead pursue design and implementation strategies that combine enabling design features with both diagnostic and interactive use, thereby offering practical and policy relevant implications for improving environmental outcomes.

The rapid expansion of the Internet and digital sectors has undeniably driven global economic growth and expanded commercial opportunities. However, this growth is accompanied by significant environmental challenges, including increased electronic waste and higher energy consumption by data centers, which contribute to climate change and threaten the sustainability of our living environment. These challenges highlight the urgent need for sustainable solutions in these sectors. This study addresses these pressing environmental concerns by exploring ways to improve environmental performance in China's burgeoning Internet industry. The focus is on the role of green transformational leadership, which has emerged as a critical factor in driving organizational sustainability initiatives. Green transformational leadership inspires environmental consciousness among employees and actively encourages innovative practices that prioritize sustainability. Specifically, the study examines how green innovation and creativity serve as mediators in the relationship between green transformational leadership and employees' environmental performance, offering insights into the mechanisms through which leadership can foster greener workplace practices。 An online survey from September 16 to December 16, 2023, gathered 416 responses from employees in China's Internet industry, with 368 valid data sets resulting in an 88.5% response rate. The data were analyzed using SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 to verify the reliability and validity of variables, assess model fit, and test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that green transformational leadership has a significant positive impact on green innovation, green creativity, and environmental performance. Furthermore, the study highlights the crucial mediating roles of green innovation and creativity in the relationship between green transformational leadership and environmental performance. In conclusion, this study provides empirical evidence supporting the adoption of green transformational leadership in the Internet and digital sectors. As organizations face increasing pressure to address environmental concerns, green transformational leadership offers a viable solution for driving both organizational success and environmental sustainability. By harnessing the power of green innovation and creativity, companies can create a sustainable future while maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly digitalizing world.

This paper examines how environmental costs affect performance of firms in the financial services industries for 29 countries. We find that countries in Europe have the largest difference between ROA and environmental cost-adjusted ROA (i.e., TruROA). We also show that countries with well-developed financial markets have a higher level of total environmental costs than other countries. It appears that active transactions and business activities generate a substantial amount of indirect environmental costs for firms in the well-developed financial markets. Our regression results report that lowering environmental costs has a significant role in enhancing firm performance. Lowering environmental costs is expected to precede at least one or two years before enhancing ROA. The results, however, vary depending on the levels of the financial market development. This indicates that lowering environmental costs has a more immediate impact on firm performance in well-developed financial markets than in lessdeveloped financial markets. These results are robust even after employing various panel-data regression methods and additional performance measure. Our findings suggest that policy makers dealing with corporate sustainability management should continue to pursue an environment-centered industry policy as firms with lower environmental costs consistently perform better.

Rapid changes of technologies and intense competitions in markets have challenged firms to adapt to their environments quickly for their survivals by keeping up technologies, regulations, and various emerging trends. In order to response to environments properly, firms have to set up strategies with profound understandings of nature and characteristic of environments. Despite the importance of environments, many studies regard environments as one entity or shift their focus to strategic alignment among business functions or between business objectives and means within firms. In this study, we investigate environments in terms of domains and the types of uncertainty, and examine the impact of uncertainty on firm performance throughout environmental fit while acknowledging the role of information technology. By analyzing risk factors of 10-K documents in the healthcare industry, we find that firms pay the highest attention to the area of external environment specifically to the regulation area, and have the balanced interest on information systems in either internal or external environment. We also obtain evidence that as uncertainty increase, firms increase the level of efficiency-oriented and marketoriented strategies increase to proactively response to internal and external uncertainties. Also, we have evidence that the environment fit between uncertainty and strategy has not a positive association with firm performance. Finally, we find that information systems do not moderate between uncertainty and firm performance. The empirical results shed light not only on the understanding of uncertainty of environment, but also the design of executive information systems for environmental scanning and risk management systems for evaluating the value of information.

