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The following is the conclusion of the observation about each form of conditional expression in Chöphaeshinö. 「たらば」was used more than「たれば」as time went by, so I can't find the examples of「たれば」in later edo language. However, there were few examples in which「たれば」was changed to「たらば」. And when I saw these examples based on genkannboN, if there was「たらば」in genkannboN, there was the same example in kaisyuboN and zyukannboN. But when I saw these based on kaisyuboN, I could find out that there was only one example,「たらば」in kaisyuboN which was expressed as various forms in genkannboN. 「ずば」had declining tendency after muromachi period. As I could find only five examples in genkannboN, one in kaisyuboN, and nothing in zyukannboN, I could find out that the flow of times were reflected in Chöphaeshinö. Also, in the case of「ねば」, the expression used in genkannboN was used as it was except for the one example which had no information. In the case of the conditional expression, the process of change from later muromachi period to edo period is reflected well in the three Chöphaeshinö books. That is, the three books showed that「とも」asthe conditional expression　was changing into「ても」 and「ども」was changing into「けれども」. However, I could find out that「とも」and「ども」 didn't decline totally but they coexisted with「ても」 and「けれども」. In conclusion, the conditional expression in Chöphaeshinö sometimes reflected the flow of times well but sometimes didn't. In addition, I could find some expressions that ran counter to the flow of times. However, when I take it into consideration that it is hard to draw a boundary line on language, I cannot conclude that the expressions in Chöphaeshinö did not follow the change of times. Therefore, I can conclude that the conditional expressions in Chöphaeshinö reflected the transitional changes of times to the modern language. If I can complement the Korean part and the comparison part with other information that I could not handle deeply, I think I will be able to solve the ambiguity of the conditional expression in Chöphaeshinö. I am planning to solve this task based on this research. 조회수 2

以上のように『捷解新語』に現れる條件表現について調査してみた。各々の形式について調査したことを整理してみると、次のようである。 「たらば」は時代が移りながらかえって「たれば」より多く使われ、後期江戶語では「たれば」　の用例をさがすことができなくなるという。 「ずば」「ねば」は否定の助動詞活用と関連があるものとして「ずば」は室町時代以後に衰退する傾向をみせるのだが、『捷解新語』でも原刊本で5例、改修本で1例、重刊本では1例もみられないように時代的な変遷が反映されていることがわかった。また「ねば」の場合にも資料がないひとつの例を除けば原刊本での表現がそのまま使われていた。　逆接の條件表現においては室町時代末期から江戸時代にかける変化の過程が『捷解新語』三本によく反映されていることがわかった。即ち、逆接の條件表現の「とも」が「ても」へ変化していて、「ども」が「けれども」へ変化していくことがわっかた。しかし、「とも」と「ども」が完全に衰退することではなく、「ても」、「けれども」と共に共存している。　このように『捷解新語』の條件表現について調べてみた。時代的な流れがよく反映された表現もあったし、時代的な流れが反映されずにそのまま使われている表現もあった。また、時代的な流れに逆行したと見ることのできる表現もあった。しかし、言語というものがある一時点まで使われ、ある一時点から消滅するものではないゆえ、その境界線を引くのが難しいという事実を考えてみる時、『捷解新語』に現れている條件表現が時代的な変遷に合っていないと言い切ることはできないようだ。したがって、『捷解新語』の條件表現のおいても近代語に移り行く過渡期的な時代の変遷が槪してよくあらわれていると言えるでしょう。本考にて深く取り扱わなかった韓國語の部分と他の資料との比較部分を補完するならば、『捷解新語』にあらわれる條件表現の曖昧な部分を解決することができそうだ。今度の研究をもとにこれからの課題として解いていきたいと思う。

