Earticle

세계평화통일가정연합에서 양성과 음성의 이성성상은 주로 성상과 형상의 하위 속성으로 이해되어 왔다. 하지만 본 논문은 양성과 음성의 이성성상에 대한 접근 방 식을 세 가지로 구분하여 보다 통합적인 이해를 시도한다. 첫째는, 인간 남녀와 같이 성을 구분하는 양성과 음성의 측면으로서 본 논문에서는 ‘양음①’로 표기한다. 양음 ①은 존재의 성별의 원인이며, 각 존재의 성상·형상 전체의 속성을 규정한다. 둘째 는, 성상과 형상의 하위 속성으로서의 양성과 음성이며 본 논문에서는 ‘양음②’로 표기한다. 셋째는, 모든 상대적 관계를 이루는 개념 및 실체를 가리키는 경우의 양성 과 음성으로서 양음③으로 표기한다. 하나님은 완성한 남성(아담)과 완성한 여성(해와)를 먼저 구상하시고 그 로고스 를 기반으로 전 피조세계를 창조하셨기 때문에, 양성과 음성의 이성성상에 있어서도 추상적인 개념이나 실체의 상대적 관계에서부터가 아니라 아담과 해와의 성별을 중 심으로 양성과 음성의 하위 층위들을 전개하셨다. 그렇기 때문에 본 논문에서는 양성과 음성의 이성성상을 이해할 때 양음①을 중심으로 하여 양음②와 양음③을 통 합적으로 이해하는 것이 필요하다는 점을 논증하였다. 이전의 양음②를 중심한 이해 방식으로는 하늘아버지와 하늘어머니 각각의 격위 를 원리적으로 설명하는데 어려움이 있었지만, 양음①과 양음②를 통일하여 하늘아 버지를 남성적(부성적) 양음의 성상·형상 통일체, 하늘어머니를 여성적(모성적) 양음의 성상·형상 통일체로 이해하게 되면 그 어려움이 해소된다. 이렇게 하늘부모님의 양성과 음성의 이성성상을 통전적(通全的)으로 바라보게 되면 하늘부모님에 대한 신학적 이해를 증진시킬 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 하늘부모님과의 보다 심층적인 만남의 길이 열릴 수 있다.

The dual characteristics of yang and yin have tended to be understood as subordinate attributes to that of sungsang and hyungsang in FFWPU. However, this paper tries to grasp a more comprehensive view by suggesting three layers of understanding the dual characteristics of yang and yin. The first layer is the aspect of yang and yin that divides male and female. This paper calls it yang-yin①. Yang-yin① is the origin of the distinction of sex, shaping the entire characteristics of sungsang and hyungsang of each existence. The second layer is the aspect of yang and yin as subordinate attributes to each of sungsang and hyungsang. This paper calls it yang-yin②. The third layer is the aspect of yang and yin that can be applied to any concepts or actual existences in correlative relations. This paper calls it yang-yin③. Since God created the logos of the perfected Adam and Eve in His mind first and then based on that logos actually created this world, the unfolding of the dual characteristics of yang and yin follows same pattern. It is not from the most abstract concepts or existences in a correlative relation but from the man Adam and the woman Eve that all the subordinate layers of yang and yin are unfolded in the entire creation. Therefore, this paper argues that the dual characteristics of yang and yin should be understood comprehensively centering on the yang-yin① that is connected to yang-yin② and yang-yin③. With the existing way of understanding based on yang-yin②, it is difficult to explain the personality of Heavenly Father and of Heavenly Mother, respectively. However, this problem is overcome by uniting the two layers of yang-yin① and yang-yin②. The Heavenly Father turns out to be the unified masculine (fatherly) yang-yin being of sungsang and hyungsang and the Heavenly Mother the unified feminine (motherly) yang-yin being of sungsang and hyungsang. If we are able to see Heavenly Parent in this comprehensive perspective, our theological understanding of Heavenly Parent becomes deeper. Also, we will be able to meet Heavenly Parent more deeply and personally.