본 논문은 기업이 환경편익을 도입하고 성과를 내도록 하는 요인을 밝히고 기업의 환경편익 혁신 도입 요인이 탐색과 활용적 혁신 측면에서 환경편익 혁신 성과와 재무성과에 미치는 영 향을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 과학기술정책연구원(STEPI)의 한국기업혁신조사(KIS: Korean Innovation Survey)의 2022년 제조업 데이터를 활용하여 혁신기술을 도입한 수출제조기 업을 대상으로 한 550부의 설문을 실증분석 하였으며 해당 기업의 환경편익 혁신 도입 요인, 혁신전략, 환경편익 성과와 재무성과 간의 관계를 검증하였다. 분석결과, 정부 요인은 기업이 탐색적 혁신활동을 촉진하는 데 중요하며 이는 기업의 장기적 인 환경편익 및 재무성과와 지속 가능성을 촉진할 수 있다. 반면에 시장요인은 기업의 활용적 혁신활동을 촉진한다. 성과 도출에 있어 환경편익 혁신성과는 탐색적 혁신활동과 활용적 혁신 활동을 균형있게 사용하여 장기적인 성과와 단기적인 성과에 시너지를 가져올 수 있으며 두 방식을 적절히 조화시키는 것이 중요하다. 또한, 기업은 완전히 새롭고 혁신적인 방식으로 환 경편익 기술을 도입함으로써 재무성과를 효과적으로 증진할 수 있다.

Purpose : This paper aims to identify the factors that enable companies to introduce environmental benefits and achieve performance, focusing on the impact of these factors on environmental benefit innovation outcomes and financial performance from both explorative and exploitative innovation perspectives. Research design, data, methodology : Using 2022 manufacturing sector data from the Korean Innovation Survey (KIS) by the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI), this study performed empirical analysis on 550 export-oriented companies that have adopted innovative technologies. Results : The findings suggest that government factors are crucial in promoting exploratory innovation activities within companies, fostering long-term environmental and financial benefits. Conversely, market factors drive companies' exploitative innovation activities. Balancing exploratory and exploitative innovation activities synergistically contributes to both long-term and short-term environmental innovation outcomes. Conclusions : Balancing exploratory and exploitative innovation activities is essential for achieving both long-term and short-term environmental innovation outcomes, contributing to environmental benefits and sustainable financial performance. Government support is vital in promoting exploratory innovation, highlighting the importance of policies encouraging innovative environmental technologies.

This paper examines how environmental costs affect the corporate financial performance (CFP) of manufacturing firms around the world. We maintain that by effectively investing in corporate environment responsibility (CER), executives can decrease their firms’ environmental costs, thereby enhancing CFP. We label this argument as the ‘slack resources’ hypothesis. We find that countries in the Asia-Pacific region have the greatest variation between their return on assets (ROA) and environmental cost-adjusted ROA. This comes at the expense of rapid economic development in the emerging economies in the region. We also find that conventional industries such as the basic resources and the food and beverage industries have substantially high levels of total environmental costs, whereas the opposite holds true for the technology and telecommunication industries. Our results suggest that the reduction of environmental costs is related to higher firm performance. We also identify dynamic relations between these two variables. Lowering environmental costs tends to precede the enhancement of ROA by at least two years. Overall, our findings are supportive of the slack resources hypothesis.

세계 각국은 기후변화에 따른 지구 온난화의 영향으로 인해 산불발생 건수의 증가와 산불이 대형화됨에 따라 산불 진화력 강화를 위해 다양한 진화약제 및 장비 개발 연구가 이루어지고 있으며, 산불 화염을 직접적으로 진화하는 약제뿐만 아니라 산불 확산이 예상되는 지역에 미리 살포하여 방화선을 구축하는 간접 진화방식인 산불 지연제 개발 및 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한정된 진화자원 을 효과적으로 활용하고 지상 진화력 강화를 위해 산불의 확산 강도 및 연소 속도를 감소시키는 산불 지연제에 대해 지연 성능과 산림 생태 독성을 평가하였다. 개발 산불 지연제는 해외 지연제보다 높은 지연성능을 발휘하고, 물과 첨가비율에 따라 다양하게 적용이 가능한 것으로 확인되었다. 또한 산림의 동·식물에 대한 독성 평가에서도 산림 생태계에 영향을 미치지 않는 독성이 거의 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 산불 지연제는 향후에 산불 진화 현장에 방화선 구축 및 지상 진화자원 지원에 적용되어 다양한 산불 진화전략에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

As the number of forest fires increases and forest fires become larger due to the effects of climate change around the world, research is being conducted on the development of various firefighting chemicals and equipment to strengthen forest fire response capabilities. The development and research of forest fire retardants, which are an indirect method of extinguishing fires by spraying them in advance in expected areas to establish fire lines, are being actively conducted. In this study, we evaluated the retardant performance and forest ecological toxicity of a forest fire retardant that reduces the spread intensity and combustion speed of forest fires in order to effectively utilize limited firefighting resources and strengthen ground firefighting power. It was confirmed that the developed forest fire retardant exhibits higher retardation performance than foreign retardants. In addition, the toxicity evaluation of forest animals and plants showed that there was almost no toxicity that did not affect the forest ecosystem. Therefore, it is expected that forest fire retardants will be used in various forest fire extinguishing strategies by being applied to construct fire lines and support ground fire extinguishing resources at forest fire extinguishing sites in the future.

