Earticle

본 연구에서는 재난의 피해전개 양상을 분석하기 위해 코딩기법을 활용하여 재난보고서와 언론보도자료 내 재난 과정의 구성요소를 도출하고, 이를 범주화하였다. 태풍 차바(2016), 2018년 집중호우 및 태풍 솔릭, 태풍 링링(2019)을 대상으로 자료 내 재난이 전개되는 과정에 대한 서술을 개방코딩과정을 통해 추출하였다. 구성요소의 범주화는 위험관리(Risk Management)의 위험기술(Risk Statement)에서 활용되는 분석구조를 적용하여 속성에 따라 Hazard-Event-Impact으로 구조화하고, 연결 구조에 따라 7가지 유형으 로 분류하였다. 이를 통해 홍수재난과 강풍재난은 자연현상 및 인위적 요인이 복합적으로 연결된 인과적 연쇄 속에서 발생함을 확인하였다. 따라서, 재난의 전개과정을 분석함으로서 피해발생에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하고, 인적요인 혹은 재난관리를 통해 피해를 방지 혹은 저감할 수 있는 요인을 도출할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

In this study, coding of grounded theory was used to identify and categorize the components of the disaster progresses in disaster and media reports in order to analyze the evolution of disaster damage. The narratives of the disaster progresses in the data were extracted through open coding for typhoon Chaba (2016), the heavy rains and typhoon Solik (2018), and typhoon Lingling (2019). The components were categorized into a hazard-event-impact (H-E-I) structure based on their attributes, using the analytical framework from the risk statement approach, and were grouped into seven types based on their connection patterns. Through this analysis, it was confirmed that flood and storm disasters occur as part of a causal chain involving complex interactions between natural process and human factors. Therefore, analyzing the disaster progression can identify factors affecting damage occurrence and enable the derivation of measures to prevent or mitigate impacts through human intervention or disaster management strategies.

3D 프린팅 기반의 교육용 콘텐츠 제작과 보급은 창의적 문제 해결의 코딩 교육을 리드하고 활성화하는데 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 아두이노를 활용하여 특화된 기능을 제공하는 8비트 MCU 기반 제어 보드 및 3D 프린팅 기반의 다양한 융합 콘텐츠를 개발하였다. 개발된 제어 프로그램은 양방향 통신을 기본 지원하므로 다양한 모니터링 패킷 지원으로 초당 10회 이상 수행한다. 또한, 다양한 정보 전달을 위한 최적화된 통신 프로토콜을 사용하여 여러 콘텐츠 제어가 가능해진 다. 개발된 제어 보드와 3D 프린팅으로 제작된 콘텐츠들은 코딩의 원리와 개념을 교육하는 프로그래밍 교육 도구로 유용하 게 활용할 수 있다.

It is a key role in leading and activating coding education as a process to solve problems creatively to produce and provide the educational contents on the basis of 3D printing. In this paper, we develop a variety of fusion contents to use 3D printing and 8bit MCU base control board which provides specific functions through Arduino. The developed control program conducts various packet monitoring more than ten times per a second, supporting intrinsically full duplex. In addition, communication protocol optimized in conveying a lot of information enables to control different contents. The contents produced with the control board and 3D printing are useful as a programming education tool to train the principle and the concept of coding.

본 연구는 학교에서 SW와 인공지능 교육에 대한 관심이 확대되는 시점에서 코딩을 가르치는 방법의 이론적 배경을 탐구하고자 하였다. 학교 현장의 코딩 교육은 매우 다양한 형태로 나타난다. 학교의 코딩 교육의 실제적 장면에서 어떻게 가르칠 것인가는 매우 중요한 과제이다. 이를 위하여 코딩 교육을 위한 사회적 구성주의의 개 념과 페퍼트의 구성주의 접근 방식을 탐구하였다. 페퍼트의 ‘생각하게 하는 사물’의 비유를 통하여 사회적 지식 의 구성의 의미를 분석하였다. 코딩 교육을 위한 사회적 구성주의적 접근 모형 5가지를 분석하였으며, 이를 바탕 으로 코딩 교육을 위한 학습 전략을 제시하였다. 그것은 만들기, 팅커링하기, 협력과 공유하기, 스캐폴딩과 학습 의 주도성, 실체적 객체의 활용 등이다. 코딩 교육에 관한 사회적 구성주의에 대한 탐구와 관련 연구가 학교 현 장의 교육에 도움이 되기를 기대한다.

