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This study aims to empirically analyze the damage patterns of wooden architectural heritage affected by climate and environmental changes, providing fundamental data for preservation and management. Recent cases of cultural heritage damage caused by heavy rain and wind disasters indicate a strong correlation with climate change. In this study, approximately 80 types of damage terminology were classified through the analysis of regular and intensive inspection reports from the National Heritage Administration, identifying major damage types such as cracking, decay, and deformation. In addition, temperature and humidity sensors were installed on an outdoor wooden architectural model to measure environmental variations under real conditions. The results revealed significant differences in relative humidity and temperature depending on the building orientation and measurement position, even within the same site. Although the relative humidity under the eaves rose up to 85% at night, it remained lower overall than that of the north and south façades. Furthermore, the north and south sides exhibited a longer moisture absorption period—about six hours more than under the eaves—maintaining wood moisture content and thus providing more favorable conditions for fungal growth. These findings suggest that site conditions and physical factors critically influence the deterioration of wooden heritage buildings. This study is significant in presenting an integrated approach that combines damage-type classification with climate data–based environmental measurements.

Despite fierce strategic competition, the United States and China reached to a breakthrough agreement at COP26. This article addresses how and why the two superpowers chose to cooperate on environment and energy. Scientific evidence of global warming pressured the largest and second-largest carbon emitters to bear the responsibility and burden of climate change. In addition, there has been a growing interdependence between them since the Obama administration. As the US became an oil and gas exporting country in the late 2010, the Trump administration pushed ahead with selling oil and gas surpluses to China that rapidly increased energy imports. In pursuit of a Global Green New Deal, the Biden administration made efforts to help China achieve carbon neutrality as early as possible. For China, natural gas can be a second-best option during energy transition because it emits less carbon than coal. US gas also contributes to diversifying energy imports. These mutual interests played a crucial role in insulating climate change cooperation from strategic competition.

양서류는 오염 및 개발로 인한 위협을 경고하는 환경지표종이며, 그들의 신체 상태와 주변 서식 환경 정보는 생태계 건강성을 파악할 수 있는 중요한 지표로 이용될 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 멸종위기 야생동물 Ⅱ급 맹꽁이의 출현 시기 및 성별에 따른 신체 상태와 암수가 출현한 기후환경 차이를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 서울특별시 강동구 고 덕동 일대에 서식하는 맹꽁이를 대상으로 2018년 6월부터 10월까지 총 53회 조사를 수행하였고, 각 개체별 무게와 길이를 이용하여 신체 상태 지수(SMI, Scaled mass index)를 산출하였다. 그 결과, 수컷 235개체, 암컷 161개체 총 396개체를 포획하였고, 암컷은 수컷보다 SVL이 길고, 무게가 무거웠으며 신체 상태 지수 또한 높게 확인되었다. 월별 신체 상태 지수는 6월에 수컷이 암컷보다 낮았고, 7월부터 9월까지 암수 간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 암컷과 수컷이 출 현한 기후환경 중 강우량과 습도와 관련된 환경변수들은 차이를 보였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 추후 맹꽁이에게 적합한 서식환경을 확인하고 개발로 인한 대체서식지를 선정하는 데도 중요한 기초정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The amphibians serve as environmental indicator species warning of threats from pollution and development, and information regarding their body condition and surrounding habitat can be utilized as crucial indicators for assessing ecosystem health. The objective of this study was to investigate the differences in body condition and the climate environments according to the season and sex of Class II endangered Kaloula borealis. A total of 53 surveys were conducted from June to October 2018, targeting frogs inhabiting the Godeok-dong area of Gangdong-gu, Seoul. Using the weight and length of each individual, the body condition index (SMI, Scaled mass index) was calculated. Results showed a total capture of 396 individuals, consisting of 235 males and 161 females. Females exhibited longer SVL and greater weight compared to males, with higher body condition indices. Monthly body condition indices were lower for males in June, while no differences were observed between males and females from July to September. Among the climate environments where females and males appeared, environmental variables related to precipitation and humidity showed differences. These research findings are deemed crucial for providing fundamental information to ascertain suitable habitats for Kaloula borealis and selecting alternative habitats due to developmental impacts in the future.

