Earticle

There are a great number of Internet-connected devices and their information can be acquired through an Internet-wide scanning tool. By associating device information with publicly known security vulnerabilities, security experts are able to determine whether a particular device is vulnerable. Currently, the identification of the device information and its related vulnerabilities is manually carried out. It is necessary to automate the process to identify a huge number of Internet-connected devices in order to analyze more than one hundred thousand security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose a method of automatically generating device information in the Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) format from banner text to discover potentially weak devices having the Common Vulnerabilities Exposures (CVE) vulnerability. We demonstrated that our proposed method can distinguish as much adequate CPE information as possible in the service banner.

Objectives: The standard method for the enumeration of environmental Legionella is culturing, which has several disadvantages, including long incubation and poor sensitivity. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the usefulness of real-time PCR and to improve the standard method. Methods: In 200 environmental water samples, a real-time PCR and culture were conducted to detect and quantify Legionella. Using with the results of the survey, we compared the real-time PCR with the culture. Results: Each real-time PCR assay had 100% specificity and excellent sensitivity (5 GU/reaction). In the culture, 36 samples were positive and 164 samples were negative. Based on the results of the culture, real-time PCR showed a high negative predictive value of 99%, 35 samples were true positive, 105 samples were true negative, 59 samples were false positive and one sample was a false negative. Quantitative analysis of the two methods indicated a weak linear correlation ($r^2=0.29$, $r^2=0.61$, respectively). Conclusions: Although it is difficult to directly apply quantitative analysis results of real-time PCR in the enumeration of environmental Legionella, it can be used as a complementary means of culturing to rapidly screen negative samples and to improve the accuracy of diagnosis.

본 연구에서는 수 세기 과제(enumeration task)를 통해 일별하기(subitizing) 현상을 검증하고, 전략 사용이 시각자극의 수를 세는 수행에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 실험 1에서는 자극 집합 크기를 미리 알려주어 ‘재인 + 수 세기’ 과정에서 전략을 용이하게 세울 수 있는 조건과 그렇지 않은 조건을 비교하였다. 실험 결과 선행연구와 마찬가지로 자극 수 1개에서 4개 범위에서 전주의 단계에서의 처리를 반영하는 것으로 판단되는 일별하기 현상이 관찰되었고, 자극 집합 크기 제시에 따른 전략 사용의 효과는 자극 수가 비교적 큰 구간인 7개 이상의 구간에서 관찰되었다. 실험 2에서는 자극 수에 대한 정보를 주지 않은 채 100시행을 한 회기로 하여 5회기 동안 시행을 거듭함에 따라 자극 수 파악에 따른 전략 적용의 효과를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 회기가 진행됨에 따라 일별하기 현상이 회기마다 반복적으로 관찰되었고, 연습을 통한 전략 습득을 반영하는 결과가 관찰되었다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the application and acquisition of strategy in enumeration tasks. For this purpose, counting time of stimuli set size in various enumeration conditions was measured. In Experiment 1, the effect of knowledge of stimuli set size on enumeration time was examined. It was confirmed after the experiment that providing the information of stimuli set size in advance helped the participants to develop a counting strategy. In Experiment 2, the effect of the counting strategy acquired by enumeration practice without explicit verbal cueing on enumeration time was analyzed. The results showed that enumeration practice induced the acquisition of a counting strategy, which in turn produced the similar results to Experiment 1(subitizing was also observed in each session). In sum, the knowledge of set size affected on counting strategy which in turn reduced counting time for relatively larger set size of 7 to 9 items. In addition, this tendency was repeatedly observed in the experimental conditions varied by stimuli discriminability as well as amount of counting practice.

통합은 항상 과학의 목표가 되어 왔으며 과학이 갖는 태도이기도 하다(Newell, 1990). 따라서 개별적으로 연구되어온 인지 행동들을 통합하여 설명할 수 있는 하나의 틀이 필요하다는 인식이 대두되었으며, 이를 가능하게 할 수 있는 통합이론으로서의 인지 아키텍처들(cognitive architectures)이 제안되어 발전해 왔다. 본 논문에서는 인지 아키텍처의 개념을 정리하고, 대표적인 인지 아키텍처들을 개관한 후, 가장 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있는 ACT-R의 모델링에 대해 살펴보았다. 궁극적으로 본 논문에서는 통합인지이론인 인지 아키텍처의 발전 방향을 제시하고자 하였는데, ACT-R에서 고려하지 못하고 있는 전략 사용에 따른 반응 시간 감소를 검증하였고, 선행연구에서 보고한 써비타이징 현상을 재검증하였다. 본 논문에서는 관찰된 보편적인 인간 행동의 측면들을 반영할 수 있도록 새로운 알고리듬을 제안함으로써 보다 통합되고 발전된 형태로의 인지 아키텍처를 위한 제언을 하고자 하였다.