Due to climate change issues, automobiles are changing from internal combustion vehicles to electric vehicles. Even though CO2 does not emit at all compared to internal combustion vehicles while driving, drivers have the advantage of costing less than 1/5 of the cost per unit. The improvement in electric vehicles is that winter mileage is significantly reduced to about two-thirds. Electronic devices of electric vehicles consume a lot of current due to a decrease in thermal resistance at low temperatures, and it is also due to the inefficient operation of lithium batteries, which are widely used. In order to analyze the factor that reduces the mileage in winter in electric vehicles, an electric vehicle driving field experiment is conducted to analyze the characteristics of electric vehicle operation. As for the analysis contents, the power consumption characteristics of the electric and electronic device of the electric vehicle through the comparison of the high-speed charging characteristics according to the presence/absence of the electric vehicle starting, the electric vehicle power consumption characteristics of the same time stop operation and driving operation, the change in mileage according to the driving of the city/highway, the change in mileage according to the operating conditions of the heater, and driving performance according to temperature. Based on these results, the general operating characteristics of electric vehicles and differences in characteristics of each vehicle type are presented, the problems and solutions of electric vehicles in winter are reported

Domestic enterprises are surveyed and analyzed to find the empirical relationship between environmental characteristics and electronic commerce(EC) performance. Dynamism, hostility and heterogeneity are selected as environmental characteristics. EC performance is articulated as EC utilization, EC satisfaction and EC usefulness. Empirical test presents that dynamism has a statistically significant relationship with EC performance except EC usefulness, but hostility and heterogeneity have no statistically significant relationship with EC performance. The impact of industry type on environmental characteristics and EC performance is also tested.

본 연구는 해외시장 중소기업을 대상으로 해외시장 환경 특성, 전략적 제휴, 개방형 혁신, 해외시장 성과의 관계를 분석하였다. 해외시장 특성은 매력도와 적대성으로 구분하여 설정하였다. 또한, 환경 특성과 성과 사이의 경로에 전략적 제휴와 개방형 혁신을 설정하 여 다중매개효과를 분석하였다. 전략적 제휴와 개방형 혁신에 대한 기존 연구를 분석하여 다중매개효과를 포함한 8개의 가설을 설정하였다. 해외시장에 진출한 중소기업을 대상으 로 표본을 수집하였으며, 최종적으로 198개를 분석 대상으로 구조방정식모형에 기반 한 PLS(Partial Least Square) 분석을 시행하였다. 분석 결과 해외시장 환경 특성은 전략적 제휴에 모두 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 전략적 제휴는 또한 개방형 혁신에 긍정적 영향을 주었으며, 개방형 혁신과 성과의 관계도 유의한 것을 확인하였다. 다중개매 효과 분석에서는 전략적 제휴와 개방형 혁신이 해외시장 적대성을 해외시장성과에 긍정적 으로 매개한다는 점을 확인하였다. 실증분석 결과를 기반으로 이론적, 실무적 시사점으로 논의하였으며, 연구 한계와 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

In this study, the relations among the environmental characteristics, strategic alliance, open innovation and the performance were analyzed from the SME in the overseas market. The characteristics of the overseas market were established by dividing into attractiveness and hostility. In addition, the multiple mediation effect was analyzed by establishing the strategic alliance and the open innovation in the path between the environmental characteristics and the performance. The sample was collected from the SMEs advanced to overseas market and structural equation model-based PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis was performed with final 198 samples. In the results of analysis, it was shown that the characteristics of the overseas market has influence on the strategic alliance. In addition, it was observed that the strategic alliance has positive influence on the open innovation and it has significant influence on the relation between the open innovation and the performance, too. In the multiple mediation effect analysis, it was observed that the strategic alliance and the open innovation mediate the overseas market hostility positively for the performance.

ICT 기술의 발전과 글로벌화가 지속될수록 기업들은 치열한 경쟁환경에서 살아남기 위해 많은 노력을 경주하게 되 는데, 이중에서 내부특유자원과 외부환경특성을 고려하는 전략 수립이 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기업 의 내부특유자원을 기술, 인적, 물리적, 네트워크로 분류하고, 외부환경특성이 해외시장진출과 경영성과에 미치는 인과관계 를 파악하고자 하였다. 분석결과, 내부특유자원인 기술, 인적, 물리적, 네트워크는 해외시장진출에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것 으로 나타났다. 그러나 외부환경특성은 해외시장진출에 유의한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 해외시장진출은 경영성과에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 기업의 전략을 수립하는 실무자들이 해외시장진출과 경영 성과에 미치는 내부특유자원에 대한 중요성을 인식하고 전략 수립 시에 실무적으로 활용 가능할 것으로 보인다.

