Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 실제 학교 현장에서 AI 교육과 관련된 수업들의 사례를 분석하여, 초등학교 AI 교육의 방 향을 제시하는 것이다. 이를 위해 AI 교육 기반의 초등학교 수업 사례로 19개의 수업을 수집하였다. 수업 사례 를 분석한 결과에 따르면, AI를 학습내용과 방법의 혼합적 측면에서 수업을 설계하였음을 확인하였다. 성취기준 과 학습목표를 분석한 결과, AI를 도구적 관점에서 활용한 8개 수업에서 기억, 이해, 적용에 관한 행동 동사가 발견되였다. 수업을 도입, 전개, 정리단계로 나누었을 때, AI 교육 요소는 전개 단계에서 가장 많이 나타났다. 한 편 전개 단계에서 AI 교육 요소의 학습내용과 학습방법의 비율을 살펴보았을 때 학습방법으로 AI 교육을 접근 하는 학습시간이 압도적으로 높았다. 이를 토대로 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출하였다. 첫째, 학교, 학년 교육과정 을 설계할 때, 학습 내용과 방법으로의 AI를 포괄적으로 다룰 수 있도록 설계해야 한다. 둘째, AI에 대한 이해를 보완하기 위해 단기적으로는 실과 교과나 창의적 체험활동에서의 시수 확보가 요구되며, 장기적으로는 정보 교 과의 확보가 필요하다.

The purpose of this study is to present the direction of elementary school AI education by analyzing cases of classes related to AI education in actual school settings. For this purpose, 19 classes were collected as elementary school class cases based on AI education. According to the result of analyzing the class case, it was confirmed that the class was designed in a hybrid aspect of learning content and method using AI. As a result of analyzing the achievement standards and learning goals, action verbs related to memory, understanding, and application were found in 8 classes using AI from a tool perspective. When class was divided into introduction, development, and rearrangement stages, the AI education element appeared the most in the development stage. On the other hand, when looking at the ratio of learning content and learning method of AI education elements in the development stage, the learning time for approaching AI education as a learning method was overwhelmingly high. Based on this, the following implications were derived. First, when designing the curriculum for schools and grades, it should be designed to comprehensively deal with AI as a learning content and method. Second, to supplement the understanding of AI, in the short term, it is necessary to secure the number of hours in practical subjects or creative experience activities, and in the long term, it is necessary to secure information subjects.

목적: 본 연구는 잠재계층분석(Latent Class Analysis; LCA)을 통해 생활습관 유형을 분류하고, 각 유형의특성을 분석하는 데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 본 연구는 2021년 한국의료패널조사 데이터를 사용하여 65세 이상 고령자 3,724명을 대상으로하였다. 주요 변수는 인구통계학적 요인과 생활습관(신체활동, 만성질환, 흡연, 음주, 스트레스, 체질량지수, 주관적 건강) 요인이며, 잠재계층분석(LCA)을 통해 생활습관 유형을 도출하고, 각 유형 간의 차이를 카이제곱 검정 및 효과 크기(Cramér’s V)를 통해 분석하였다. 결과: 잠재계층분석(LCA) 결과, 고령자의 생활습관은 4개의 유형(안정형, 균형형, 취약형, 위험추구형)으로분류되었다. 각 유형은 생활습관 요인에서 유의한 차이를 보였으며(p < .01), 특히 흡연과 음주, 주관적건강 인식이 주요 구분 요인으로 확인되었다. 또한, 유형 간 인구통계학적 특성에서도 연령, 성별, 교육 수준 등에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 고령자의 생활습관은 네 가지 유형으로 분류되며, 각 유형 간 건강행동과 인구통계학적 특성에서유의미한 차이가 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 건강행태가 상호 연관된 클러스터로 나타날 수 있음을 시사하며, 유형별 맞춤형 건강증진 중재의 필요성을 강조한다.