本研究の目的はL2学習者と成人日本語母語話者を対象として、文完成テストを行い、条件表現の習得の特徴と固まりの形式․意味的な要因との関係を検証することである。そのため、発話データからの傾向を仮説として提示し、L2学習者と日本語母語話者の使用傾向を明らかにした。その結果、以下の3点が検証された。まず、(ⅰ) 中級以上のL2学習者の条件表現の習得には特定の固まりの形式が存在している、(ⅱ) 中級以上のL2学習者の条件表現の習得においては「仮定性の有無」による条件表現の選択に差がある、(ⅲ) 中級以上のL2学習者と日本語母語話者の固まりの形式の使用には差がなく、「仮定性の有無」による意味的な面においての使用傾向に差があることが明らかになった。本研究での日本語学習者の発話データ、調査による検証による傾向から考えると、日本語学習者は意味用法の細かな分類からの影響だけではなく、固まりのような形式的な使用にも影響されていることが分かった。更に、本研究は学習者の発話に注目することで、従来までは外されていた部分に焦点を置き、それが鍵となり、L2学習者の条件表現の習得の特徴を明らかにすることが出来た。本研究で条件表現の習得に関する全ての疑問点を明らかにすることは出来ないが、条件表現の習得に新たな要因の働きを提示出来たと考えられる。

本稿は、周辺的な条件表現であるニヨルト․ニヨレバとトイイ․バイイ․タライイ․ナライイの形式を取り上げ、これらの類似表現に「と」「ば」「たら」「なら」のどのような特徴が影響を及ぼしているのか考察をした。 ニヨルト․ニヨレバは形式化が進み、使い分けが明確になされているとは言いがたいが、前文で述べた内容の根拠となるものの出どころを表す場合にはニヨレバが用いられる。この時、「他でもないこれによれば」というように出どころを強調するが、これは「ば」の排他性が影響している。これに対しニヨルトは強調しないため、客観的なニュアンスを与える。 トイイ․バイイ․タライイ․ナライイでは「と」「ば」「たら」「なら」の特徴が明確に現れている。トイイは前件と後件が当然そのようになるという関係で結ばれる場合に用いられる。バイイは前者の内容が重要であるということを述べる。タライイは前件が仮定的に述べられる。ナライイは前件の事柄が真であると仮定して用いるため、他の形式と置き換えた場合、意味が異なってしまう。このように各形式の特徴が周辺的な条件表現にも現れており、その使用方法に影響を及ぼしている。

The main purpose of this study is to examine the extended pragmatic meaning of conditional expressions in Japanese. Assuming that the causal relation is the basic semantic meaning of conditional expressions, the present study is to provide some functional insights into the use of Japanese conditional expressions in terms of pragmatic inferences. In addition to the core meaning from a structural and semantic perspective, the interactional meanings play a pivotal role in the explanations of conditional expression in Japanese.

本稿は多様な意味用法を表している日本語の条件表現を表す表現形態「ば・と・たら・なら」が、実用において、今まで提示されてきた意味用法とどのような面で類似点と相違点を有しているのか、また、条件表現における表現形態の使用実態を調査すべく、日本の大学に在学中の日本人大学生115名を対象に実態調査を行った。今回の調査の際には、「ば・と・たら・なら」それぞれの形態の共通の意味用法を統合し、個別的な意味用法とともに、1)真理のような既定的な条件表現、2)一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現、3)習慣のような反復性の条件表現、4)前置き的用法、慣用的な言い方、ことわざ、5)仮定条件表現、6)反事実的条件表現、7)並立的条件表現、8)話題提示、9)前件が事実の文の場合の表現、10)きっかけの文、11)発見の文、12)連続の文、13)同時(時)の文、の13項目に分けて、50個の例文を対象に調査を行った。調査の結果から見れば、「ば・と・たら・なら」はそれぞれの意味用法の範疇内で選択される場合もあれば意味用法に準じずに多様な表現形態が選択される場合もあった。主な特徴を見ると、「真理のような既定的な条件表現」を表す場合、接続助詞「ば・と」の固有の意味用法であるという認識と違って頻繁な「たら」の出現が見られた。また、「一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現」を表す場合も「ば・と・たら」の固有の表現領域であると認識されてきたのと違って「なら」及び「のだったら・のなら」の出現も見られた。「仮定条件表現」を表す場合においては、多様な文末表現と相応する表現形態がその形態の既存の意味用法とはずれていたり境界が曖昧だったりして、混用を許していると見られる結果が出た。混用の著しい現象としては、「ば」と「なら」の固有の意味用法である「並立的条件表現」を表す場合における「たら」の選択であった。しかし、このような調査結果から現れた現象を意味用法の変化と受け取るのは早く、今の段階では、実用における意味用法の境界線の曖昧性からの複数の選択と、「たら」の意味拡張現象であると見なすべきであり、条件表現の表現教育においては、既存の意味用法に委ねるだけでは問題があり、実態結果を反映するべきであろう。