As ICT technology advances and globalization continues, companies must exert considerable effort to survive in a fiercely competitive environment. Among these efforts, establishing strategies that consider internal unique resources and external environmental characteristics is crucial. Therefore, this study classified a company's internal unique resources into technology, human, physical, and network resources, and sought to identify the causal relationship between external environmental characteristics and overseas market entry and management performance. The analysis revealed that the internal resources—technology, human resources, physical resources, and networks—significantly influence overseas market entry. However, external environmental characteristics were found to have no significant effect on overseas market entry. Furthermore, overseas market entry was shown to significantly impact business performance. These findings suggest that practitioners involved in strategic planning should recognize the importance of internal specific resources in influencing overseas market entry and business performance, and can practically utilize this knowledge during strategy formulation.

본 연구의 목적은 한국의 제조업을 대상으로 세 가지 형태의 기술효율, 생산성 성장지수와 그 변화요인을 계측해 봄으로써 한국 산업의 생산성 성장, 기술효율, 환경성과를 측정하기 위함이다. 본 연구는 오염물을 감소시키는 것이 긍정적인 생산활동의 중요한 한 측면으로 간주하고 비록 산출물이 증가하지 않는다 하더라도 오염물을 줄이는 생산업체에 높은 가치를 부여하거나 혹은 산출물을 증가시키고 동시에 오염물을 감소시킬 수 있는 기술효율과 생산성성장지수를 제시한다. 오염물배출은 제외하고 산출물 증가를 기준으로 한 M1 생산성성장지수와 오염물과 산출물의 모두 증가하는 기준의 M2, 오염물은 감소하고 산출물은 증가하는 방향의 M3의 생산성성장지수는 1995-1999년에 대하여 각각 연간 0.3% 감소와 1.0%, 0.8% 증가추세를 보임으로써 M2, M3생산성지수가 M1생산성지수 보다 1.3%, 1.1% 높게 나타났다. 이는 오염감소활동을 감안하지 않는 M1 생산성성장지수가 실제 생산성성장을 과소평가하고 있음을 시사한다. 생산성성장지수의 내부변화는 대부분 효율변화가 기술변화보다 높고 규모효율의 변화가 효율변화를 지지하였다.

The purpose of the paper is to measure productivity growth, technical efficiency, and environmental performance by identifying three-type technical efficiencies, productivity growth indices, and their inner components in Korean manufacturing. We consider a activity of pollution abatement is also one of the important aspects of positive production activities and suggest that technical efficiency and productivity growth credit a producer for reducing the production of the pollutants even without improving good outputs or simultaneously reducing the pollutants and increasing the outputs. We introduce three-type productivity growth indices, the index of productivity growth (the M1) for the direction of the desirable outputs ignoring the pollutants, the index (the M2) for increasing both the desirable outputs and pollutants, and the index of productivity growth (the M3) for simultaneous reducing the pollutants and increasing the desirable outputs. The M1, the M2, and the M3 were minus 0.3 percent, 1.0 percent, and 0.8 percent of annualized growth, respectively for 1995-1999. The M2 and the M3 grew higher 1.3 percent and 1.1 percent of annualized growth than the M1, implying that the M1 underestimates the actual productivity growth considering the activity of pollution abatement. The efficiency changes dominated the technical changes, and the scale changes supported the efficiency changes.

The improved movable weir supplements the advantages and disadvantages of the rubber weir and the conduction gate. It consists of a stainless steel gate, air bags, and a steel clamping plate. The stainless steel gate is the main body of the weir, and the inflatable rubber sheet serves to support the steel gate. The steel clamping plate is typically in direct continuous contact with water, but this leads to corrosion issues that can reduce the life of the entire movable weir. In this study, a panel-type glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) clamping plate was designed and fabricated. The test results showed that the flexural load of the panel-type GFRP composite clamping plate was over twice that of the wings type GFRP clamping plate. The lowest moisture absorption value was obtained upon exposure to tap water, and exposure to other solutions showed similar values. Additionally, flexural load testing after exposure to an accelerated environment found the lowest residual loads of 80.51 % and 78.50 % at 50 and 100 days, respectively, for exposure to a $CaCl_2$ solution, while exposure to other environments showed residual failure loads of over 80 % at both 50 and 100 days.