Cognitive architectures as unified cognitive theories can produce an integrated explanation of human mind and behaviors. The definitions of a cognitive architecture, fundamental characteristics of prominent architectures(Soar, EPIC, and ACT-R), modeling paradigm using ACT-R, and application areas of ACT-R were introduced and reviewed. The purpose of this study was to examine the modeling of a visual processing in ACT-R, which has been evolved as an unified cognitive theory, to suggest developmental directions in ACT-R. For this purpose, enumeration time of stimuli set size was measured(the enumeration task was adopted because it contains every default productions in ACT-R models established using visual stimuli). The results showed that the knowledge of set size affected on counting strategy which in turn reduced counting time for relatively larger set size of 7 to 9 items. However, the use of the strategy in enumeration appeared to be overlooked in the current cognitive architectures, especially in ACT-R. Based on the results of empirical data, a new ACT-R algorithm on visual stimuli process was proposed. Finally, the implication of the present study on the future cognitive architecture was discussed.

본 논문은 일본어에 있어서의 인칭대명사열거의 순서와 인간관계와의 관계를 밝히려고 하는 것이다. 소설 30권으로부터 인칭대명사를 포함한 인칭사의 열거를 추출하고, 국립국어 연구소의 “분류 어휘표”에 따라 그것을 부부, 부모자식, 형제, 상대·동료, 친구·친숙한 사람, 상대적 지위라고 하는 6개로 구분했다. 그 후에 1인칭→2인칭→3인칭이라는 순서가 되고 있는지, 그리고 연령, 지위, 성별, 친소관계와 열거 순서의 관계에 대해서 고찰했다. 그 결과 6개 모두 전체적으로는 1인칭→2인칭→3인칭이라는 순서에 따르는 열거에 용례가 많았다. 각 항목마다 모두 용례가 많았던 것은 형제와 친구·친숙한 사람이었다. 성별과 친소관계는 6개 모두 인칭대명사열거와의 관계를 인정할 수 있다. 성별보다 친소관계 쪽이 규칙적이다. 연령은 부모자식과 형제에서는 관계가 보이고 상대･동료와 친구･친숙한 사람에게는 관계가 보이지 않았다. 지위는 상대적 지위에서 인칭대명사열거의 순서와 관계가 보였다.

This study is to find out the relation between the enumeration order of personal pronouns and the human relations in Japanese sentences. As a result, 6 categories-married couple, parents and children, sibling, counterpart/colleague, friend/acquaintance, and relative status- on the whole show many examples, the persons of which are placed in such a descending order from 1st through 2nd to 3rd person: in which either category reveals relatively lots of examples from those who are siblings and friends/acquaintances. To that end, ‘gender’ and ‘degree of intimacy’ can be recognized to have the relation with the enumeration of personal pronouns in all the 6 categories. Particularly, degree of intimacy seems to have a regular pattern compared to gender. As for age, there exists the relation between parents and children, and between siblings while no relation between counterparts/colleagues, and between friends/acquaintances. In case of status, the relative status seemingly has the relation with the enumeration order of personal pronouns.