본고는 일본어 조건문의 표현의도에 초점을 맞추어 대인적 모달리티를 중심으로 고찰했다. 대인적 모달리티 문에는 주로 [ba・tara]가 나타나고, 한국어는 ｢-면・-거든｣이 대응한다. 조건형태가 나타나는 대인적 모달리티 문에서는 선행절과 후행절의 관계가 긴밀할수록 후행절의 실현가능성이 높아진다. 이러한 성격을 갖는 구문에는 [tara]의 출현빈도가 높다. [tara]가 명제내용영역에 나타나는 것도 조건성립 가능성을 높이는 조건 에 든다. 이 경우에 대응하는 ｢-면｣은 화자와 청자의 사정이나 상황과는 관계없이 행위를 요구할 수 있는 형태이므로 사 용제한이 없다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 화자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠화자＝행위자＞, 청 자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠청 자＝행위자＞의 등식이 조건이고, 후행절에는 화자와 관계된 의지표현 등이 가능하지 않다는 인칭 의 제한이 있다. [nara]는, 대사적 모달리티와 대인적 모달리티 모두와 함께 나타나며 청자 측의 정보 뿐 아니라 문 환경에 따라 서는 화자 측의 정보도 조건으로 제시할 수 있다. 일본어 조건표현에 나타나는 형태 [ba・to・tara・nara]는 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나는데, [nara]구문은 다양한 표현의 종속절이 나타나고, 시제표시 면에서도 [ba・to・tara]와 다른 면을 가지 고 있다. 대응하는 한국어 ｢-면)｣은 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나지만 조건표현만을 나타낸 다. 그러나 ｢-거든｣은 조건표현에서도 가정성이 없는 대인적 모달리티와만 함께 나타나며 인칭제한이 있다.

This study is studying Performativity modality focusing on Japanese expressional intension in conditional sentences. In usual, [ba・tara] are found in Performativity modality sentence, corresponding to Korean ｢- myeon｣ and ｢-geodeun｣. In Performativity modality which has conditional expression, the more closer the relationship between antecedent clause and following clause, the higher the realistic possibility of following clause becomes. Sentences with this feature has a high possibility of [tara]. It is one of the conditions which makes the possibility of materialization of conditions higher for [tara] to have practical scope of meaning. In this case, there's no limitation of using the corresponding ｢-myeon｣, because it is the form that can require action regardless of the situation of the speaker or listener. However, for ｢-geodeun｣, there is the condition for the speaker, <the agent of conditional expression≠the speaker=the agent>, and <the agent of conditional expression≠the listener=the agent> for the condition for the listener. Moreover, there's limitation on the Performativity expression that the intentional expression related to the speaker is not possibile in the following clause. [nara] can be used with both objective and Performativity modality and suggest not only the information of the listener but the information of the speaker as a condition according to the sentence. The form of [ba・to・tara・nara] in Japanese conditional expression can occur with both objective and Performativity modality. [nara] is in the dependent clause in a variety of expressions and has the difference with [ba・to・ tara] in the aspect of tense expression. Its corresponding Korean ｢-myeon｣can occur with both objective and Performativity modality, however, it's only limited to the conditional expression. Moreover,｢-geodeun｣occurs with Performativity modality that doesn't have the subjunctive mood and has limitation on the Performativity expression.

The ascomycete fungus Fusarium graminearum is an important plant pathogen responsible for Fusarium head blight in small grains and ear rot on maize. This fungus also produces the estrogenic metabolite, zearalenone (ZEA) that causes estrogenic disorders in humans and animals. Previously, we developed a conditional gene expression system for this fungus using a ZEA-inducible promoter (Pzear). In the present study, four other estrogenic compounds, including ${\beta}$-estradiol, estriol, estrone, and secoisolariciresinol, were screened as possible substitutes for ZEA in this system. Among them, ${\beta}$-estradiol was able to successfully induce the expression of a gene controlled by Pzear, while estrone was only able to partially induce its expression but the other two compounds were not effective. In combination, these results demonstrate that ${\beta}$-estradiol can replace ZEA in this conditional gene expression system, thereby eliminating the need to use the more expensive reagent, ZEA, and facilitating high-throughput functional analyses of F. graminearum in future studies.