This study attempted to explore the theoretical background of the method of teaching coding at a time when interest in software and artificial intelligence education in schools is expanding. Coding education in the school field appears in a wide variety of forms. How to teach in the practical scene of coding education in schools is a very important task. For this, the concept of social constructivism for coding education and Papert's approach to constructionism were explored. The meaning of the composition of social knowledge was analyzed through Papert's analogy of ‘objects to think with’. Five social constructionist approaches to coding education were analyzed, and based on this, a learning strategy for coding education was suggested. It includes making, tinkering, cooperation and sharing, scaffolding and agency in learning, and the use of tangible media. It is hoped that the exploration of social constructionism in coding education and related research will be helpful to the educational method in the school field.

본 연구의 목적은 학습자들의 창의적 신앙문제 해결을 위한 교육방법인 게이미피 케이션 기반 블록형 코딩을 활용한 기독교교육과정 설계모형과 콘텐츠 개발모형을 제 시하는 것이다. 오늘날 4차 산업혁명과 포스트휴머니즘은 우리 사회와 산업에 영향을 미쳤을 뿐 아니라 교육의 영역에도 많은 영향을 끼치고 있다. 학습자들은 지식과 정 보를 암기하고 문제를 푸는 방식의 교육이 아닌 자신에게 주어진 실제 문제들을 인터 넷이나 스마트 기기들을 활용하여 능동적이고 창의적으로 해결하는 능력이 필요한 시 대가 되었다. 이러한 상황에서 최근 일반 교육에서 본격적으로 사용되고 있는 교육방 법 중 하나가 게이미피케이션과 코딩을 활용한 방법이다. 게이미피케이션은 게임의 원리를 활용하여 교육활동에 적용하는 방식이며 블록형 코딩은 알고리즘이 포함된 블 록을 온라인 화면 상에서 조합하여 특정한 행동을 구현해 내는 교육방법이다. 본 연구에서는 게이미피케이션을 기반으로 하는 블록형 코딩 방식의 기독교교육 콘텐츠를 개발하기 위한 교육과정 설계모형과 콘텐츠 개발 모형을 제시하여 기독교교육에 활용 가능한 교육 콘텐츠를 제작할 수 있도록 하였다. 또한 본 연구에서는 게이미피케이션 과 블록형 코딩 방식의 기독교교육 콘텐츠를 제작 및 활용하는데 있어서 고려해야 할 점을 제시하였다. 첫째, 게이미피케이션이 온라인 미디어를 활용해야 한다는 구조적 특성으로 인해 온라인 중독의 문제가 발생할 수 있으며 중독에 대한 성경적 관점을 고려하여 교육과정을 설계해야 한다. 둘째, 온라인과 오프라인을 동시에 활용할 수 있 는 블렌디드 러닝 혹은 플립드 러닝을 적용하여 면대면 교육과 비대면 교육이 줄 수 있는 교육적 유익을 활용해야 한다. 셋째, 게이미피케이션 기반 교육활동이 효과를 얻 기 위해서 가정의 부모와 연계하는 교육과정을 설계해야 한다. 넷째, 게이미피케이션 기 반 교육활동을 한 후에는 반드시 교육적 성취와 관련한 신앙교육 평가를 실시해야 한다.