Background: Angelica gigas Nakai, that belong to the Umbelliferae family, is one of the traditional medicinal plants in Korea. Its roots have been used to treat gynecological diseases. In this study, growth characteristics and index components were compared with the forest microclimate at several forest sites. Methods and Results: A. gigas was planted in three climatic zones according to the temperature (southern temperature zone - Hamyang, central temperature zone - Bonghwa, and northern temperature zone - Jeongseon) and growth characteristics were investigated in comparison with the forest microclimate. Our results indicated that the root diameter and length, and fresh and dry weight were the highest in Jeongseon. The total content of decursin was the highest in Jeongseon (9.52%), followed by those in Hamyang (8.07%) and Bonghwa (7.48%), respectively. Additionally, the yield of decursin (1.39 g) was the highest in Jeongseon. Conclusions: The yield and index components were influenced by the microclimate in the forests, and it was assumed that high altitude and low temperature affected the increase in growth and index components. These results will be useful as basic data to study the correlation among environmental conditions, growth, and index components.

본 연구는 올라퍼 엘리아슨(Olafur Eliasson)의 예술 작품을 통해 기후변화와 인간-환경 상호작용을 시각적으로 탐구하는 방식을 고찰한다. 특히, 설치미술의 특성과 관객 참여 방식을 중심으로, 엘리아슨 의 작품이 환경 문제를 감각적이고 직관적인 체험을 통해 전달하며, 관객의 인식을 변화시키는 과정을 분석한다. 이를 위해 티모시 모턴(Timothy Morton)의 ‘어두운 생태학(Dark Ecology)’ 이론을 바탕으로, 예술이 인간과 자연의 긴밀한 상호작용을 드러내고, 기후 위기에 대한 공감과 경각심을 형성하는 방식을 살펴본다. 본 연구는 엘리아슨의 대표 작품들을 세 가지 측면에서 분석한다. 첫째, 기후변화의 시각적 표현을 통해 빙하의 소멸과 기상 현상의 변화를 감각적으로 재현하는 작품들을 검토한다. 둘째, 인간-환경 상호작용을 중심으로, 관람자가 자연과의 관계를 체험적으로 인식하도록 유도하는 예술적 전략을 탐색한다. 셋째, 지속 가능성과 에너지 문제를 다루는 프로젝트를 분석하여, 예술이 재생 가능 에너지, 재활용, 건축적 에너지 효율성과 같은 환경적 이슈에 대해 어떠한 통찰을 제공하는 지 고찰한다. 연구 결과, 엘리아슨의 작품들은 기후변화라는 추상적 개념을 감각적·체험적 방식으로 전달하여 관객의 공감을 유도하고, 환경 문제 해결을 위한 사회적 논의를 촉진하는 역할을 수행하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 예술이 인간과 환경의 복합적 얽힘을 시각적으로 구현하여, 관객이 자연 및 자원 소비에 대한 책임을 재고하도록 돕는 강력한 매개체임을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 예술이 기후 위기 대응을 위한 공공 담론 형성에 적극적으로 기여할 수 있음을 시사하며, 향후 환경 예술의 확장 가능성과 다양한 예술가들의 기후변화 관련 작업에 대한 비교 연구의 필요성을 제언한다.