본 논문은 하늘부모님 신론이 결코 이원론이 아님을 논증하는 데 초점을 맞추었다. 먼저 양성과 음성의 이성성상의 두 층위, 즉 1) 성상과 형상 전체에 영향을 미쳐 성의 구분을 불러일 으키는 남성과 여성의 이성성상, 그리고 2) 성의 구분과는 상관없이 성상과 형상 각각의 하위속 성인 양성과 음성을 구분해야 함을 논의하였다. 하나님의 남성과 여성의 이성성상은 각각 하나 님의 신상 전체에 적용되기 때문에, 하나님은 남성적인 성상과 남성적인 형상을 갖춘 존재인 동시에 여성적인 성상과 여성적인 형상을 갖춘 존재이다. 하늘아버지와 하늘어머니의 성품과 격위가 완전히 일화, 통일된 존재, 즉, 하늘부모님이시다. 하나님의 남성과 여성의 이성성상은 인간의 인격과 같이 신격(神格)으로 드러나지만, 여전히 그 자체는 실체가 아니라 하나의 본체 (본성상과 본형상)에 속한 속성이다. 즉, 하나의 본체에 두 성(性)이 존재한다고 해서 두 본체가 되는 것은 아니므로 하늘부모님 신론은 이원론이 아니다. 이 점이 인간과 다른 점이다. 창조 시 하나님의 남성과 여성의 이성성상은 두 남녀의 인격체로 분격(分格)화되고 분성(分性)화되기 때문에, 인간 남녀는 다시 부부로 합성화하여 하늘부모님을 닮아 신인애일체를 이루어야 한다.

This paper focuses on refuting an opinion that the concept of Heavenly Parent is dualistic. First, it divides the concept of dual characteristics of Yang and Yin into two layers: 1) masculinity and femininity, each of which influences the entirety of Sungsang(SS) and Hyungsang(HS), leading to the division of gender, and 2) Yang and Yin, which are attributes of each SS and HS. As God's masculinity and femininity are each reflected in the entire image of God, God is simultaneously the embodiment of masculine SS and HS as well as feminine SS and HS. That is to say that God is fundamentally Heavenly Parent in whom Fatherly nature and person and Motherly nature and person are perfectly harmonized and united. Even though God’s masculinity and femininity are each revealed as divine person like human person, they are not themselves substances but attributes of one original substance. Therefore, the concept of Heavenly Parent is not dualistic. This point is different from the case of the human being. Since God’s masculinity and femininity were substantially divided into the human male and female when they were created, they have to be harmonized and unified as husband and wife in order to fully resemble God.

