Earticle

Fruit peels are potential sources of proteases which can help to the proteins digestion and the encapsulation technique is widely used in food industry, which preserves active ingredients in food products by forming coating membrane. In the present study, the effect of addition of encapsulated fruit peels (kiwi, T1; pineapple, T2; pear, T3; fig, T4) on the quality stability of press ham was studied during refrigerated storage (1, 15 and 30 days). In the first experiment, the press ham was prepared with either encapsulated fruit peels or fruit peels powder (without encapsulation) and we observed that the press ham formulated with fruit peels powder showed a texture defect, but no change with encapsulated fruit peels probably due to the proteolytic activity of proteases were prevented by the encapsulation. In the second experiment, the press ham were made with 0.1% encapsulated fruit peels or normal press ham (control) and stored at different days as mentioned above. Our results revealed that T2 showed the highest moisture content, while the control had the highest fat content. The press hams made with all types of encapsulated fruit peels had significantly higher hardness value than the control throughout the storage. Additionally, higher taste, texture and acceptability scores were found in the press ham with encapsulated fruit peels than those in the control. Overall, it is suggested that the addition of encapsulated fruit peels into meat products may enhance the protein digestion and absorption during the digestive processes without the negative effect on texture and sensory traits.

This study showed the increase of antitumor activities of water soluble E. sinica extract by nano-encapsulation process with lecithin. Five groups of lecithin only group (LO), lecithin nano-encapsulated E. sinica group (LE), E. sinica only group (EO), one negative control group (NCO) and positive control group (PCO) were set for several anticancer experiment and fed into Sarcoma-180 injected mice. The cytotoxicity of LE on the human normal kidney cell (HEK293) showed 14.8% lower than 19.2% of EO and 18.4% of LO. Growth of human liver carcinoma cell and human stomach carcinoma cell as representative of digestive system in vitro was inhibited up to about 85.1% and 87.3%, in adding 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of LE,which values 15% higher than that from conventional EO. The survival rates of each mice group were 40%, 63%, 48%,33% and 100%, respectively after 40 days of injecting Sarcoma-180. The increment of their body weights of the extract feeding groups was suppressed down to 10~15%, compared to the negative control. The nano-particles also reduced the hypertrophy of the internal organs such as spleen and liver down to 15~20%, compared to those as the other groups. Among them,LE effectively reduced the size of tumor form to 20%. From these results, in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of E. sinica could be enhanced by using nano-encapsulation process with lecithin because of better permeation into the cancer cells by confocal observations.

This study was performed to investigate improving immune activities of natural water-soluble sulforaphane extracted from Brassica oleracea var. italica by nano encapsulation process. The nanoparticles of the sulforaphane extracted with ultrasonification process at 60℃ promoted human B and T cell growth, about 7~35% compared to the control. The secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from T cells were also enhanced as 2.6 × 10−4 pg/cell and 2.1 × 10−4 pg/cell, respectively, by the adding nano samples. NK cell activation was improved about 8%, compare to the control in adding cultured medium of T cell added nano samples. It was also found that sulforaphane extracted from B. oleracea var. italica had highly inhibitory activity on hyaluronidase as IC50 about 200 ㎍/㎖. It can be concluded that natural water-soluble sulforaphane samples by nano-encapsulation, each size is 200 ㎚, extracted from B. oleracea var. italica has high immune activities through higher efficiency of bio-activation than conventional extracts.

This study was performed to improve immune activities of Rubus coreanus Miquel by encapsulation of nanoparticles. Immuno-activities of R. coreanus were investigated through aqueous extracts associated with process of water at 60℃. It showed high promotion of human B and T cells growth about 50%, compared to the case of other conditions. The secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α was also enhanced as 2.44 × 10−4 pg/cell and 1.94 × 10−4 pg/cell, results by adding nano samples. NK cell activation was improved up to 29% higher than the conventional extraction process. The secretion of NO from macrophage showed 14.9 μM on the nano-encapsulation process extracts, which was higher than others. The size of nanoparticles was in the range of 50~300㎚, which can effect the penetration into the cells. It was clearly observed by real time confocal microscope.

In this study, we investigated antioxidant activities and whitening effects of Acer mono sap by encapsulation of nanoparticles. Acer mono sap was through ultra high pressure process and then encapsulated by lecithin. Nano-encapsulated The nanoparticles of Acer mono sap showed highest free radical scavengering effect as 89.7% in adding sample (1.0㎎/㎖), compared to sap of non-encapsulation. It was showed strong inhibition effect on melanin production test by Clone M-3 cells as 47.8%. High inhibitory of tyrosinase was also measured as 85.8% by adding lecithin nano-particle of 1.0㎎/㎖. The nano-particles also showed 14.8% of low cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblast cells in adding 1.0㎎/㎖ of the highest concentration. These results indicate that Acer mono sap may be a source of cosmetic agents capable of improving whitening effect and antioxidant activites.