이 논문은 백석 시에 나타나는 열거기법과 그 의미를 분석한 것이다. 백석 시의 열거는 전통시가의 계승이라 기보다 쇄신이란 측면에서, 그리고 단순한 기법이 아니라 세계관이나 창작방법의 차원에서 이해할 수 있다. 전통시가의 열거가 주로 동질적인 사물들을 다수 제시함으로써 풍요의 환상을 창출하기 위한 것인 반면, 백석 의 시에서 열거는 그와 반대로 낱낱의 사물(사람, 행위)들의 고유한 특질에 대한 인식에 기반을 두고 있기 때 문이다. 이 때문에 이 논문에서는 백석 시에 나타난 열거를 이질적인 것의 동질화, 동일성 내의 차이(개별자에 대한 관심과 소문자 역사의 복원)라는 특면에서 고찰했다. 이질적인 사물들의 이름을 일일이 열거하면서 이들 사이의 차이가 무화되거나 동질화되어가는 모습을 보여준 다. 이런 양상은 여러 가지 재료들이 어우러져서 새로운 음식으로 재탄생하는 과정을 그린 시 시에서 자주 발 견된다. 「모닥불」에서 사용된 열거는 모닥불의 불꽃과 열기가 이질적인 사물 사이의 차이를 무화시키고 이 질적인 사람들을 동질화하고 있음을 보여준다. 또 「북방에서」처럼 민족의 상상에 기초해서 이질적인 역사 를 동질화하는 양상도 볼 수 있었다. 동질성 내의 차이를 드러내는 열거법은 동일한 계열에 속하는 어휘를 나 열함으로써 그 이면에 존재하는 이질성과 차이를 부각시키는 방법이다.「정주성」처럼 동질화되기 어려운 개 별자의 존재 그 자체에 대한 관심을 통해 대문자 역사에 포섭되지 않는 개인의 삶, 소문자 역사를 복원하려는 노력을 보여주기도 했다. 이런 노력은 대상인물의 외모와 생활사를 일일이 열거함으로써 그들의 개성과 그에 대한 시인 자신의 미묘하고 다양한 감정적 연루를 그린 「여우난곬족」에서 극명하게 나타난다. 백석 시의 바탕을 이루는 것은 생활세계를 구성하는 사소한 것들에 대해 깊은 관심과 애정이라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 자신의 시 속에서 이것들과 관련된 기억을 재현하려고 했다. 사물의 이름에 대한 열거는 이를 위한 방 법이었다. 백석의 시에서 근대에 대한 미적 저항의 자취를 읽어낼 수 있는 것은 바로 그의 시에서 복원되고 있 는 것들이 모두 근대화의 물결에 밀려 사라져가는 것들이기 때문이다.

I tried to analyze the enumeration technique and its meaning of Baekseok's poems in this paper. His enumeration can be understand properly by the point of view his world view or method of composition. He enumerate various names of things or persons to present their differences and their proper existence. So I tried to analyse his enumeration and its meaning by two different method. One is the method which enumerates the name of different things to show that they are in the harmony with each other. Especially we can find this aspect in his poems which describes foods. These poems enumerates various stuffs which are integrated into specific food in harmony. The other is the enumeration of the words which is belong to homologous series. They serve to show the differences between things which seems to be equal or similar. Whatever it may be, each thing shines brightly because of their proper quality which cannot be equalized with any other things. And he tried to restore the speciality of man's proper existence and vitality so as to overcome and cure their scars to which history forced. Therefore it can be said that Baekseok tried to show not History, but history.

Traditional approaches for some applications of Intelligent Transportation System(ITS), such as license plate tilt correction and vehicle speed estimation generally require feature extraction, however, feature extraction is a difficult task in complex traffic environment, and it is prone to be affected by the moving status of object and dynamic environment. In this paper, we tried a new analysis method without feature extraction for these two applications. The approach is based on enumeration. All the possible results of image analysis are tested by the testing function. Then, the extreme value of the testing function is selected and the corresponding result is just the concerning result. In the experiment, our method is applied to vehicle license plate tilt correction and vehicle speed estimation. The results demonstrate the proposed method has certain degree of robustness and validity.

Electrochemical concentration and enumeration of bacteria using an amperometric sensor system were investigated. Electrochemical reduction and oxidation reaction of bacteria in the presence of an electrochemical mediator are basis of the sensor system. When a charged electrode (graphite felt, +0.68V) was incorporated in a bacterial culture broth with a mediator (MB 0.01 mM), about 20% decrease in bacterial number was observed. The bacteria attached electrode was then used as a working electrode for a three-electrode electrochemical system for the bacteria enumeration. In the system, the amperometric reoxidation current and its rate of increment were found to be dependent on the concentrations of bacteria and mediator. Linear correlations between initial rate currents and bacterial concentrations were established. Methylene Blue (MB) was selected as a most appropriate redox mediator, and the system was most sensitive and stable using a working electrode poised at 0.3 V (vs. the reference), pH 7.0, an MB concentration of 0.0001 M, a working electrode surface area of 550 mm2, and a temperature of 30 ℃.

The maintenance of physiological activity during dilution is very critical for the accurate enumeration of Vibrio spp. in marine samples. We investigated the effect of various diluents on the recovery of Vibrio parahaemolyticus using the direct plate counting and most probable number (MPN) methods. The effects of NaCl (0.85 and 3%) and pH (from 6.6 to 7.4) in diluents based on distilled water or phosphate buffered saline (PBS) were evaluated with three V. parahaemolyticus strains. PBS-3% NaCl (pH 6.6), as opposed to PBS, was the most effective diluent at maintaining viable cell numbers up to 2 log CFU/g during dilution for direct plate counting using on thiosulfate citrate bile salts sucrose (TCBS) selective agar, as well as minimizing the difference in cell numbers between TCBS and non-selective nutrient agar. It also increased counts of V parahaemolyticus inoculated into oysters relative to PBS (p<0.01), suggesting that PBS-3% NaCl (PH 6.6) can reduce the problem of underestimating V. parhaemolyticus counts using PBS alone.