This study examines how Olafur Eliasson’s artistic practice explores climate change and humanenvironment interaction through visual representation. Focusing on the characteristics of installation art and audience participation, this research analyzes how Eliasson’s works provide sensory and intuitive experiences that reshape public perception of environmental issues. By referencing Timothy Morton’s theory of Dark Ecology, this study investigates how art reveals the intricate entanglement between humans and nature, fostering empathy and awareness regarding the climate crisis. This research categorizes Eliasson’s major works into three key aspects. First, it explores artworks that visually represent climate change, including the disappearance of glaciers and changes in meteorological phenomena. Second, it examines how Eliasson’s projects encourage audience engagement, allowing viewers to experience the interconnectedness between humans and nature. Third, it analyzes projects addressing sustainability and energy issues, highlighting how art provides insights into renewable energy, recycling, and architectural energy efficiency. The findings reveal that Eliasson’s works effectively translate the abstract concept of climate change into tangible and experiential forms, enhancing public engagement and stimulating social discourse on environmental issues. Furthermore, his art visually demonstrates the complex interrelationship between humans and nature, prompting audiences to reconsider their responsibilities regarding resource consumption and environmental stewardship. This study underscores the role of art in shaping public discourse on climate change and suggests that artistic practices can actively contribute to raising awareness and fostering sustainable actions. Future research should further investigate the tangible impacts of Eliasson’s work on policy and behavioral changes, as well as explore comparative studies with other contemporary artists addressing climate change through artistic expression.

Purpose: This study aimed to provide basic data management regarding patient safety and to reduce the number of medical errors by examining the relationship between the nurses' perception of climate safety, work environment, and barriers in reporting medication administration errors. Methods: A survey was conducted with 329 nurses at hospitals nationwide. The Safety Climate Scale, Korean Practice Environment Scale the Nursing Work Index, and Barriers to Medication Administration Error Reporting Questionnaire were adapted to collect information pertaining to climate safety, work environment, and barriers in reporting medication administration errors. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis were used. Results: The climate safety score was significantly different depending on age, education level, and number of beds in the working hospital. The perception of the work environment was significantly different depending on age and number of beds in the working hospital. The barriers in reporting medication administration errors were significantly different depending on education, department, and number of beds in the working hospital. Climate safety and work environment were negatively associated with barriers in reporting medication administration errors. Key factors that influencing reporting on medication administration errors were blame and worker safety and education were entered in the second set and they accounted for 35.3% of the variance. Conclusion: In conclusion, strategies for alleviating barriers in reporting medication administration errors and improvement of climate safety and work environment should be implemented.

The purpose of this study is to verify the moderating effect of an airline's safety climate in the relationship between cabin safety environment and cabin crew’s safety behaviors. To meet this purpose, data were gathered from national and non-national airline's cabin crew. Firstly, the analysis of the cabin safety environment, safety behaviors and safety climate from the cabin crew’s perspective was carried out. Secondly, the relationship analysis between cabin safety environment and safety behaviors showed that the cabin safety environment had a significant influence on the safety behaviors. Thirdly, the moderating effect of safety climate between cabin safety environment and safety behaviors was verified. Fourthly, the analysis showed that according to the airline’s nationalty, the safety climate has a difference. Finally, the conclusions drawn from this study indicated that the cabin safety environment in the domestic airline is the main factor to improve cabin crew’s safety behaviors and should to promote the safety climate compared to non-national airlines.