본 논문의 목적은 ‘통일장이론’으로 부상한 ‘초끈이론’의 타당성을 통일사상의 원상론 관점에서 분석하는 데 있다. 통일사상의 원상론에 의하면 모든 존재의 근원 이 하나님이고, 하나님으로부터 모든 물질과 힘이 나왔다. 하나님으로부터 시작된 물질과 힘은 통일된 하나의 이론체계로 설명할 수 있을 것이다. 이를 과학에서는 ‘통 일장이론’이라고 한다. 현대물리학에서 통일장이론으로 부상한 ‘초끈이론’은 모든 만물의 최소 단위를 ‘진동하는 끈’으로 정의하고, 끈의 진동패턴에 따라 입자 또는 힘이 생성된다고 주장한다. 초끈이론의 주요한 개념과 내용을 통일사상의 원상론의 관점에서 살펴보았다. ‘초끈’은 본형상의 ‘에너지(Energy)’에 해당하는 개념이고, ‘입자’를 생성하는 ‘진동 패턴’은 ‘형성에너지’에 해당하는 개념이고, ‘힘’을 형성하는 ‘진동패턴’은 ‘작용에너 지’에 해당하는 개념이다. 또한 초끈이론의 근간이 되는 ‘초대칭성’과 ‘여분차원’ 이 론은 각각 본성상과 본형상의 관계로 설명할 수 있는 개념으로 분석되었다. 통일사상의 원상론 관점에서 ‘초끈이론’을 분석해 본 결과, 모든 물질과 힘의 관 계를 하나의 이론체계로 설명할 수 있는 ‘통일장이론’으로서의 가능성이 있었다. 모 든 존재의 근원인 하나님의 속성이 현대과학이론과 조화를 이룰 수 있으며, 종교와 과학이 하나의 과제로 통일될 수 있다는 가능성을 발견하였다.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the validity of ‘superstring theory’ emerged as the ‘unified field theory’ from the point of view of the origin image of unification thought. According to unification thought, the source of all beings is God, and all matter and power come from God. Material and power that originate from God can be explained by a single unified system of theories. This is called the ‘unified field theory’ in science. The ‘superstring theory’ emerged as the theory of unified field in modern physics, defines the minimum unit of all things as ‘vibrating string’ and claims that particles or forces are generated according to the vibration patterns of the strings. The main concepts and contents of the superstring theory were examined from the perspectives of the original Image of unification Thought. The ‘superstring’ is a concept corresponding to the ‘energy’ of Original Hyungsang, and the ‘vibration pattern’ generating the ‘particle’ is a concept corresponding to ‘forming energy’, the ‘vibration pattern’ generating the ‘power’ is a concept corresponding to ‘action energy’. In addition, the theory of ‘super-symmetry’ and ‘extra-dimension’, which are the basis of the superstring theory, was analyzed as the concept that can be explained by the relationship between Sungsang(internal nature) and Hyungsang(external form). As a result of analyzing the ‘superstring theory’ from the point of view of the origin image of unification thought, there was a possibility as a ‘unified field theory’ which can explain the relation between all materials and power as a theoretical system. Through this, we have found the possibility that the attributes of God, the source of all beings, can be harmonized with modern scientific theories, and that religion and science can be unified as a task.

2019년 8월 일학습병행법이 통과되어 2020년 8월 28일 시행되었다. 일학습병행은 2013년 11월 시 범사업 이후 2019년까지 학습기업 15천여개소, 참여자수 9만여명에 달하였고, 이제 법 시행과 일학습병 행 자격 발급에 따라 일학습병행 2.0 시대가 열리게 되었다. 독일ㆍ스위스ㆍ프랑스와 비교한 우리나라 일학습병행(도제훈련)의 특징을 보면 ① 훈련생을 근로자로 인정 ② 생산성에 관계없이 최저임금 이상을 지급 ② 훈련비는 사업주 단독으로 부담한 고용안정ㆍ능력개발사업 기금(고용보험)에서 조달 ③ 최대 훈 련계약기간은 주요국의 3~4년보다 짧은 2년이며, 외부평가 합격시 무기계약직으로 계속고용의무 발생 ④ 국가기술자격과 별개의 일학습병행자격 발급 ⑤ 제도 운영 관련 취약한 사회적 파트너십 등이다. 독 일․스위스 도제훈련 모델은 오랜 길드적 전통, 협력적 노사문화와 높은 노조 조직률, 초등학교 졸업 단 계에서의 조기 진로결정 등의 결과물로서 다른 나라에 이식이 쉽지 않다. 따라서 이원화 제도의 전통이 전무하고 토양이 상이한 우리로서는 특성화고ㆍ전문대를 대상으로 한 일학습병행 확산과 일학습병행자격의 통용성을 높여나가는 것이 현실적인 목표로 보인다. 일학습병행은 과거 7년이라는 짧은 기간에 많은 발전이 있었지만, 향후 지속가능한 일학습병행을 위해서는 산업계 중심의 생태계 조기 구축, 기업들의 재 참여율 제고와 대기업들의 참여 확대가 과제이다. 그리고 최대 도제훈련기간을 2년으로 제한한 것에 대 해서는 보다 심층적인 연구가 필요하다.