The purpose of this study is to present a Christian curriculum design model and content development model using gamification-based block coding. Today, the Fourth Industrial Revolution and post-humanism have not only affected our society and industry, but also have a lot of influence on the field of education. Learners need the ability to actively and creatively solve real problems given to them using the Internet or smart devices, rather than education in the way of memorizing knowledge and information. In this situation, one of the educational methods that are being used in general education in recent years is the method using gamification and coding. Gamification is a method of applying the principles of a game to educational activities, and block-type coding is an educational method that implements specific behavior by combining blocks containing algorithms on an online screen. In this study, a curriculum design model and a content development model for developing Christian education contents in a block-type coding method based on gamification were presented. In addition, in this study, points to be considered in the use of a gamification and block coding method were suggested. First, the problem of online addiction may arise due to the structural characteristics that gamification must use online media, and the curriculum must be designed in consideration of the biblical view of addiction. Second, it is necessary to utilize the educational benefits that face-to-face education and non-face-to-face education by applying blended learning or flipped learning that can be used both online and offline. Third, in order for gamification-based educational activities to be effective, it is necessary to design a curriculum in connection with the parents. Fourth, after gamification-based educational activities, faith education evaluation related to educational achievement must be conducted.

이 논문은 종교와 과학의 대화를 위한 것이다. 먼저, 과학기술을 자연철학, 혹은 자연신학으로 설정하고, 자연철학의 영역을 살피며 종교와 대화의 접촉점을 찾 고자 한다. 이것은 뇌과학→생물학→화학→물리학(천문학)→수학→철학/신학 순으 로 진행된다. 이후 과학기술혁명의 또 다른 차원인 디지털 혁명의 이미지 혁명과 코딩을 살펴본다. 이때 종교와 과학의 대화 결론으로, 영혼의 특성을 생명의 관점 에서 다양성, 통일성, 연속성이라고 전제한다면, 디지털에도 영혼이 있음을 주장 할 것이다(그것은 바로 소스코드이다). 마지막으로 과학과 종교가 만나는 지점을 계몽주의의 귀환인 ‘난사람(트랜스휴먼)’을 비판하며 등장한 ‘된사람(포스트휴먼)’ 으로 제시하고자 한다. ‘난사람’은 이성을 기반으로 한 인간중심주의와 이원론을 중심으로 세상을 지배하려고 하지만, ‘된사람’은 인간중심주의와 이원론을 해체한다. ‘인간/비인간’, ‘문화/자연’ 등 인위적 경계를 허물고, 종차별 등 모든 차별에 저항하는 것이다. 그리고 이것이 마음의 에큐메니즘을 넘어 만물의 에큐메니즘을 구성한다.

This thesis is for a dialogue between religion and science. First, science and technology are set as natural philosophy or natural theology, and the realm of natural philosophy is examined to find the contact point between religion and dialogue. This proceeds in the order of brain science → biology → chemistry → physics (astronomy) → mathematics → philosophy/theology. After that, we will look at the image revolution and coding of the digital revolution, another dimension of the scientific and technological revolution. Later, as a conclusion of the conversation between religion and science, if we presuppose the characteristics of the soul as diversity, unity, and continuity in terms of life, we will argue that digital also has a soul (that is, the source code). Finally, I would like to present the point where science and religion meet as a Posthuman that emerged criticizing Transhumans, the return of the Enlightenment. Transhuman tries to dominate the world around anthropocentrism and dualism based on reason, but posthuman dismantles anthropocentrism and dualism. It breaks down artificial boundaries such as ‘human/non-human’ and ‘culture/nature’ and resists all discrimination such as species discrimination. And this constitutes ‘the Ecumenism of All things’ beyond ‘the Ecumenism of the Mind’.