팬데믹은 기후변화에 대해서도 경종(警鐘)을 울려주고 있다. 현행법상 대기환경 오염물질에 대한 규제체계는 중첩적이고, 체계적이지 않다. 또 한 대기환경의 규제수단도 혼재되어 있고 통일적이지 않다. 환경계획에 관한 도구는 환경정책기본법을 비롯한 개별법에 정비되어 있지만, 환경 계획의 도구가 난립하여 법집행의 실효성이 보장되지 않고 있다. 환경계 획은 대기환경보전뿐만 아니라 모든 환경행정에 있어서 핵심적인 도구로 서의 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 이러한 환경계획이 공허한 청사진에 불과하고 아무런 구속력이 없다면, 환경규제의 실효성은 확보될 수 없다. 독일의 입법례에서는 대기정화계획과 단기조치계획을 중심으로 실효성 있게 대기환경을 보전하고 있다. 대기환경의 효과적 규제를 위해 계획도 구의 통일화와 체계화가 필요하다. 대기환경규제와 관련하여 배출허용총 량제를 중심으로 배출허용기준을 위반한 경우에 배출부과금을 부과하는 제도로 설계되어 있다. 이러한 배출부과금은 일종의 특별부담금의 성격 을 가지므로, 헌법적 정당성이 확보되어야 한다. 최근에는 환경법령에 배출부과금 외에 ‘초과배출과징금’ 제도를 도입하고 있지만, 경제적 이익 의 박탈과는 관련이 없는 금전적 제재수단으로 보인다. 일반 제조업의 배출시설에 대해 변형과징금을 부과하는 것도 적절하지 않다. 전통적인 명령지시적 규제수단 외에 사전배려적 수단이 도입될 필요가 있다. 근래 에 환경법령의 잦은 개정과 남설, 법명의 변경 등으로 인해 법령의 해석 과 적용에 어려움을 느끼는 경우가 적지 않다. 전문가들도 파악하기 어 려운 법령을 일반 국민이 쉽게 이해하기를 기대하는 것은 바람직하지 않 다. 이러한 현상은 결국 법치국가적 관점에서 법적 안정성을 해칠 수 있 다. 대기환경 오염물질을 효과적으로 규제하기 위해서는 관련 법령의 구 조를 체계화하고 그 규제수단도 통일적으로 정비하여야 한다.

The pandemic is also ringing an alarm about climate change. Under the current law, the regulatory system for air pollutants in Korea is overlapping and not systematic. In addition, the means for regulating the atmospheric environment are mixed and not unified. Tools related to environmental planning are established in individual laws, including the Framework Act on Environmental Policy, but the effectiveness of law enforcement is not guaranteed due to the scattered tools of environmental planning. Environmental planning plays a key role in not only preserving the air environment, but also in all environmental administration. But if these environmental plans are nothing but empty blueprints and no binding force, the effectiveness of environmental regulations cannot be secured. The German legislative system preserves the effective atmospheric environment, focusing on clean air plans and short-term action plans. For effective regulation of the atmospheric environment, it is necessary to unify and systematize planning tools. In relation to air environment regulations, it is designed as a system that imposes an emission charge in case of violation of the emission allowance standard, focusing on the total emission allowance system. These emissions charges have the nature of a kind of special fee, so constitutional justification must be secured. In recent years, environmental laws have introduced a “excessive emission penalty” in addition to discharge fees, but it seems to be a financial sanction that has nothing to do with the deprivation of economic benefits. It is also not appropriate to impose a modified penalty on emission facilities in general manufacturing industries. In addition to the traditional regulation by directive, it is necessary to introduce precautionary regulation measures. In recent years, the interpretation and application of laws and regulations are difficult due to frequent revisions of environmental laws and regulations, and changes in the names of laws and regulations. It is not desirable to expect the general public to easily understand laws that are difficult for experts to grasp. In the end, this phenomenon can undermine legal stability from the standpoint of the rule of law. In order to effectively regulate pollutants in the air environment, the structure of relevant laws and regulations must be systematized and the means of regulation must be unified.