The Act on Korean Dual system took effect on August 28, 2020. The characteristics of Korean Dual System compared to German, Swiss and French apprenticeship are as follows: ① Recognizing trainees as employee status and paying minimum wage regardless of their productivity ② Training expenses are subsidized from Employment Insurance Fund ③ Maximum dual contract period is 2 years, and when dual students pass external evaluation, employers are obliged to hire them as regular workers ④ Issuance of Dual qualifications different from National technical qualifications ⑤ Vulnerable social partnership in the operation of the system. The German-Swiss apprenticeship model is based on long tradition of guild system, collaborative labor-management culture, high union density and early decision of career paths. As Korea has totally different circumstances with no tradition of dual system, it seems almost impossible to emulate such a model. Therefore, realistic goals would be to expand dual training for technical high schools and colleges, and to increase the utilization of Dual qualifications in the labor market. For the sustainable development of Dual system, it is inevitable to build an industry-centered ecosystem more vigorously, increase the re-engagement of companies and promote participation of larger companies.

본 연구에서는 혐기성 소화효율 향상을 위해 하수처리장에서 발생되는 잉여슬러지를 대상으로 이중주파수 초음파 전 처리 시 조사강도 및 조사시간 변화에 따른 슬러지의 분해특성을 평가하고, 단독주파수 초음파와 비교 . 분석하였다. 실 험은 단독주파수(28 kHz, 40 kHz) 초음파와 이중주파수(28 kHz+40 kHz) 초음파를 이용하여 수행하였고, 조사강도는 TS(Total solids) 기준으로 하여 6,750 ~ 45,000 J/g TS로 각각 변화시켜 조사하였고, 조사시간은 각각 10분, 30분, 60분, 90분, 최대 120분까지 변화시켜 검토하였다. 결과적으로, 단독주파수(28 kHz, 40 kHz)와 이중주파수(28 kHz+40 kHz) 조 건에서 조사강도 및 조사시간이 증가될수록 SCODcr 농도는 단독주파수(28 kHz, 40 kHz)의 경우, 조사시간 120분에서 초음파 전처리전 잉여슬러지의 초기 SCODcr의 농도에서 각각 7.4배, 6.5배 증가되었고, 이중주파수(28 kHz+40 kHz)의 경우 120분 조사시 8.1배의 더 증가되는 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 가용화율은 단독주파수 초음파는 각각 35.9%, 31.1% 로 나타났고, 이중주파수(28 kHz+40 kHz) 초음파는 39.7%의 가용화 효율이 증가되는 것으로 나타났다. 슬러지 입경크기 초음파 조사강도 및 시간이 증가됨에 따라 미분화 되는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서, 조사강도와 조사시간 변화에 따른 슬러 지의 분해특성은 단독주파수에 비해 이중주파수 초음파 전처리가 더 효율적임을 확인하였다.

In this study, we evaluated the disintegration characteristics of the dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment when the irradiation intensity and irradiation time of the sludge change targets the excess sludge generated at a sewage treatment plant in order to improve efficiency of an anaerobic digestion, and it was compared with single frequency ultrasonic. Experiments were carried out using a single frequency (28 kHz, 40 kHz, respectively) and dual frequency (28 kHz+40 kHz) of ultrasonic, and ultrasonic irradiation intensity were investigated by changing to 6,750 ~ 45,000 J/g TS, respectively. Also, ultrasonic irradiation time was examined by changing the 10, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes, respectively. As a result, the Soluble Chemical Oxygen Demand (below SCODcr) concentration was increased 7.4, 6.5 and 8.1 times in a single frequency (28 kHz, 40 kHz) and dual frequency (28 kHz+40 kHz), respectively. Also, solubilization rate was increased to 35.9%, 31.1% at single frequency (28 kHz, 40 kHz), to 39.7% at dual frequency (28 kHz+40 kHz), respectively. The sludge particle size was found to be decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that a more efficient dual frequency ultrasonic pretreatment compared to the single frequency in according to changes of the irradiation intensity and irradiation time.