Objective: The aim of this study was to classify lifestyle patterns among older adults using latent class analysis (LCA) and analyze the characteristics of each identified class. Methods: Data from the 2021 Korea Health Panel Study?targeting 3,724 individuals aged 65 and older?were used. The key variables were demographic factors and lifestyle-related factors, such as physical activity, chronic disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, stress, body mass index, and subjective health. Lifestyle types were derived using LCA, and differences among classes were analyzed using chi-square tests and Cramer’s V for effect size. Results: Four lifestyle classes of older adults were identified using LCA: Stable, Balanced, Vulnerable, and Risk-seeking. Significant differences were found across lifestyle variables (p < 0.01), with smoking, alcohol use, and subjective health being the most significant distinguishing factors. Additionally, demographic differences, such as age, gender, and educational level, were observed across classes. Conclusion: Older adults’ lifestyles can be categorized into four distinct types, each with meaningful differences in health behaviors and demographic characteristics. These findings suggest that health behaviors tend to cluster, highlighting the need for tailored health promotion interventions based on lifestyle types.

우울증은 진단 내에서 광범위한 임상 양상이 나타나므로 우울증의 이질적인 특성 확인은 세부진단, 치료 및 예방에 도움이 될 수 있다. 본 연구는 우울증 진단 하에 약물치료를 받는 임상집단을 대상으로 우울증의 잠재적 하위유형을 확인하고 이와 관련된 특성들을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우울증 임상연구센터에 등록된 전국에 위치한 19개의 종합병원 정신과에서 총 1183명을 대상으로 수집된 자료를 활용하였다. 해밀턴 우울척도의 응답 유형에 근거하여 잠재적 집단 분석을 실시한 결과 심한 우울집단, 정서적 고통 집단, 가벼운 우울집단의 세 집단으로 유형화하였다. 잠재적 하위유형에 영향을 미치는 요인을 확인하고자 다항 로지스틱 분석을 실시한 결과 심한 우울집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 자살경향성이 더 높았다. 정서적 고통집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 정신운동장해가 없으면서 심한 우울집단과 유사하게 우울정서가 높고, 수면장해가 있는 것이 주된 특징이었다. 마지막으로 각 집단 별 주관적, 객관적 평가 척도들 간의 차이를 확인하였고, 3개월 후에 추적 연구하였다. 그 결과 심한 우울집단은 다른 집단들에 비해 더 심각한 임상양상이 나타났으며 3개월 후에도 이러한 양상이 지속되었다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 시사점과 제한점에 관하여 논하였다.

Confirming the heterogeneity in depression may be useful in the its diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The purpose of this study was to identify the subtypes of depression and characteristics associated with it using data from clinical samples. Analyses were based on samples from 1,180 respondents from 19 psychiatric hospitals which had been registered in the Clinical Research Center for Depression. Latent class analysis was administered using responses from the Hamilton Depression Scale to identify a homogenous subtype of depression. Association between emergent latent classes and demographic and clinical characteristics were assessed. As a result, three subtypes of depression were identified: severely depressed, affective depressed, and mild depressed. The severely depressed subtype had more suicidal tendencies than the other groups. The affective depressed subtype tended to be as depressive as the severely depressed class, but without psycho-motor symptoms as compared to the other groups. In addition, the affective depressed subtype had more sleep disorder than the other groups. Based on a three-month follow-up study, the severly depressed subtype exhibited more serious and persistent depression. The implications and limitations of this study were also discussed.

본 연구의 목적은 노인의 주거빈곤 유형화를 통해 다양하고 복합적인 노인 주거빈곤 특성을 보다 면밀하게 이해할 필요성을 제시하고, 각 유형별 특성 및 예측요인을 분석하는 것이다. 분석자료는 한국복지패널(KOWEPS) 14차년도 자료(2019년)이며, 만 65세 이상 노인 가구주 3,141명을 분석대상으로하였다. 선행연구 검토를 통해 대표적인 주거빈곤 지표와 영향요인을 선정하였고, 분석방법으로 잠재계층분석, 다항로지스틱 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석결과 노인의 주거빈곤은 ‘주거점유불안정형(20.7%)’, ‘설비 및 구조 미충족형(3.5%)’, ‘주거안정형(75.7%)’의 3개의 유형으로 확인되었다. 주거빈곤 유형별 인구학적, 사회경제학적, 주거 특성에 따라 차이를 보였다. 공적연금미수급은 주거빈곤 가능성을 증가시키는 공통요인으로 나타났고, 비지상거주는 ‘주거점유불안정형’에, 단독주택거주는 ‘설비 및 구조 미충족형’에 속할 위험을 높이는 주요 예측요인으로 확인되어 유형별 주거빈곤을 예측하는중요 지표로 사용될 수 있음을 보여준다. 연구결과를 토대로 노인의 주거빈곤 위험에 대한 정책적 우선순위 설정, 비지상거주 노인의 주거안정 및 단독주택거주 노인의 주거환경 개선을 위한 제도적⋅법적 장치마련, 노후소득보장정책 개선 등 노인의 주거빈곤 특성을 고려한 주거지원정책의 필요성을 제언하였다.