인공지능, 사물인터넷, 빅데이터 등으로 대표되는 4차 산업혁명은 사회의 산업구조 뿐만 아니라 교육의 내용에 있어서도 큰 변화를 가져왔다. 소방 방재 공학과 캡스톤 디자인의 경우 ICT나 IOT와 결합하는 형태의 결 과물에 대한 요구가 많아 졌다. 그러나 기존 학생들의 경우 컴퓨팅 사고나 코딩에 충분한 수업이 진행되지 않아 다양하게 요구되는 소방 환경에 적응적인 결과물을 만들어 내는데 부족함을 가지고 있었다. 이에 컴퓨팅 사고와 코딩을 수업에 포함시켜 소방 캡스톤 디자인 수업이 추구하는 목표를 달성하도록 했다. 연구결과 학생 작품의 다 양성, 문제 해결 능력, 협업 능력 등에 대한 만족도가 높아졌다. 미래 인재 양성을 위한 교육은 사회변화요구에 적 응할 수 있도록 빠르게 변화되어야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

The 4th industrial revolution, represented by artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and big data, has brought major changes not only in the industrial structure of society but also in the content of education. In the case of Department of Fire and Disaster Prevention Engineering capstone design, the demand for results in the form of combining with ICT or IOT has increased. However, in the case of existing students, there were insufficient classes for computational thinking and coding, so they had insufficient ability to produce results adaptive to the firefighting environment required in various ways. Therefore, computational thinking and coding were included in the class to achieve the goal pursued by the capstone design class. As a result of the study, satisfaction with the diversity of student work, problem solving ability, and collaboration ability increased. It was found that education for nurturing future talents must be changed rapidly to adapt to the demands of social change.

소프트웨어의 중요성이 확산됨에 따라 소프트웨어 교육 방법에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 프로그래 밍은 컴퓨터 과학에서 중요한 과목이지만, 프로그래밍 교육을 담당해야 할 예비 초등교사 대부분은 프로그래밍 원리에 대한 이해가 부족하다. 프로그래밍 학습에 도움을 줄 수 있는 새로운 교수법에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 그 래서 본 연구에서는 디자인 중심 모형을 활용하여 소프트웨어 교육을 할 수 있는 교수‧학습법을 제안하였다. 또 한 본 논문에서 제안한 교수‧학습법을 적용한 실험집단과 전통적인 강의법을 사용한 통제집단간의 프로그래밍 교육에 대한 학습동기와 학업성취도를 통계적으로 분석하였다. 프로그래밍 교육의 학습동기, 학업성취도를 비교 한 결과 디자인 중심 모형을 활용한 소프트웨어 교육이 학습동기와 학업성취도 측면에서 통계적으로 유의미한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다.

As the importance of software has been spread, the studies on ways of teaching software education have been actively progressed. A programming is important subject in computer science. However, most of undergraduates as prospective elementary teachers who will be in charge of teaching programming education have a lack of the understanding of programming principles. New pedagogical methods to help students to learn programming are needed. Therefore, in this paper, we investigated how programming education using design oriented model. And this study analyzed statistically the learning motivation and academic achievements of software education between a treatment group used the way suggested by this study and a control group used a traditional teaching way. As a result, the way suggested by this study was more meaningful in terms of the learning motivation and study achievements of software education than a traditional one.

본 연구는 예비교사를 양성하는 교육대학교의 ‘초등컴퓨터교육론’ 교과 교육 내용 중 프로그래밍 교육 사례 이다. 수업은 온라인으로 진행되었다. 예비교사에게 적용한 프로그래밍 교육방법은 시연중심으로 진행하였으며 예비교사들은 프로젝트 과제로 교과와 융합한 소프트웨어 교수학습 지도안을 제작하였다. 또한 이를 마이크로 티칭으로 발표하였고 평가로서 학생들의 프로그래밍 역량을 측정하기 위하여 온라인 실기 평가를 실시하였다. 예비교사들은 프로그래밍과 수업의 경험을 성찰노트로 작성하여 자신의 약점과 개선할 사항을 점검하였다. 연구 결과로 일부 예비교사들은 프로그래밍에 대해 어려움을 겪고 있었는데 그 내용은 무한반복의 개념 이해, 변수의 사용, 새로운 응용 프로그램의 제작 등으로 조사되었다.