This current research investigated whether job stress mediates the relationship between physical environment and safety behavior of members in organization. Furthermore, we hypothesized that safety climate functions as moderator between physical environment-job stress link. In order to examine the hypotheses, 870 employees in various fields of companies were sampled. Using structural equation modeling(SEM), we conducted moderated mediation model analysis which cab elaborately test the significance of our hypotheses. The results showed that job stress mediated the link between physical environment and safety behavior of members. Moreover, the relationship between physical environment and job stress was moderated by safety climate. The implications and limitations of our study and suggestions for future research were discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 첫째, 물리적 환경이 조직몰입과 안전행동에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 둘째, 조직몰입이 물리적 환경과 안전행동 간의 관계를 매개하는지를 검증하며, 셋째, 조직몰입이 안전행동에 미치는 영향에 있어서 안전 분위기의 조절 효과를 검증하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 국내 제조업에 근무하는 종사자 281명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 물리적 환경, 조직몰입, 안전 분위기, 그리고 안전행동에 대한 자료를 얻었다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 18.0과 AMOS 18.0을 이용하여 t-검증, 상관분석, 구조방정식 모형 검증을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 물리적 환경과 조직몰입 및 안전 분위기는 안전행동과 정적인 관계가 있었다. 물리적 환경이 조직몰입과 안전행동에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 물리적 환경이 안전행동에 미치는 영향에 있어서 조직몰입이 매개효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 안전 분위기는 조직몰입과 안전행동 간의 관계를 조절하지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이러한 연구 결과를 토대로 연구의 시사점, 제한점 및 앞으로의 연구과제에 대해 논의하였다.

The purposes of this study were to examine the influence of physical environment on both organizational commitment and safety behavior, the mediating effect of organizational commitment in the relationship between physical environment and safety behavior, and the moderating effect of safety climate in the relationship organizational commitment and safety behavior. Date were gathered from 281 employees who were working in manufacturing organization in Korea. The collected data were statistically analyzed though t-test, correlation analysis and Structural Equation Model(SEM) with SPSS 18.0, AMOS 18.0. The results showed that physical environment, organizational commitment, and safety climate had positive relationships with safety behavior. And Organizational commitment partially mediated the relationship between physical environment and safety behavior. But, safety climate hadn't a moderating effect between organizational commitment and safety behavior. Finally, implication of result and future research task were discussed with limitations.

오늘날 기후환경에 대한 사회적 관심과 민감도가 증가하 면서 여러 기업들은 기후환경을 위한 소셜미디어 캠페인을 적극적으로 진행하고 있다. 캠페인의 참여방법과 경험이 다 양해짐에 따라 성공적인 소셜미디어캠페인을 위한 디자인 차 별점 연구가 필요하게 되었다. 본 연구는 브랜드의 기후환경 을 위한 소셜미디어캠페인의 효과적인 참여 방안을 모색하기 위해 참여와 유희 특성을 살펴보는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위해 참여디자인과 소셜미디어캠페인의 이론적 배경을 살펴 보고, 소셜미디어캠페인에 대한 참여자의 인식과 행동의 주 도성에 따라 참여디자인을 인식적 참여, 행동적 참여, 공동창 조적 참여로 유형화하였다. 이를 통해 기후환경과 밀접한 제 품 및 활동을 제시하는 스포츠·아웃도어 브랜드의 소셜미디 어캠페인을 선정하여 참여와 유희의 관점에서 분석하였다. 그 결과 첫 번째, 유형별 대표적인 참여 요소를 강화하여 캠 페인의 정보 및가치소비, 지속가능성 확산에 기여할 수 있다. 두 번째, 참여 유형은 복합적으로 나타나지만, 각 유형별 참 여 요소 구성에 따라 개인적, 공동적, 생산적 참여 활동을 제 안할 수 있다. 세 번째, 유희 특성은 호기심을 통해 캠페인을 확산하고, 만족감 및 성취감을 통해 캠페인에 대한 소비자 몰입과 지속적인 참여를 가능하게 한다. 본 연구는 기후환경을 위한 소셜미디어캠페인의 참여와 유희 특성 간 상관관계를 주목함에 의의가 있다.