Phosphatidylcholine was used to encapsulate aqueous extracts of Centella asiatica, and its biological activity was compared with another aqueous extracts. Nanoparticle of C. asiatica was made by encapsulation to w/o type spherical liposome which of aqueous extracts seized with oil phase as 78.2 ㎚ average diameter. Cytotoxicity of the nanoparticle was measured on human skin fibroblast cells, CCD-986sk, and showed lower cytotoxicity on 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of highest concentration as 28% than that of another extracts. The nanoparticle showed the highest promotion of human B and T cell growth up to 138% and 135%, respectively, compared to the control. and the NK cell growth was promoted up to 8% higher than the control in proportion to secretion of IL-6 and TNF-α from immune cell growth. Also nanoparticle showed highest inhibition activity of hyaluronidase on 1.0 ㎎/㎖ of highest concentration as 60.5%. It seems that because of enhanced biological application of aqueous extracts on cell through nano-encapsulation process.

<유씨삼대록>은 멜랑콜리에 가까운 정서적 상태나 반응이 주조를 이루는 작품 이다. 선행연구에서는 주로 <유씨삼대록>에 형상화 된 죽음에 착목한 나머지 죽 음을 둘러싼 가문구성원의 멜랑콜리에 대해서는 자세히 논하지 않았다. 특히 아내 진양공주의 요절을 대하는 남편 유세형의 멜랑콜리는 이러한 형상화 가운데에서 도 중심을 차지하는데 작품의 주된 서사가 부부 갈등의 결합이고 남편 유세형의 반응이 다른 가문구성원과 다른 점에 착안하면 이는 작품의 주제의식을 이해하는 중요한 단서가 될 수 있다. 이에 본고는 <유씨삼대록>에 형상화 된 멜랑콜리를 서 사구조와 서술방식의 측면에서 분석하였다. 그 결과 작품에 형상화 된 멜랑콜리는 아내의 죽음을 대하는 남편의 멜랑콜리를 부각시키는 구조적 전제가 됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 임금과 부모의 걱정을 덜기 위해 죽은 아내에 대한 멜랑콜리를 애 써 감추거나 억누르는 유세형의 모습이 반복되며 핍진하게 그려짐을 알 수 있었다. <유씨삼대록>은 비슷한 시기에 유통된 다른 장편가문소설과 비교하더라도 아내 를 잃은 남편의 멜랑콜리를 형상화 하는 데 가장 많은 관심과 공력을 기울인 작품이다. 이러한 위상은 아내의 죽음을 주변적인 것으로 치부하던 당시 사회의 분위 기를 고려할 때 장편가문소설의 주된 독자층인 사대부 여성에게 큰 인기를 얻는 요인이 되었을 것으로 보인다.

Yussisamdaerok is a work based on an emotional state or reaction close to melancholy. Previous studies have mainly focused on the death embodied in Yussisamdaerok and not the details of the melancholy of the family members regarding the death. In particular, the melancholy of her husband, Yu Sehyeong, who treats the premature death of his wife, Princess Jinyang, occupies the center of this figure. This could be an important clue to understanding the wholecontext. Therefore, this paper analyzed the melancholy in Yussisamdaerok in terms of narrative structure and method. It was confirmed that the melancholy embodied in the work becomes a structural premise that emphasized the husband's melancholy when faced with his wife's death. Toalleviatethekings and his parents’ worries, Yu Sehyeong’s melancholy, that he struggled to hide or suppress,isrepeatedly described and thoroughly portrayed. Compared to other classical Korean family novels at the time, Yussisamdaerok paid the most attention to portraying the melancholy of a husband who loses his wife. The theme of this novel seems to have attracted significant popularity among noble women, who were the main readers of classical Korean novels, in the context of their society at the time, where the death of a wife was regarded as marginal.

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a fundamental component of the critical infrastructure of the Internet. The need of the DNS service is vital, as it is used in every Internet transaction. It always becomes an object of different types of attacks like cache poisoning and Man in The Middle attacks. DNSSEC, the extended version of DNS, is based on asymmetric cryptography in order to provide security services. It improves security level by adding authenticity and integrity services to DNS protocol. Unfortunately, it doesn’t provide confidentiality service and consequently, data transmitted across a network is readable to the public. In this paper, we propose a new protocol ENC-DNSSEC to enhance DNSSEC security. ENC-DNSSEC proposes a new structure of DNS message which encapsulates the standard version; this cryptographic encapsulation associates two types of encryption protocols and a signature to give a high level of security in data transaction. First, we give an overview of DNS and DNSSEC protocols; particularly, we present security limitations for both of them. After that, we explain our proposal and we analyze the impact of our method to enhance DNSSEC security.