This study is a case study of programming education among the contents of ‘Elementary Computer Education Theory’of the University of Education, which trains for pre-service teachers. The classes was conducted online. In this study, the programming education method applied to pre-service teacher was Demonstrated based Education, they produced a lessen plan that was fused with the use of software as a project task and presented it through micro-teaching. In addition, an online practical evaluation was conducted to measure pre-teachers' programming competencies as an evaluation. They wrote their experiences of programming and class as reflection notes to check their weaknesses and areas to improve. As a result of the research, some pre-teachers were having difficulty with programming have been investigated by understanding the concept of infinite repetition, using variables, and creating new application programs.

대학에서는 취업에 대한 부담을 완화시키고, 경제발전을 촉진할 수 있는 혁신창업인재를 양성하기 위하여 대학 생의 창업교육을 중시하고 있다. 중국은 “대중창업, 만인혁신”을 배경으로 대학생들에게 기업가 정신교육에 큰 비중을 두고 있지만, 실제 창업 성공률이 높지 않은 것은 창업능력의 부족에 기인한 것이다. 이에 본 논문은 중국 길림대학에 서 창업한 대학생들을 탐방대상으로 선정하였고, 이들에 대한 심층면접을 통하여 얻은 자료를 질적 연구방법인 귀납적 토대이론에 근거하여, 대학생들의 창업능력의 함축성에 대한 요소분석을 하였다. 이를 통하여 창업능력의 개념모형을 혁신적으로 제시하였다. 연구결과로는 대학생의 창업능력에는 창업 추진력, 관리능력, 창업 재능과 잠재 능력으로 구성 되어 있는 것으로 나타났다. 본 논문은 대학에서 창업 성공률을 높일 수 있는 창업교육을 실시하는데 지침적 의미가 있는 연구이다.

With the increase of employment pressure in China and the need of economic transformation, chinese government started to encourage college students to innovate and start their businesses to relieve the employment pressure. Due to the lack of entrepreneurship ability, the success rate of college students' entrepreneurship is not high. Therefore, based on the grounded theory and qualitative research methods, this paper focuses on the entrepreneurial ability of college students, selects college students who have started their own businesses in jilin university of China as interview objects, and summarizes the original data obtained in the in-depth interview for analyzing the connotation of college students' entrepreneurial ability, and puts forward the concept model of Chinese college students' entrepreneurial ability. The results show that the entrepreneurial ability of college students consists of driving force, management ability, entrepreneurial endowment, and potential ability. This study has certain guiding significance for universities to carry out entrepreneurship education.

2015 개정 교육과정에 따라 초등학생들을 위한 다양한 SW 교육 방안들이 현장에서 연구·개발·적용되고 있다. 하지만 대부분의 SW교육이 언플러그드와 영어 Text에 기반하고 있어 영어와 수학 활동에 익숙하지 않은 초등학교 어린이들뿐만 아니라 가르치는 교사에게도 어렵게 느껴지고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 게임과 아이콘을 통해 쉽게 코딩을 가르치고 배울 수 있는 Kodu game lab 기반 ‘아이콘 카드 보드’를 개발하였다. 스토리활동, 코딩활동, 협력활동(SCC) 전략기반의 17차시 SW교육과정으로 구성하여 적용·검증한 결과 학생들의 코딩에 대한 흥미도 및 수업모형에서 유의미한 결과를 보였으며 전체적인 SW수업에 대해서도 86%가 만족하는 것으로 응답하였다.

Based on revised 2015 curriculum, diversified SW education methods for elementary school students are researched, developed and applied. However, as most of SW education is based on English text, its coding process may be difficult for low graders of elementary school who are not familiar with English and Math. Under this situation, Kodu game lab based 'icon card board' by which coding could be learnt with ease through game and icon was developed and story activity, coding activity and collaboration activity (SCC) strategy based 17th session SW curriculum was applied and verified. As a result of research, in terms of satisfaction of students for SW class, students more than 86% recognized such class positively and a significant effect was obtained from students' interest level and learning model for coding.