본 논문은 일본어 조건표현에 나타나는 「ba･to･tara･nara」에 대응하는 한국어 표현형태의 대응양상을 통하여 일본어 표현교육의 방법을 모색하고자 한 것이다. 일본어 형태에 대응하는 한국어 형태는, 진리와 같은 기정적 조건을 나타내는 「ba･to･tara」에는 「-면」、일반적인 사실을 나타내는 항상조건을 나타내는 「ba･to･tara」에는 「-면･-ㄴ다면」、습관과 같은 반복적인 조건을 나타내는 「tara」에는 「-면･-ㄴ다면」、서론제시의 용법의 「ba」에는 「-면･-ㄴ다면」、가정조건을 나타내는 「ba･tara･nara･tanara･(yo)umononara･tosurunara」에는 「-면･-ㄴ다면/-라면」、반사실적인 조건을 나타내는 「ba･tara･nara･tanara」에는 「-면･-ㄴ다면･-ㄴ거라면･-ㄹ거였더라면」、병립적인 조건을 나타내는 「ba･nara」에는 「-라면･-ㄴ다면･-ㄴ가 하면」、화제제시의 기능을 하는 「nara(dattara)」에는 「-라면」、전건이 사실인 조건표현을 나타내는 「ba･tara」에는 「-니까･-ㅆ더니」、계기를 나타내는 「to」에는 「-자･-니까･-ㅆ더니･-더니」、발견을 나타내는 「to･tara」에는 「-ㅆ더니･-니까･-자」、연속성 구문에 나타나는 「to」에는 「-더니」、동시성 구문에 나타나는 「to」에는 「-ㅆ더니･-니까」가 대응한다는 결과가 나타났다. 이와 같은 대응양상과 한국어 표현형태가 나타내는 의미기능과 특징을 근거로 하여 한국어를 모국어로 하는 일본어학습자에게 일본어 조건표현을 나타내는 4형태의 의미기능과 특징을 이해시킴으로서 일본어 표현교육의 한 방법으로 삼고자 한다.

본고는 한국인 일본어 상급 학습자의 조건표현의 사용 실태를 밝히고 상급 단계에서의 조건표현 학습의 방향을 고찰하는 것에 목적이 있다. 조건표현은 다양한 커뮤니케이션 장면에서 빈번히 사용되는 표현이나 학습자들이 학습에 어려움을 겪는 항목이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 학습자와 모어화자가 같은 주제로 작성한 의견문 데이터베이스에서 ‘と’, ‘ば’, ‘たら’, ‘なら’가 포함된 조건문을 모두 추출한 후 각 조건표현 사용의 전체적인 경향을 파악하여 비교・분석하여 고찰하는 방법으로 진행하였다. 고찰의 결과 모어화자는 ‘ば’의 사용이 압도적으로 많았으며 다음으로 ‘と’의 사용률이 높았는데 주로 필연적이고 항상적인 관계의 조건문에서는 ‘と’를 사용하고 후건에 필자의 주관적인 의견이 오는 경우는 ‘ば’를 사용하는 경향을 보였다. 한편 학습자는 ‘と’, ‘ば’, ‘たら’의 사용량에 비교적 큰 차이가 없었는데 ‘ば’의 사용량은 모어화자보다 현저히 적었으며 모어화자는 거의 사용하지 않은 ‘たら’의 사용량은 월등히 많았기 때문이다. 또한 모어화자와 달리 후건에 주관적 의견이 오는 경우에 ‘と’를 많이 사용하는 등 각 조건표현을 구별하여 사용하는 눈에 띄는 기준을 발견하기 어려웠다. 따라서 상급 학습자에게는 ‘と’의 의미 용법에 관한 학습이 가장 필요한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 학습자가 모어화자와 달리 ‘ば’의 사용을 피하고 대신 ‘と’를 사용할 수 있는 것은 이 ‘と’의 용법에 관한 이해가 아직 부족한 것에 원인이 있기 때문이다.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the actual conditional expressions of Korean learners of the Japanese language at advanced level and to study the direction of conditional expression learning in the advanced stages.　This is because conditional expression is an expression frequently used in various communication scenes or items that learners have difficulty learning.　This study extracts all the conditional statements used in the opinion essay database written by the learners and the native speakers on the same topic. And the general trend of using each conditional expression was identified, compared, analyzed, and considered. According to the result of the review, the native speakers overwhelmingly used ‘ば’, followed by と''. The difference was obvious. The conditional sentence of the inevitably and constantly relational relationship tends to use ‘と’, and in case of subjective opinions in the back, ‘ば’ tends to be used. On the other hand, the learners showed no significant differences in the usage of と と, ば, and た ら, not only in number but also in content because the usage of ‘ば’ was significantly less than the native speakers, and the usage of ‘た ら’ was significantly higher. In addition, unlike native speakers, it was difficult to find a prominent criterion that distinguishes each conditional expression by using ‘と’ when a subjective opinion comes after it. Each conditional expression could be seen to be distinguished by senses rather than knowledge. Therefore, it can be seen that what the advanced learners need most is learning about the meaning of ‘と’.　In particular, it is necessary to learn through various examples. Unlike native speakers, learners can avoid using ‘ば’ and use ‘と’ instead because they still lack understanding of the usage of ‘と’. And for more accurate analysis, it is necessary to study various writings as well as opinions.