High accuracy and repetitive tasks have become the two contradictory needs of any industrial process. By introducing autonomous robotic applications, simple repetitive tasks can be accomplished keeping the demands of the accuracy and speed in mind. However, developing these applications for industries becomes a major problem to be tackled in terms of cost. In this paper, the design, implementation and experimental results of a simple and efficient wireless control protocol for small scale robotic arm is presented. The main objective of the research was to investigate RF transmission algorithms, design and implement, and obtain a small cost effective full remote control of a robotic arm without the use of a Personal Computer. The system is equipped with joysticks, two Arduino microcontrollers communicating via RF link, and a servo controller. Joysticks are used to fully control the motion of the robotic arm.

Phytochemicals from oriental herbs have been reported to exhibit useful functions as anti-viral, skin and hair care. Since cyclodextrins have hydrophobic cavities, they are easy to assemble with small hydrophobic molecules. The encapsulation into cyclodextrin will affect slow degradation of useful chemical compounds like phytochemicals. Phytochemicals encapsulation products by cyclodextrin, such as shampoo, hair tonic, body wash and cream, were carried out to investigate the functional changes for toxicity, hair growth, antimicrobial activity and hydroxyproline content. We prepared the cosmetics containing phytochemical supramolecules by mixing the surfactants, fragrances and the crude extracts of eight oriental herbs with cyclodextrin. And we have tested the animal system for the hair growth and hydroxyproline content and toxicity. We used three microorganisms for test to antimicrobial activity. In these studies, we suggest the supramolecular encapsulation of phytochemicals can give the benefits of advantageous changes for the increasing of antibiotic activity and hair growth and delaying the aging of skin.

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have received considerable attention for vaccine, drug delivery, gene therapy and material science applications. Recombinantly expressed VLPs of HcRNAV, a single-stranded RNA virus specifically infecting the dinoflagellate, Heterocapsa circularisquama, were described recently as a new carrier system to suppress harmful algal blooms. HcRNAV strains were divided into two types (HcRNAV34 and HcRNAV109) by complementary strain-specific infectivity. In the present study, recombinant HcRNAV34 VLPs were expressed in E. coli and purified by chitin-binding affinity column chromatography. A novel organic synthesized algicidal substance, thiazolidinedione (TD49), was packaged into HcRNAV34 VLPs by dissociation and reassociation processes and its encapsulation was detected by HPLC analysis. HcRNAV34 VLPs encapsulating TD49 specifically attached and destroyed the cells of H. circularisquam HU9433-P, which is the host of HcRNAV34 virus, but not the cells of HY9423, which is the host of HcRNAV109 virus.

The demand for biopolymers-based materials has recently gained worldwide attention in the biomedical fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, dialysis membranes, and biosensors owing to their inherent biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, the insolubility of unmodified native biopolymers in most organic solvents has limited the applications of biopolymer-based materials and composites. Ionic liquids have a great potential to dissolve biopolymers and develop biopolymer-based materials, because of their synthetic flexibility by changing the combinations of cation and anion, and green solvent properties such as non-volatility, non-flammability and recyclability. In this work, biocompatible ionic liquid, [Emim][acetate], was used to encapsulate lipase into various biopolymer-based composite beads. Cellulose, cellulose/chitosan, cellulose/agarose, and cellulose/agar beads containing lipase from Candida rugosa were prepared by co-dissolution of biopolymers and lipase in [Emim][acetate] followed by reconstitution with distilled water. Cellulose/chitosan was the most efficient composite to encapsulate and retain activity of lipase.

The study about masking odors and reducing oxidation was performed. Encapsulating properties of iota carrageenan (IC) and sodium casein (SC) for the coating of the fish oil were evaluated. Retention of fish oil (oil red o staining) after freeze-drying was observed by measuring absorbance. Highest amount of fish oil (70 ± 0.3% of initially added amount) was retained in a matrix consisting of IC and SC, in the ratio of 0.1:1:1 (w/w). Particle size varied from 2.0 to 3.2 μm. The fishy odor of raw fish oil was considerably reduced by encapsulation of IC and SC. A mixture consisting of IC-SC is an efficient encapsulant for fish oil encapsulation.