Today, as social interest and sensitivity to the climate environment are on the rise, several companies are active ly conducting social media campaigns for the climate env ironment. As campaign participation methods and experie nces diversified, it became necessary to study design diff erences for successful social media campaigns. This stud y aims to examine the participation and fun characteristic s in order to find effective ways to participate in social media campaigns for the climate environment of brands. To this end, the theoretical background of participatory d esign and social media campaigns was examined, and the characteristics of participatory design were categorized i nto cognitive type, behavioral type, and co-creative type according to participants' perceptions and behavioral initi atives. Accordingly, social media campaigns of sports an d outdoor brands that present products and activities clos ely related to the climate environment were selected and analyzed from the perspective of participation and fun. A s a result first, by reinforcing the representative participa tion elements for each type, it can contribute to spreading information, value consumption, and sustainability of the campaign. Secondly, participation types appear complex, but individual, joint, and productive participation activitie s can be proposed according to the composition of partici pation elements for each type. Thirdly, the fun characteri stic spreads the campaign through curiosity, and enables consumer immersion and continuous participation in the campaign through a sense of satisfaction and achievemen t. This study is significant in that it focuses on the relati onship between participation and fun characteristic of soc ial media campaigns for the climate environment.

연구배경 본 연구는 한국적 패시브하우스 디자인 방향을 모색하기 위해 공학기반의 디자인 기초연구이다. 즉 패시브하우스의 성능 요건에 충족되면서도 국내의 기후환경에 부합하고, 국내 거주자의 생활양식에 적합하여 주거 쾌적성이 높은 디자인 방향을 제시하고자 하는 것이 목적이다. 연구방법 연구방법은 선행연구를 고찰하고, 패시브하우스의 정의와 정량적 요구성능, 디자인기법, 국내외 인증제도 및 관련법령을 살펴본다. 다음으로 일사량, 습도, 환기의 측면에서 한국의 기후환경에 수백년 이상을 진화해 온 한옥과 패시브하우스의 기준이 되는 서유럽의 기준을 비교 고찰하고, 현대 한국의 주거환경에 구현될 수 있는 한국적 패시브 하우스의 디자인 방향을 모색하고 방안을 제시한다. 연구결과 전통한옥으로부터 도출된 패시브하우스 디자인 기법으로는 난방하지 않는 열적 완충 공간의 복원, 가변적 창호시스템, 상승기류 형성을 위한 공간의 비움과 채움, 계절에 따른 일사 및 습도를 조절하는 처마, 낙엽수 식재를 통한 계절에 따른 자연 차양장치 등이 있으며, 현대 건축의 요소와 시스템에 적용할 수 있는 기법의 개발은 지속적인 연구로 해결해야 한다. 결론 본 연구결과가 기대하는 효과는 한국의 기후조건과 주거생활의 특징에 기인하는 한국적 디자인 성능요건이 차별화되어야 함을 부각시킴으로써, 에너지 절감 원리에 입각한 건축 성능과 거주자의 주거 쾌적성을 개선할 단서를 마련하였다는 데 있다. 또한 에너지 절감의 공학적 기술력을 갖춘, 디자인과 공학 융합적 접근의 연구라는데 그 의미가 있다.

Background This study is basic design research of the engineering base to seek the direction of Korean passive house design. The purpose of this study is to present the design direction of housing amenity that meet performance requirements in passive house and comply with the climate in the domestic environment and the lifestyle in conformity with domestic residents. Methods The research process is to leading a review of the advanced studies and then look at the definition of passive house, quantitative performance criteria, design technique, domestic and foreign certification and the relevant laws. The next to consider traditional Korean house that evolved over hundreds of years the environment in the climate of Korea that compared Western Europe on the benchmark criteria for Passive house in terms of solar radiation, humidity, ventilation, In the final, to suggest Korean passive house design direction and a plan direct to be implemented in the context of housing of Korea of the current period Result Passive house design techniques were derived from traditional Korean as follows : The restoration of the heat thermal buffer zone that does not, variable window system, fill or empty of space for the formation of an ascending air current, solar radiation on seasonal and humidity to control the eaves, seasonal natural shading device through a deciduous tree planting. Conclusion Derived in connection with the techniques, the development of modern elements of architecture and systems can apply techniques must be resolved in continued research.