本研究は日本語の条件表現を表す形態「なら」に関する研究である。「なら」は前件命題の外で働きかける。そして、ある状況を条件として設定する機能が大前提にある。また、「なら」は助動詞「だ」から派生したが条件表現を表す形態として独立的に設定されているので、接続助詞として認めなければならない。「なら」が現れる構文特徴は、前件内容に関わらず、話者がある状況を条件として設定する働きが主であるので、真理や一般的な反復性の事柄を表す場合以外は制約がない。「なら」は話者の心的態度を表すことに目的である形態であるので、後件の文末には断定的な叙述表現以外はモダリティの制約はない。時制表示の場合、「なら」は構文内容において現在時や未来時における事柄の表現が可能であるが、これらは前件の時制表示に限るものであり、後件は「なら」条件文の後件の文末特徴どおり、発話時か発話時以後の時制が現れることになる。即ち、「なら」文はモダリティと時制表示の問題が深く関連しているということである。「なら」の意味特性を見ると、「なら」は基本的に条件性を表す形態として、仮定条件を表す仮定性、反事実的な条件を提示する仮想性、話題や主題の提示性が含まれていて、ある状況を条件として設定して提示し、そのことに関する話者の心的態度を表すことに目的がある形態である。

This study explores the form nara, which represents the conditional meaning in Japanese. The form nara connects to the upcoming main clause, and influences from outside of the proposition of the preceding clause. Its use has the premise that sets the situation to a condition. The from is derived from the auxiliary verb [da] and is established as a form representing the conditional meaning, so it should be recognized as a connective. The syntax characteristic of nara is that the it functions to set up a situation as a condition regardless of whether the proposition of the precrding clause is true or not, and thus the form is not constrained unless it indicates a truth or a general repetition of an event. Since nara is a form to express the psychological attitude of the speaker, the Modality that conveys the speaker’s will appears at the end of the upcoming clause and the Modality is not constrained except for an assertive narrative representation sush as the description statement. In the case of Tense indication, nara can be expressed in the syntax content of the future point of view, but this is for the preceding clause only, and the upcoming elause, according to the characteristics of the sentence of nara, appears at the time of utterance or after the time of utterance. Such special features of the nara statement are so because the syntax of nara has a deep relationship with the display of the Modality and the Tense. Finally, nara 's semanteme is basically a condition, the purpose of which is, in the form of semantic characteristics, to present a hypothesis, semi-realistic condition that appears in the expression of assumption conditions, the presentation of a topic or subject, and the semantic characteristics of circumstances that are presented by setting the condition to indicate the psychological attitude of the speaker.

본고는 제2언어학습자에게서 보이는 조건표현의 습득 프로세스에는 어떠한 특징이 있는가, 학습자의 조건표현 습득과정의 한 부분을 명백히 하는 동시에 그 사용 원인의 하나인 학습교재(＝교과서)와의 관련성에 대해 검토한 것이다. 선행논문에서 지적된 과제에 대해 본고에서는 발화데이터·일본어 교과서를 이용하여 분석·고찰한 결과, L2학습자는 조건표현마다 특정한 형식을 지닌 표현에 주목하여 그것을 사용함으로써 조건표현 간의 구별을 하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 동시에 이러한 L2학습자의 사용(구별)에 교과서가 영향을 끼치고 있을 가능성은 낮다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 상기의 결과로부터 명시적으로 문법항목을 제시하며, 풍부한 예문을 보여줌으로써 학습자 스스로가 언어형식에 주목하며 규칙을 유출해 가는 지도방법인「form-focused instruction」을 소개하고 보다 효과적인 조건표현의 지도 방법에 대해 제안하고 있다.