이 연구의 목적은 맞벌이가정의 특성에 따른 가정건강성의 차이를 탐구하는 것이다. 기본토대(기본생활, 경제생활, 자원관 리), 부모역할(나와 배우자의 부모역할), 사회적 관심과 참여(시민의식과 자원봉사, 여가 공유, 지역사회 네트워크), 일생활균 형(일가정조화, 가족역할 공유 및 평등한 역할분담)의 4개 영역으로 구성된 맞벌이가정의 가정건강성 측정 도구(송혜림, 고선강, 강은주, 2023)를 사용하였다. 맞벌이가정의 특성으로 부부의 연령, 학력, 자녀수, 막내자녀 연령, 가구소득, 거주지역, 종사상 지위와 같은 변수들을 조사하였고, 이러한 특성에 따른 가정건강성의 차이를 분석하고, 각 변인들이 가정건강성에 미치는 상대적 영향력도 분석하였다. 온라인 조사방법으로 수집된 설문조사 자료를 분석자료로 사용하였고, 연구의 조사 대상은 미취학 또는 초등학교 저학년 인 자녀를 둔 맞벌이가정의 부모이다. 총 746명의 응답 결과를 분석에 사용하였다. 자료 분석은 IBM SPSS 29 프로그램으로 진행하였는데, 빈도, 백분율, 평균, 표준편차 분석, 독립표본 t 검증, 일원분산분석과 선형 다중회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 부모 연령, 부모의 학력, 자녀수, 막내자녀 연령, 가구소득, 거주지역, 종사상 지위에 따라 가정건강성 전체 혹은 하위영역에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 또한, 맞벌이가정의 특성이 가정건강성에 미치는 상대적 영향력을 분석한 결과, 자녀 수, 가구소득, 거주지역, 부모의 종사상 지위가 통계적으로 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 반영하여 맞벌이가정을 위한 맞춤형 정책, 지역에 따른 가정건강성 차이에 대한 면밀한 분석, 건강가정지원센 터/가족센터의 맞벌이가정 대상 프로그램 활성화, 가족친화적 일터와 사회문화조성 등과 관련된 제안점을 도출하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 맞벌이가정의 건강성 증진을 위한 정책 설계, 제도 기획의 기초자료로서 의미를 가진다. 실천적으로는 가족센터, 건강가정지원센터의 맞벌이가정 대상 사업과 프로그램 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

This study examines differences in Family System Health among dual-earner households based on demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Family System Health was measured using the Family System Health Scale for Dual-Earner Households (Song et al., 2023), encompassing four domains: foundational bases, parental roles, social concern and participation, and work–life balance. Key household characteristics included parentsʼ age, education, number of children, age of the youngest child, household income, residential area, and occupational status. Data were collected through an online survey of parents in dual-earner households with preschool or early elementary school-aged children. A total of 746 valid responses were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 29. Statistical techniques included descriptive analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple regression. The results revealed significant differences in overall Family System Health and its subdomains by parental age, education, number of children, youngest childʼs age, household income, residential area, and occupational status. Regression analyses further indicated that the number of children, household income, residential area, and occupational status had significant effects on Family System Health. These findings highlight the importance of tailored policies and programs for dual-earner households, the need to address regional disparities, and the promotion of family-friendly workplaces and sociocultural environments. The study provides valuable empirical evidence to inform policy design and practical interventions, particularly in the development of services for dual-earner families through Healthy Family Support Centers and Family Centers.

High-performance vehicles with V6 or higher are designed with a dual exhaust system to satisfy both performance and quietness at the same time, and have a confluence geometry for the purpose of stably maintaining the back pressure inside the pipe. The exhaust system generates noise and vibration under the influence of the rotating engine. In particular, in a state such as idling, vibration occurs in a certain frequency range, which may affect the natural vibration of the exhaust system. Therefore, in this study, the optimal shape is proposed by comparing the ignition frequency calculated based on the vibration measurement result in the idle state and the numerical analysis result.