기후 자료를 정확히 분석하고 미래 환경을 예측하기 위해서는 이들 자료에 대한 검증과 품질 관리 과정이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라에서 구축한 기후 자료의 품질을 효과적으로 관리하기 위하여, 기후 자료의 시각화 도구를 개발하고, 이를 이용한 품질 관리 방안을 제시하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 HTML5 기반의 시각화 도구를 이용하여, 인터넷 환경에서 다수의 전문가들이 효과적으로 기후 자료를 관리할 수 있게 되었다. 기후자료의 시각화 도구를 활용하여 기후자료의 품질 관리 업무에 적용한 결과, 다양한 종류의 품질 관리 검사를 효과적으로 수행할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 기상청의 기후 자료 품질 관리 업무에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

It is required to investigate climate data and control their quality for the accurate analysis of the data and the prediction of future climate environment. Therefore, this research suggested the efficient quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) approach of climate data through the development of geovisualization tools based on HTML5. The proposed QA/QC method was found to allow multiple experts to examine the quality of climate data in an Internet environment. In addition, the various types of distinct QA/QCs could be achieved by applying the geovisualization tools for the management tasks of climate data. It is anticipated that the proposed approach of the research would be potentially utilized by the Korea Meteorological Administration in controlling the quality of climate data.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the relationship between organizational health (OH), safety climate (SC), the nursing working environment (NWE), and engagement in patient safety management activities (PSMA) among operating room nurses and identify the factors that predict engagement in PSMA. Methods: From August 10th to 25th, 2018, 176 operating room nurses who were working in tertiary and general hospitals responded to a structured questionnaire. Using SPSS/WIN 25.0, the collected data were subjected to independent-samples t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Scheffé test, and Pearson’s correlational and multiple stepwise regression analyses. Results: OH and SC were significantly correlated with engagement in PSMA. The factors that predicted engagement in PSMA were OH, NWE, participation in accreditation, years of work experience, and hospital size; together, they explained 17% of the variance in engagement in PSMA. Conclusion: This study revealed that OH has a significant influence on engagement in PSMA among operating room nurses. Therefore, hospitals should aim to create healthy working environments to promote engagement in PSMA among operating room nurses, actively delegate responsibilities to increase their level of participation in accreditation, and implement strategies that maintain high levels of nurse retention.

Background: During the period 2001 to 2016, the maximum temperatures in Thailand rose from 38-41℃ to 42-44℃. The current occupational heat exposure standard of Thailand issued in 2006 is based on wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) defined for three workload levels without a work-rest regimen. This study examined whether the present standard still protects most workers. Methods: The sample comprised 168 heat acclimatized workers (90 in construction sites, 78 in foundries). Heart rate and auditory canal temperature were recorded continuously for 2 hours. Workplace WBGT, relative humidity, and wind velocity were monitored, and the participants' workloads were estimated. Heat-related symptoms and signs were collected by a questionnaire. Results: Only 55% of the participants worked in workplaces complying with the heat standard. Of them, 79% had auditory canal temperature ≤ 38.5℃, compared with only 58% in noncompliant workplaces. 18% and 43% of the workers in compliant and noncompliant workplaces, respectively, had symptoms from heat stress, the trend being similar across all workload levels. An increase of one degree (C) in WBGT was associated with a 1.85-fold increase (95% confidence interval: 1.44-2.48) in odds for having symptoms. Conclusion: Compliance with the current occupational heat standard protects 4/5 of the workers, whereas noncompliance reduces this proportion to one half. The reasons for noncompliance include the gaps and ambiguities in the law. The law should specify work/rest schedules; outdoor work should be identified as an occupational heat hazard; and the staff should include occupational personnel to manage heat stress in establishments involving heat exposure.