This paper examines the end of the acquisition process a student's conditional expression about relevance with learning materials (= textbook) as one of use factors at the same time it shows clearly what kind of feature is among the acquisition processes of the conditional expression seen by the second language student. In this paper, it analyzed by the method which used utterance data and a Japanese textbook about the subject pointed out in precedence knowledge. As a result, such L2 student's use found that a possibility that the study from a textbook has influenced was low at the same time it became clear that L2 student is observing a specific form for every conditional expression in use of a conditional expression. And while a grammar item is explicitly shown from the above-mentioned result, abundant examples were given, and the student introduced automatically "form-focused instruction" which is a teaching method which extracts a rule paying attention to language form, and has proposed about the teaching method of a more effective conditional expression.

Zone conditional formulation for the Reynolds average reaction progress variable is used to derive an asymptotic expression for turbulent burning velocity. New DNS runs are performed for validation in a statistically one dimensional steady state configuration. Parametric study is performed with respect to turbulent intensity, integral length scale, density ratio and laminar flame speed. Results show good agreement between DNS results and the asymptotic expression in terms of measured maximum flame surface density and estimated turbulent diffusivity in unburned gas.

Zone conditional formulations for the Reynolds average reaction progress variable are used to derive an asymptotic expression for turbulent burning velocity. New DNS runs are performed for validation in a statistically one dimensional steady state configuration. Parametric study is performed with respect to turbulent intensity, integral length scale, density ratio and laminar flame speed. Results show good agreement between DNS results and the asymptotic expression in terms of measured maximum flame surface density and estimated turbulent diffusivity in unburned gas.

本稿は多様な意味用法を表している日本語の条件表現を表す表現形態「ば・と・たら・なら」が、実用において、今まで提示されてきた意味用法とどのような面で類似点と相違点を有しているのか、また、条件表現における表現形態の使用実態を調査すべく、日本の大学に在学中の日本人大学生115名を対象に実態調査を行った。今回の調査の際には、「ば・と・たら・なら」それぞれの形態の共通の意味用法を統合し、個別的な意味用法とともに、1)真理のような既定的な条件表現、2)一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現、3)習慣のような反復性の条件表現、4)前置き的用法、慣用的な言い方、ことわざ、5)仮定条件表現、6)反事実的条件表現、7)並立的条件表現、8)話題提示、9)前件が事実の文の場合の表現、10)きっかけの文、11)発見の文、12)連続の文、13)同時(時)の文、の13項目に分けて、50個の例文を対象に調査を行った。調査の結果から見れば、「ば・と・たら・なら」はそれぞれの意味用法の範疇内で選択される場合もあれば意味用法に準じずに多様な表現形態が選択される場合もあった。主な特徴を見ると、「真理のような既定的な条件表現」を表す場合、接続助詞「ば・と」の固有の意味用法であるという認識と違って頻繁な「たら」の出現が見られた。また、「一般的な事実を表す恒常条件表現」を表す場合も「ば・と・たら」の固有の表現領域であると認識されてきたのと違って「なら」及び「のだったら・のなら」の出現も見られた。「仮定条件表現」を表す場合においては、多様な文末表現と相応する表現形態がその形態の既存の意味用法とはずれていたり境界が曖昧だったりして、混用を許していると見られる結果が出た。混用の著しい現象としては、「ば」と「なら」の固有の意味用法である「並立的条件表現」を表す場合における「たら」の選択であった。しかし、このような調査結果から現れた現象を意味用法の変化と受け取るのは早く、今の段階では、実用における意味用法の境界線の曖昧性からの複数の選択と、「たら」の意味拡張現象であると見なすべきであり、条件表現の表現教育においては、既存の意味用法に委ねるだけでは問題があり、実態結果を反映するべきであろう。