노동조합의 영향력이 강한 기업 내 구성원들이 조직과 조합에 몰입하는 여러 형태에 따라 어떤 직무태도를 가지는지에 대한 연구는 실무적으로도 중요한 의의를 가진다. 본 논문은 노동조합과 조직에 대한 구성원의 융복합적 몰입 관점에서 몰입유형군별 직무태도와 성격을 포함한 인구통계학적 특성의 차이를 확인하였다. 실증연구를 위해 현대기아자동차 388명의 응답을 활용하였고, 조직과 노조에 모두 몰입하는 ‘고도 이중몰입군’, ‘보통의 이중몰입군’, 양 집단에 모두 몰입하지 않는 ‘몰입거부군’, 조직에만 몰입하는 ‘조직몰입군’, 노조에만 몰입하는 ‘노조몰입군’의 5 가지 유형 중 ‘고도 이중몰입군’과 ‘조직몰입군’이 ‘몰입거부군’이나 ‘노조몰입군’에 비해 직무만족과 직무몰입이 가 장 높음을 밝혀내었다. 조직몰입과 노조몰입의 하위개념까지 고려하여 군집을 세분화한 본 연구는 이중몰입유형에 따른 성격과 인구통계학적 특성까지 고려하여, 회사와의 거래적 관계 인식이 강화되는 분위기 가운데 인적자원 관리 방향 등 시사점을 제안하고자 하였다.

This study attempted to verify the relationship among Job Attitude, Personality and Demographic Characteristics according to Dual Commitment Type. The groups were named 'very high dual commitment group(both highly committed to the organization and union)', 'normal dual commitment group(average level of commitment to both of them)', 'resisting dual commitment group(no commitment to both of them)', 'organization commitment group(only committed to organization)’, 'union commitment group(only committed to union)'. This research was analyzed by 388 Hyundai and Kia motor company members and ‘very high dual commitment group’ and ‘organizational commitment group’ showed the highest Job Satisfaction and Job Involvement. Through group segmentations considering sub-concepts could contribute to design a strategy to increase the company’s competitiveness in aspects of the direction to the HR policy.

본 논문에서는 복합재 샌드위치 구조를 가지는 이중대역(1.575, 2.645 GHz) 안테나의 충격 및 굽힘 특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 평면형 안테나에 복합재료인 Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic, Glass Fiber Reinforce Plastic을 접착하여 기계적 성능을 향상시킬 수 있다. 시험 규격 ASTM D7137에 따라 충격 시험과 시험규격 ASTM C393, MIL-STD401B에 따라 굽힘 시험을 실시한 후, S11 및 이득 측정을 통하여 안테나의 전기적 성능과 기계적 성능을 확인하였다. 제안된 안테나는 복합재료 보강 전보다 약 4배인 충격 하중 4 kN, 약 2배인 400 N의 굽힘 하중을 견디며, GPS, DMB 대역에서 6 dBi, 4.6 dBi의 이득을 가진다. 복합재 샌드위치 구조는 구조체 또는 운송체 표면에 적용 가능함을 확인하였다.

We have studied the impact and bending characteristics of a dual band antenna (1.575, 2.645 GHz) with composite sandwich construction. Mechanical performance of the antenna can be improved by reinforcing the antenna by sandwiching the planar antenna with layers of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic(CFRP) and glass fiber-reinforced plastic(GFRP) using an adhesive film. According to the ASTM D7137, ASTM C393 and MIL-STD401B, impact and bending test were performed and the S-parameters and gains of the antenna were measured in order to verify electrical and mechanical performance. The maximum contact load and the bending load of the antenna are 4 kN and 400 N and gains of the antenna are 6 dBi and 4.6 dBi in the GPS and DMB bands, respectively. The proposed antenna structure can be applied to surfaces of vehicles.