In general, the Journal Article Tag Suite (JATS) extensible markup language (XML) coding is processed automatically by an XML filtering program. In this article, the basic tagging in JATS is explained in terms of coding practice. A text editor that supports UTF-8 encoding is necessary to input JATS XML data that works in every language. Any character representable in Unicode can be used in JATS XML, and commonly available web browsers can be used to view JATS XML files. JATS XML files can refer to document type definitions, extensible stylesheet language files, and cascading style sheets, but they must specify the locations of those files. Tools for validating JATS XML files are available via the web sites of PubMed Central and ScienceCentral. Once these files are uploaded to a web server, they can be accessed from all over the world by anyone with a browser. Encoding an example article in JATS XML may help editors in deciding on the adoption of JATS XML.

In 1997, the US National Science Foundation recognized the need to unite research communities together to solve mutual problems, overcome challenges, future development and practical applications of cryptography and error correction coding. Recent works in this area are connected with turbo codes, which have a special ability to provide error correction characteristics of the information transmission close to theoretically obtained values. Besides, they are used for television (DVB-RCS, DVB-RCT), wireless local networks (WiMAX), software-defined radio systems, mobile (3G, 4G, Inmarsat) and space (CCSDS) communications etc. In this article is presented the crypto coding system based on turbo codes with secret keys used by interleavers. All calculations are performed during data encoding, which reduces the computational complexity of data pre-encryption. The necessary mathematical apparatus was presented, the security level of the communication system was estimated, a simulation of the error correction characteristics was performed, and multimedia information was processed. The working characteristics of the classical and proposed turbo codecs do not differ statistically. The results can be used in communication systems for various functional purposes.

A simple relay selection scheme is proposed for analog network coding using differential modulation (ANC-DM). We propose a relay selection scheme based solely on the received signal power in which their own information is canceled out at each source node. The proposed power-based relay selection scheme is further applied to analog network coding using double-differential modulation (ANC-DDM), which is suitable for channels with carrier offset. Simulation results show that our proposed simple power-based criterion for relay selection in ANC-DM system has little loss compared to the optimal relay selection scheme using ideal BER.

The paper proposes reliable channel for medical uses via Physical Layer. The purpose is to serve medical data transmission from WBAN through the UMTS. This study is focusing on applying coding theory to carry high reliability and robustness, in order to satisfy various QoS requirements of medical data. The aim is to build Medical Network Channel that transmits WBAN medical data through the UMTS. The design of extra channel coding is considered as concatenated techniques. The method applies adaptive outer code with inner UMTS code. The accomplishment of QoS is investigated with numerical results proven under AWGN and Rayleigh fading.

The central dogma of gene expression propounds that DNA is transcribed to mRNA and finally gets translated into protein. Only 2?3% of the genomic DNA is transcribed to protein-coding mRNA. Interestingly, only a further minuscule part of genomic DNA encodes for long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) which are characteristically more than 200 nucleotides long and can be transcribed from both protein-coding (e.g. H19 and TUG1) as well as noncoding DNA by RNA polymerase II. The lncRNAs do not have open reading frames (with some exceptions), 3`- untranslated regions (3’-UTRs) and necessarily these RNAs lack any translation-termination regions, however, these can be spliced, capped and polyadenylated as mRNA molecules. The flexibility of lncRNAs confers them specific 3Dconformations that eventually enable the lncRNAs to interact with proteins, DNA or other RNA molecules via base pairing or by forming networks. The lncRNAs play a major role in gene regulation, cell differentiation, cancer cell invasion and metastasis and chromatin remodeling. Deregulation of lncRNA is also responsible for numerous diseases in mammals. Various studies have revealed their significance as biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis of cancer. The aim of this review is to overview the salient features, evolution, biogenesis and biological importance of these molecules in the mammalian system.