본 연구는 조건을 나타내는 표현 ‘-은/는 한’의 의미를 기존의 사실성, 지속 성, 필요조건 등의 설명으로는 충분히 포괄하기 어렵다는 문제를 지적하며, 이 를 보완하기 위해 ‘-은/는 한’의 의미를 세 가지로 구분하고 각각의 의미적 특성 과 상호 관계를 규명하였다. 첫째, ‘-은/는 한’은 다른 조건에 대해서는 확언할 수 없으나 적어도 제시된 조건에 한해 논할 때 후행절 결과가 성립함을 나타내 는 충분조건의 의미를 지닌다. 둘째, 제시된 조건이 결여된 다른 조건은 배제하 고 제시된 조건이 있는 경우에 한하여서만 후행절 결과가 성립함을 나타내는 필요조건의 의미를 표현한다. 셋째, 특정 사태가 지속되는 끝까지 후행절 결과 가 성립함을 나타내는 지속조건의 의미를 갖는다. 이러한 세 가지 의미는 ‘-은/ 는 한’에 포함된 ‘한(限)’의 의미를 기반으로 서로 관련을 맺으며, 해당 표현이 조건의 한계를 강조함으로써 한계선 안팎의 대립과 시간적 지속성까지도 표현 할 수 있음을 논하였다.

This study points out the issue that existing explanations of the conditional expression ‘-eun/neun han’, such as those based on factuality, durativity, and necessity, cannot fully account for its range of uses. To address this, the study divides the meaning of ‘-eun/neun han’ into three categories and examines the semantic characteristics of each category and interrelations between them. First, ‘-eun/neun han’ conveys a sufficient condition, indicating that the result of the following clause holds true under the proposed condition, even though other conditions cannot be affirmed. Second, it expresses a necessary condition, where the result of the following clause holds only when the specified condition is present, excluding any other conditions that lack the proposed condition. Third, it conveys a durative condition, indicating that the result of the following clause holds as long as a certain situation continues. These three meanings are interrelated based on the concept of limitation embedded in the ‘han’ component of ‘-eun/neun han’. In essence, this study argues that this expression emphasizes the boundaries of conditions, thus enabling the representation of opposition between what lies within and outside those boundaries, as well as the temporal duration of the condition.

接続助詞「と」は「時間性」を秘めている形態である。しかし、「と」が条件表現に現われる場合は構文特徴のために表面上は時間性が関わっていないように見える。だが、「と」が接続する前件と後件が時間線上における出来事としての関係であることからも現われるが、「と」が事実的用法を表す場合に対応する韓国語の形態に「-더니(tɔni)」、「-자(마자)(tʃa(maja))」や「-ㄹ 때(l tʼe)」のような時間と密接な関係にある形態が現われることからも確認できる。「と」の成立からも明らかになっているように、緊密度の差はあるものの、同時的用法に秘められた「時間性」が意義の根底にある。今回の考察で明らかになったのは接続助詞「と」に対応する韓国語の形態から時間性が意義に含まれることが証明された。このような特徴を考えながら接続助詞「と」の意義をまとめると、順接条件を表す接続助詞「と」は時間性を秘めながら、順行の時間線上において前件と後件として現われる事柄を接続することで文環境に応じたそれぞれの意味用法を産み出す形態であると言える。 　接続助詞「と」に対応する韓国語の形態を見ると、条件表現の場合は、「-면(mjɔn)」、「-다면(tamjɔn)」、「-라면(ramjɔn)」、「-(어･아)ㅆ으면((ɔ･a)ssɯmjɔn)」、「-(어･아)ㅆ다면((ɔ･a)tʼamjɔn)」のような「-면(mjɔn)」系の形態と「-거든(kɔdɯn)」が対応し、事実的用法には「-니까(nikʼa)」、「-자(마자)(tʃa(maja))」、「-더니(tɔni)」、「-(어･아)ㅆ더니 ((ɔ･a)tʼɔni)」、「-ㄹ 때(l tʼe)」が対応して、「と」の特性を明確に見せている。