Museum buildings display artefacts for public education and enjoyment, ensuring their long-term safety and the comfort of visitors by following strict indoor environment control protocols using mechanical Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems to keep the (environmental) variables at a fixed comfort level. Maintaining this requires constant supply of energy currently mostly sourced from the combustion of fossil fuels which exacerbates climate change. However, a review on the effects of the indoor environmental variables on museum artefacts as well as museum visitors revealed that there is no specific point at which artefact deterioration occurs, and that there are wide ranges of conditions that guarantee the long-term safety of artefacts and human comfort. Visits to museum buildings in hot-humid tropical climate of Nigeria revealed that strict indoor environmental practices were adopted. Even when appropriate micro-climatic conditions are provided for artefacts, mechanical HVAC systems remain necessary for visitor comfort because almost no consideration is given to natural ventilation. With the current global push towards energy management, this paper reviewed passive environmental control practices, architectural design strategies, and discusses the adaptation of double skin façade with jali screens, and the notion of smart materials, which can satisfy the range of requirements for the long-term safety of artefacts and levels of human comfort in buildings in hot-humid tropical climate, without mechanical HVAC systems. This review would inspire more discussions on passive, energy efficient, smart and climate responsible popular architecture, challenging current thinking on the impact of the more accepted representative architecture.

The development of passive buildings has been given more attention to realize the energy-saving and low carbonization of buildings. Controlling thermal bridges in the external envelope is the primary technological approach in achieving low-energy passive buildings. There are many climatic zones in China, and it is necessary to conduct in-depth research on different environments to clarify the impact of thermal bridge treatment on passive buildings under special conditions. Therefore, the researchers developed a simulation model in Ansys fluent in conducting a 24-hour transient simulation study of the thermal bridge design for passive buildings in cold, dry climates. The simulation model consists of the indoor environment and building envelope. Then the actual meteorological parameters in cold and dry climate regions were used as the boundary conditions of the proposed model to be close to reality. In this case, the temperature distribution inside the envelope layers, indoor temperature variation, and thermal energy consumption were studied under passive design (without thermal bridge) and conventional design (with thermal bridge). The analysis results showed that better thermal bridge treatment made it more difficult for the external cold air to pass through the outer structural layer of the envelope to the inner structural layer under the passive design. In addition, the indoor temperature under the passive design was 1oC higher than that under the conventional design. Moreover, the heating energy consumption under the passive design was about 0.8W/m2 lower than that under the conventional design. The findings of this paper are intended to provide reference for designers and researchers in understanding the impact of thermal bridges on the indoor thermal environment of passive buildings in cold and dry climates.

본 연구는 초등학교 사회과 기후환경 교육에서 인공지능 융합의 가능성 탐색과 실제적인 수업안 개발, 제시를 통해 수업의 방향성을 모색하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위한 세부적인 연구 과제는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 세부적으로 2022 개정 초등 사회과교육과정을 분석하여 3~6학년에 걸쳐 기후환경 교육 내용을 추출하였다. 둘째, 기후환경 교육 내용을 토대로 학년급에 따른 학습자 수준, 기후환경 교육 내용의 특성을 반영하여 활용할 수 있는 인공지능 도구를 설정하여 3~6학년에 걸친 인공지능 융합 기후환경 교육 프로그램을 제시하였다. 셋째, 인공지능 도구 융합 수업안 사례를 개발 제시하였다. 본 연구는 초등 사회과 수업, 기후환경 교육에서 인공지능 융합의 가능성과 방법을 찾아 초등 교실수업에 적용하는 데 기여할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of integrating artificial intelligence technology in elementary school social studies and climate environment education and to develop and present practical lesson plans. The detailed research tasks for this are as follows. First, we analyzed the 2022 revised elementary social studies curriculum in detail and extracted contents of climate environment education for grades 3 to 6. Second, based on the climate environment education contents, artificial intelligence tools that can be integrated by reflecting the learner’s level according to grade level and the characteristics of the climate environment education content were set up to present climate environment education programs integrating artificial intelligence for grades 3 to 6. Third, examples of lesson plans integrating artificial intelligence were developed and presented. This study can contribute to finding the possibility and method of integrating artificial intelligence in elementary social studies classes and climate environment education and applying it to elementary classroom classes.