식품의 안전성 평가에 사용되는 주요 지표 미생물들의 검출 시험법 중에서 전통적인 미생물 시험법과 신속 검출법인 건조 필름법에 의한 미생물 시험법 간의 유효성 관계를 국내 특정 축 수산식품에 존재하는 미생물을 대상으로 분석하였다. 축 수산식품 중 어묵, 게맛살, 아이스크림, 우유, 햄 시료에 대하여 두 가지 미생물 시험법을 각각 실시하였다. 일반 세균수 분석에는 plate count agar법과 aerobic count plate법을 비교하였고, 대장균군과 대장균의 분석에는 most probable number(MPN)법과 coliform count plate 및 E. coli/coliform count plate법을 각각 비교하였으며, 효모와 곰팡이의 분석에는 potato dextrose agar법과 yeast and mold count plate법을 비교하였다. 황색포도상구균의 분석에는 coagulase 시험법과 staph express count plate법을 비교하였다. 5가지 축 수산식품에 대한 두 방법들간 상관계수는 일반세균이 , 대장균군이 0.979-0.987, 대장균이 0.978-0.984, 효모와 곰팡이가 0.975-0.999, 황색포도상구균이 0.999로 두 방법간 상관성이 매우 높았으며, 평균 미생물 수에 있어서도 유의적인 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 건조필름법이 기존의 전통적인 시험 방법을 대체할 수 있는 미생물 분석법임이 확인되었다.

Contents of total aerobic bacteria, coliform, Escherichia coli, yeast, mold, and Staphylococcus aureus in meat, dairy, and fishery products were analyzed by dry rehydratable film method using 3M and compared against those obtained through conventional method. Two methods showed high correlations of 0.990-0.999, 0.975-0.999, 0.979-0.987, 0.978-0.984, and 0.999 for total aerobic bacteria, yeast and mold, coliform, E. coli, and S. aureus, respectively; therefore, dry rehydratable film method using 3M offers acceptable alternative to conventional method for enumeration of microorganisms in meat, dairy, and fishery products.

A partition of n is complete if every positive integer from 1 to n can be represented by the sum of its parts. The concept of complete partitions has been extended in several ways. In this paper, we consider the number of k-relaxed r-complete partitions of n and the number of double-complete partitions of n.

Bhutan is endowed with rich biodiversity with several edible and useful fern species. Ferns have been used by local communities for centuries as vegetables, ethnobotanical artifacts, and as medicines. Owing to the limited study of edible and useful pteridophytes in the country, the knowledgebase remains poor. In this study, we attempt to document edible and useful fern species in the country scientifically while also providing an annotated checklist.

Armstrong enumerated the number of Fuss-Catalan paths with a given type and Rhoades provided the number of Dyck paths with a given type and a given number of blocks. In this paper we generalize those results to enumerate the number of Fuss-Catalan paths with a fixed type and a fixed number of blocks. We provide two proofs of this result. The first one uses the Chung-Feller theorem and a certain polynomial, while the second one is bijective. Also, we give a conjecture generalizing this result to the family of small Fuss-Schröder paths.

We give a complete formula for the characteristic polynomial of hyperplane arrangements ${\mathcal{J}}_n$ consisting of the hyperplanes $x_i+x_j=1$, $x_k=0$, $x_l=1$, $1{\leq}i$, j, k, $l{\leq}n$. The formula is obtained by associating hyperplane arrangements with graphs, and then enumerating central graphs via generating functions for the number of bipartite graphs of given order, size and number of connected components.

An optimally labelled graph of bandwidth 2 is an ordered pair (G, f) where G is a simple graph with bw(G) = 2 and $f:V(G){\rightarrow}[n]$ is a bijection such that bw(G, f) = 2. In this paper, the number of optimally labelled graphs of bandwidth two of order n is enumerated by counting linear forests.

We give a generating function for the number of graphs with given numerical properties and prescribed weighted number of connected components. As an application, we give a generating function for the number of q-partite graphs of given order, size and number of connected components.

We enumerate all algebraic tangles of seven crossings or less up to equivalence. These tangles are mutually distinguished by the corresponding links and their double. The result will be used for enumerating $\theta$-curves and handcuff graphs in a forthcoming paper.

We enumerate the number of weighted complete graphs and compute its generating function.