Co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Haemophilus parasuis (HPS) has severely restricted the healthy development of pig breeding. Exploring disease resistance of non-coding RNAs in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and HPS is therefore critical to complement and elucidate the molecular mechanisms of disease resistance in Kele piglets and to innovate the use of local pig germplasm resources in China. RNA-seq of lungs from Kele piglets with single-infection of PRRSV or HPS and co-infection of both pathogens was performed. Two hundred and twenty-five differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) and 30 DEmicroRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified and characterized in the PRRSV and HPS co-infection (PRRSV?HPS) group. Compared with the single-infection groups, 146 unique DElncRNAs, 17 unique DEmiRNAs, and 206 target differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the PRRSV?HPS group. The expression patterns of 20 DEmiRNAs and DElncRNAs confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were consistent with those determined by high-throughput sequencing. In the PRRSV?HPS group, the target DEGs were enriched in eight immune Gene Ontology terms relating to two unique DEmiRNAs and 16 DElncRNAs, and the unique target DEGs participated the host immune response to pathogens infection by affecting 15 immune-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment pathways. Notably, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks of different groups were constructed, and the ssc-miR-671-5p miRNA was validated as a potential regulatory factor to regulate DTX4 and AEBP1 genes to achieve innate antiviral effects and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis by dual-luciferase reporter assays. These results provided insight into further study on the molecular mechanisms of resistance to PRRSV and HPS co-infection in Kele piglets.

Protein-translated mRNA analysis has been extensively used to determine the function of various traits in animals. The non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which was known to be non-functional because it was not encoded as a protein, was re-examined as it was studied to actually function. One of the ncRNAs, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is known to have a function of regulating mRNA expression, and its importance is emerging. Therefore, lncRNAs are currently being used to understand the traits of various animals as well as human diseases. However, studies on lncRNA annotation and its functions are still lacking in most animals except humans and mice. lncRNAs have unique characteristics of lncRNAs and interact with mRNA through various mechanisms. In order to make lncRNA annotations in animals in the future, it is essential to understand the characteristics of lncRNAs and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs function. In addition, this will allow lncRNAs to be used for a wider variety of traits in a wider range of animals, and it is expected that integrated analysis using other biological information will be possible.

In this study, we design a superposition polar code that can achieve the capacity region of binary-input less-noisy broadcast channels asymptotically. Simulation results show that a better rate region is achievable by superposition polar coding than by time sharing between two point-to-point channel polar codes.

The fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) gene plays an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, fatdeposition and obesity. For this reason, the FTO gene is a physiological and functional candidate gene for carcassand meat quality traits in beef cattle. The objectives of this study were to identify SNPs in the exonic regions of FTOgene and to evaluate the association of these SNPs with carcass traits in Hanwoo (Korean cattle). In this study, wenewly identified two exonic SNPs in Hanwoo population. The g.125550A > T SNP was located in exon 3 and theg.175675C > T SNP was located in exon 6. Genotyping of the two SNP markers was carried out using PCR-RFLPanalysis in Hanwoo steers to evaluate their association with carcass traits. As a result, g.125550A > T SNP genotypewas significantly associated with effects on marbling score. Animals with the AA and TT homozygous genotypeshad a significantly higher marbling score (p < 0.001) than those with AT heterozygous genotype, and this wassignificant after Bonferroni correction of the significance threshold (p = 0.003). Dominance effect was also observedfor the marbling score (P < 0.05) with higher marbling score of homozygous animals. However, no significantassociations with meat quality traits were observed for the g.175675C > T SNP. Our results suggest that the exonicSNP g.125550A > T in the FTO gene may be used as a DNA marker for the selection of Hanwoo with higher marbling.

In this paper, we mathematically analyze bit-error rate (BER) and diversity order of physical-layer network coding (PNC) scheme in the two-way relay channel (TWRC) under the assumption of multiple antennas at relay node. We assume the quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation for simple data transmission in IoT applications, and max?min transmit antenna selection (TAS) scheme in the broadcast (BC) phase for achieving full diversity gain. In particular, we obtain the upper bound of BER at the multiple access (MA) phase, while deriving the exact BER performance at the BC phase. To the best our knowledge, the mathematical analysis in this paper is the first analytical results in the literature. Through computer simulations, the analytical results are validated.