In this study, it was done textbook analysis due to find out the learning process of conditional expression of Korean Japanese learner from angle of external factor for textbook of Japanese which using at High school Japanese education field in Korea. As a result, there were the first thing is that conditional expression at the textbook of High school Japanese is handled fragmentarily and a tendency to repetitively use the same sentence or tendency to bias to one usage by type. Regarding the format, in all the textbooks, it was most concerned about the ‘To’ format among the 4 types. Regarding the handling of each type, the 'To' format has many descriptions about showing the way, the ‘Ba’ and ‘Tara’ forms are overwhelmingly idiomatic expressions, and the ‘Nara’ form has many expressions representing the subject. In this way, from the textbook which prefers a certain usage, the Korean Japanese learner of high school can not exclude the possibility of inputting the conditional expression by being inclined to any one expression in all usage. However, because the format and usage of condition expressions are not the same according to the textbooks, the learner is prevented from learning the condition expressions in a balanced manner depending on which textbook is used. In other words, we found that there is a big difference in the input of learners' knowledge according to the textbooks used at school. In addition, reflecting the fact that condition expressions are difficult to learn, it has been found that many usages were not divided in terms of the expression ‘To, Ba, Tara, Nara’ in high school Japanese language education.

본고는 일본어 조건문의 표현의도에 초점을 맞추어 대인적 모달리티를 중심으로 고찰했다. 대인적 모달리티 문에는 주로 [ba・tara]가 나타나고, 한국어는 「-면・-거든」이 대응한다. 조건형태가 나타나는 대인적 모달리티 문에서는 선행절과 후행절의 관계가 긴밀할수록 후행절의 실현가능성이 높아진다. 이러한 성격을 갖는 구문에는 [tara]의 출현빈도가 높다. [tara]가 명제내용영역에 나타나는 것도 조건성립 가능성을 높이는 조건에 든다. 이 경우에 대응하는 「-면」은 화자와 청자의 사정이나 상황과는 관계없이 행위를 요구할 수 있는 형태이므로 사용제한이 없다. 그러나 「-거든」은 화자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠화자＝행위자＞, 청자에 관한 사항의 경우는 ＜조건절의 주체≠청자＝행위자＞의 등식이 조건이고, 후행절에는 화자와 관계된 의지표현 등이 가능하지 않다는 인칭의 제한이 있다. [nara]는, 대사적 모달리티와 대인적 모달리티 모두와 함께 나타나며 청자 측의 정보 뿐 아니라 문 환경에 따라서는 화자 측의 정보도 조건으로 제시할 수 있다. 일본어 조건표현에 나타나는 형태 [ba・to・tara・nara]는 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나는데, [nara]구문은 다양한 표현의 종속절이 나타나고, 시제표시 면에서도 [ba・to・tara]와 다른 면을 가지고 있다. 대응하는 한국어 「-면)」은 대사적 모달리티와도 대인적 모달리티와도 함께 나타나지만 조건표현만을 나타낸다. 그러나 「-거든」은 조건표현에서도 가정성이 없는 대인적 모달리티와만 함께 나타나며 인칭제한이 있다.

This study is studying Performativity modality focusing on Japanese expressional intension in conditional sentences. In usual, [ba?tara] are found in Performativity modality sentence, corresponding to Korean 「-myeon」 and 「-geodeun」. In Performativity modality which has conditional expression, the more closer the relationship between antecedent clause and following clause, the higher the realistic possibility of following clause becomes. Sentences with this feature has a high possibility of [tara]. It is one of the conditions which makes the possibility of materialization of conditions higher for [tara] to have practical scope of meaning. In this case, there's no limitation of using the corresponding 「-myeon」, because it is the form that can require action regardless of the situation of the speaker or listener. However, for 「-geodeun」, there is the condition for the speaker, <the agent of conditional expression≠the speaker=the agent>, and <the agent of conditional expression≠the listener=the agent> for the condition for the listener. Moreover, there's limitation on the Performativity expression that the intentional expression related to the speaker is not possibile in the following clause. [nara] can be used with both objective and Performativity modality and suggest not only the information of the listener but the information of the speaker as a condition according to the sentence. The form of [ba?to?tara?nara] in Japanese conditional expression can occur with both objective and Performativity modality. [nara] is in the dependent clause in a variety of expressions and has the difference with [ba?to?tara] in the aspect of tense expression. Its corresponding Korean 「-myeon」can occur with both objective and Performativity modality, however, it's only limited to the conditional expression. Moreover,「-geodeun」occurs with Performativity modality that doesn't have the subjunctive mood and has limitation on the Performativity expression.