Encapsulation of TiO2 sol or TiO2 nanoparticles with chitosan shell was conducted to enhance a sun protection for cosmetic preparations. Nanocapsules contained TiO2 were evaluated an UV absorption and UV blocking rate. To obtain the TiO2 sol (TS), titanium isopropoxide was diluted into anhydrous ethanol to obtain 10 wt% solution based on TiO2 in a dehumidified glove box, then the solution was stirred for a day at ambient temperature. The commercial TiO2 (Daegusa, P25) were employed. TS and P25 type were measured by XRD. The TS was composed of entirely an anatase type of TiO2. The particle size of TiO2 contained into TS was below 10 nm. It was considerably smaller than P25 TiO2 particles. The loading amount of titania was determined by TGA. In the nanocapsulation of TiO2 with chitosan, loading efficiencies of the TS and P25 were obtained as 45% and 18%, respectively. The encapsulated TiO2 particles were ranged in 30-100 nm. The TS nanocapsules exhibited a high blocking percent to UV-A up to 97% . The results indicated that this TS loaded chitosan nanocapsules had significantly higher UV protection effects.

Microencapsulation of flavor was carried out by molecular inclusion process using β-cyclodextrin (βCD). βCD-flavor complex was prepared at various flavor-to-βCD ratios (1:6−1:12) to determine the effect of βCD concentration on theinclusion efficiency. Maximum total oil retention and minimal surface oil content were obtained at flavors to βCD ratio of1:10. The physical properties and controlled release pattern of flavors from βCD-flavor complex were measured andcompared with spray-dried microcapsules prepared using carbohydrate wall system. βCD-flavor complex showed higher totaloil retention and surface oil contents, smaller mean particle size, lower moisture uptake, and higher oxidation stability thanspray-dried microcapsule. Oxidative stability of flavor was correlated with hygroscopicity of wall materials. The controlledrelease mechanism was highly affected by temperature and characteristics of wall materials.

Maltodextrin have been incorporated into fish oil emulsion as a means for the inhibition of lipid oxidation and suppression of fishy odor. Selected starch were evaluated for their performance as antioxidants and msking of fish odor. Hence, intended for the various manufacturing of maltodextin. The microcapsules were characterized for their size and superficial charge. Microcapsules loaded eicosapenanoic acid was verified by fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The ability of the fish oil powder to encapsulate maltodextrin was studied taking the hydrophobic eicopentanoic acid(EPA) as model. Results showes that the experimental conditions could be conveniently adjusted in order to modulate the physicochemical properties of the microcapsules and their composition. Moreover, the microcapsules of EPA into maltodextrin microcapsules as a potential controlled release vesicle with suppression to maximize the fishy odor properties of the EPA.

Astaxanthin is a natural color cartenoid that has strong anti-oxidation effect. It is widely distributed in foods such as shrimp, crab, salmon etc. Haematococcus pluvialis is the abundant source of natural astaxanthin and is cultivated at industrial scale. It is reported that anti-oxidation effect of astaxanthin is 500 to 1000 times greater than alpha-tocopherol. And diverse range of its physiological functions have been studied intensively. In this study, we optimized the supercritical fluid extraction condition such as pressure and temperature to get the higher yield of astaxanthin. Astaxanthin content is analyzed by HPLC and antioxidative activies of astaxanthin were examined by DPPH free radical scavanging activites. Liposomal encapsulation of astaxanthin was prepared by microfludizer. Size of liposome was measured by dynamic light scattering system.

Aloe vera gel is known to be effective for soothing and moisturizing the skin. However, it is hard to penetrate through the skin because it is mainly composed of high molecular weight polysaccharide. To overcome the limitation of active ingredient delivery through the skin and reliably improve the efficiency of in progress researches, nanoliposome was used as an active ingredient encapsulating material. Lecithin was used to make double layer phospholipid which is similar to cell membrane. This method was optimized. Aloe liposome made by Microfluidizer was measured to determine the particle size. Various parameters to measure the stability were optimized.

Most bioartificial liver (BAL) systems utilize porcine primary hepatocytes as a biological component of the systems. A packed-bed bioreactor with gel beads has higher surface area to volume ratio and cell capacity than those of a hollow fiber bioreactor. Therefore, the type of bioreactor may be a better alternative for hollow fiber-based BAL systems. In this study, we developed a simplified aseptic encapsulation process for hepatocyte spheroids using single vessel drop generator. All the processes of encapsulation, i.e. dropping, cross-linking, washing and size screening, were carried in the single vessel in which dropping multi-nozzle, washing media inlet and outlet port, double layered-meshes for size screening, and transfer port are installed with unique configuration. Large amount of hepatocyte spheroids were simply and safely immobilized with minimal damages by the single vessel drop generator and the micro-beads were transferred to packed-bed bioreactor system for a BAL system. This technology will offer a strict aseptic encapsulation process for various bio-processes that need micro-capsules.