The dual drug-loaded alginate beads simultaneously containing drug in inner and outer layers were prepared by dropping plain (single-layered) alginate beads into $CaCl_2$ solution. The release characteristics were evaluated in simulated gastric fluid for 2 h followed by intestinal fluids thereafter for 12 h. The surface morphology and cross section of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was also investigated using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The poorlv water-soluble ibuprofen was chosen as a model drug. The surface of single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads showed very crude and roughness, showing aggregated particles, surface cracks and rough crystals. The thickness of dual drug-loaded alginate beads surrounded by outer layer was ranged from about 57 to 329mcm. The distinct chasm between inner and outer layers was also observed. In case of single-layered alginate bead, the drug was not released in gastric fluid but was largely released in intestinal fluid. However, the release rate decreased as the reinforcing $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ polymer contents increased. When the plasticizers were added into polymer, the release rate largely decreased. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads was stable in gastric fluid for 2 h but largely increased when switched in intestinal fluid. The drug linearly released for 4 h followed by another linear release thereafter, showing a distinct biphasic release characteristics. There was a difference in the release profiles between single-layered and dual drug-loaded alginate beads due to their structural shape. However, this biphasic release profiles were modified by varying formulation compositions of inner and outer layer of alginate beads. The release rate of dual drug-loaded alginate beads slightly decreased when the outer layer was reinforced with $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS1OO polymers. In case of dual drug-loaded alginate beads with polymer-reinforced outer layer only, the initial amount of druc released was low but the initial release rate (slope) was higher due to more swellable inner cores when compared to polymer-reinforced inner cores. The current dual drug-loaded alginate beads may be used to deliver the drugs in a time dependent manner.

Rheological and mechanical properties of dual-curable automotive clearcoats containing different blocked isocyanate thermal crosslinkers (HDI, IPDI, and SMBI) have been compared by changing dual-curing sequences, i.e., UV-thermal dual curing and thermal-UV dual curing. Real-time elastic modulus data of clearcoats measured during several curing procedures have been correlated with the formation of crosslinked networks inside clearcoats. Clearcoat with SMBI shows increased modulus data due to the more reactive nature of functional groups in SMBI. Difference of rheological data of clearcoats under different curing temperatures during dual-curing sequences has been interpreted with the transition of chemical reactions inside clearcoats with different chemical structured crosslinkers. It turns out that scratch properties of cured clearcoats are also affected by the dual-curing sequence.

Dual phase steels have a microstructure comprising of a polygonal ferrite matrix together with dispersed islands of martensite. There are clear differences between the image quality (IQ) map of the dual phase and the corresponding ferritic/pearlitic structures, both in the as-heat treated and cold rolled conditions. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to study the evolution substructure of steel due to plastic deformation. The martensite-ferrite and ferrite-pearlite interfaces were observed. The interface can be a source of mobile dislocations which the bands seem to originate from the martensite islands. In particular, the use of image quality is highlighted.

Power transistors to be used in Power Integrated Circuits(PIC) are required to have low on resistance, fast switching speed, and high breakdown voltage. The lateral IGBTs(LIGBTs)are promising power devices for high voltage PIC applications, because of its superior device characteristics. In this paper, dual cathode LIGBT(DCIGBT) for high voltage is presented. We have verified the effectiveness of high blocking voltage in the new device by using two dimensional devices simulator. We have analyzed the forward blocking characteristics , the latch up performance and turn off characteristics of the proposed structure. Specially, we have focused forward blocking of LIGBT. The forward blocking voltage of conventional LIGBT and the proposed LIGBT are 120V and 165V, respectively. . The forward blocking characteristics of the proposed LIGBT is better than that of the conventional LIGBT. This forward blocking comparison exhibits a 1.5 times improvement in the proposed LIGBT.

The present work describes modification of dual phase filler by electron beam irradiation in presence of multifunctional acrylates like trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) or silane coupling agent like bis (3-triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulphide) and in-fluence of the modified fillers on the physical properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) vulcanizates. Modulus at 300 % elongation increases whereas the tensile strength decreases with increase in radiation dose for the dual phase filler loaded styrene-butadiene rubber vulcanizates (SBR). However, modulus and tensile strength significantly increase, which is more, pronounced at higher filler loadings for TMPTA modified dual phase filler loaded SBR. These changes in properties are explained by the equilibrium swelling data and Kraus plot interpreting the polymer-filler interaction. Electron beam modification of the filler results in a reduction of tan ${\delta}$ at $70^{\circ}C$, a parameter for rolling resistance and increase in tan ${\delta}$ at $0^{\circ}C$, a parameter for wet skid resistance of the SBR vulcanizates. Finally, the influence of modified fillers on the properties like abrasion resistance, tear strength and fatigue failure and the improvement in the properties have been explained in terms of polymer-filler interaction.

A throttleable rocket engine enables operational possibilities such as the docking of spacecraft, maneuvering in a certain orbit and landing on a planet's surface, altitude control, and entrance to atmosphere-less planets. Thus, throttling methods have long been researched. However, dual-manifold injectors, which represent one throttling method, have been investigated less than others. In this study, dual-manifold and single-manifold injectors were compared to determine the characteristics of dual-manifold injectors. Also, the effects of gas injection were investigated with various F/O ratios. To investigate the characteristics, mass flow rate, spray pattern, spray angle, and droplet size were measured. The spray angle and droplet size were captured by indirect photography. About 30 images were taken to assess the spray patterns and spray angle. Also, 700 images were analyzed to understand the droplet distribution and targeting area, moving to the right from the centerline with 1.11-cm intervals. The droplet size was obtained from an image processing procedure. From the results, the spray angle showed two transition regions, due to swirl momentum in the swirl chamber regardless of the F/O ratio. The droplet size showed similar trends in both dual-manifold and single-manifold injectors except in the low mass flow rate region. In the case of the dual- manifold injector, the spray cone was not fully developed in the low mass flow rate region due to low angular momentum in the swirl chamber.

This paper presents a simple and effective method for improving stopband rejection characteristics of previously studied dual-band filters. Small electric couplings were applied to the symmetrically positioned shunt resonators, which divided each transmission zero into two transmission zeros without any effect on passbands. We were able to achieve improved stopband rejection characteristics by these additional transmission zeros. For the filter application, we designed a dual-band filter with improved stopband characteristics using microstrip quasi-lumped elements. The electric couplings that control the location of transmission zeros are controlled by the distance between symmetric open stubs of the filter. The filter was fabricated with a relative dielectric constant of 3.5 and a thickness of 0.76 mm. The fabricated filter has a small size ($14.6{\times}13.2{\times}0.76$ mm) and a low insertion loss when compared with conventional filters.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of fuel temperature on the spray characteristics of a dual-orifice type swirl injector used in a gas turbine. The major parameters affecting spray characteristics are fuel temperature and injection pressure entering into the injector. In this study, the spray characteristics of a dual-orifice type swirl injector are investigated by varying fuel temperature from - 30$^{\circ}C$ to 120$^{\circ}C$ and injection pressure from 0.29 to 0.69 ㎫. Two kinds of fuel having different surface tension and viscosity are chosen as atomizing fluids. As a result, injection instability occurs in the low fuel temperature range due to icing phenomenon and fuel property change with a decrease of fuel temperature. As the injection pressure increases, the range of kinematic viscosity for stable atomization becomes wider. The properties controlling the SMD of spray is substantially different according to the fuel temperature range.

A compact planar microstrip-fed ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with a dual band-notched for UWB application is presented and analyzed. By inserting a U-shaped slot and inverted U-shaped slot into the pot-shaped radiator, two notched bands are achieved. By optimizing the width and length of the U-shaped slots and inverted U-shaped slot, a desired bandwidth of voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2.0 can be achieved, ranging from UWB bands with notched dual bands. The proposed antenna is fabricated on an inexpensive FR-4 substrate with overall dimensions of $28.0mm{\times}39.5mm$. The measured results confirm that the proposed antenna covers from 1.775 to over 13.075 GHz with two rejection bands of around 3.325-3.925 GHz and 5.3125-6.025 GHz. In addition, the proposed antenna showed good radiation characteristics and gains in the UWB bands.

In this paper, a dual foot (DF)-PDR system is proposed for the fusion of integration (IA)-based PDR systems independently applied on both shoes. The horizontal positions of the two shoes estimated from each PDR system are fused based on a particle filter. The proposed method bounds the position error even if the walking time increases without an additional sensor. The distribution of particles is a non-Gaussian distribution to express the lateral error due to systematic drift. Assuming that the shoe position is the pedestrian position, the multi-modal position distribution can be fused into one using the Gaussian sum. The fused pedestrian position is used as a measurement of each particle filter so that the position error is corrected. As a result, experimental results show that position of pedestrians can be effectively estimated by using only the inertial sensors attached to both shoes.