This study aims to suggest the need to better understand the diverse and complex characteristics of housing poverty among the elderly through their classification types. Additionally, the study establishes principal data for the preparation of housing poverty policy for the elderly by analyzing its predictive factors by type. Data from the 2019 Korea Welfare Panel Study Year 14 were used for analysis, and the subjects were 3,141 household owners aged 65 or older. Representative housing poverty indicators and influencing factors were selected through a review of previous studies, and latent class analysis and multinomial logistic regression analysis were performed as analysis methods. The results showed that housing poverty among the elderly was classified into three groups: “housing occupancy anxiety type (20.7%),” “facility and structure unfilled type (3.5%),” and “housing stability type (75.7%).” There were differences according to the demographic, socioeconomic, and residential characteristics of each type of housing poverty. The non-receipt of public pensions is a common factor that increases the possibility of housing poverty. Non-ground-floor residences have a strong effect that increases the risk of falling into the “housing occupancy anxiety type” and detached house dwellings into the “facility and structure unfilled type,” indicating that they can be used as important indicators to predict housing poverty by type. The results of this study suggest the need for a housing welfare policy considering the housing poverty characteristics of the elderly, such as setting appropriate policy priorities, providing institutional and legal mechanisms for stabilizing the housing of the elderly living on the ground, and improving the residential environment of the elderly living in single-family homes, improving the old age income security policy, etc.

최근의 고객만족도 조사에서는 만족응답으로의 쏠림현상이 발생함으로써 만족고객의 비율이 높아져 고객만족 개선안 도출이 어려워지고 있다. 게다가 이로 인한 데이터 분석의 구조적 한계로 인해 고객만족도 조사의 실제 적용을 효과성이 감소하고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 만족고객을 재분류하여 보다 전략적인 의미를 도출하고 만족 고객의 불만족 요인을 찾아내기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 본 연구에서 는 Latent Class Analysis(LCA)를 이용하여 만족 고객의 세분화에 초점을 두어 수행되었다. 초고속인터넷 서비스의 만족고객만을 대상으로 LCA를 적용한 결과 3개의 집단으로 세분화된 결과를 얻었으며 각 집단별 만족요인과 불만족 요인을 분석하여 궁극적으로 고객만족경영을 달성할 수 있는 시사점을 도출하였다. 연구결과는 고객만족도 조사가 다양하고 입체적으로 분석되어 고객만족조사의 활성화는 물론, 고객 만족경영 향상을 위한 유용한 방법으로 활용되리라 기대한다.

Recently it is difficult to draw an improvement for customer satisfaction because the ratio of satisfied customers increases in customer satisfaction survey. In addition, the effectiveness of practical application of customer satisfaction survey decreases due to its constitution limitation on its data analysis. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to develop a novel research to identify the strategy meanings and find dissatisfied factors of satisfied customers using the satisfied customers' reclassification. This study focuses on the satisfied customer segmentation based on Latent Class Analysis (LCA). The case study with high-speed internet service customers show that the satisfied customers are divided into three subgroups using LCA and we draw meaning results such as satisfaction and dissatisfaction factors through analyzing each group. This study is expected to play the role as the groundwork for the revitalization of customer satisfaction survey as well as improving customer satisfaction management.

Purpose: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience face disproportionate health risks, yet research has predominantly examined single health problems rather than their multidimensional patterns. This study employed latent class analysis (LCA) to identify distinct health typological classes among Korean adolescents and characterize the distribution of sexual behavior patterns across these classes. Methods: We analyzed 278,066 middle- and high-school students in the 2013?2016 Ko rea Youth Risk Behavior Survey. The LCA used 17 indicators encompassing sexual be havior patterns, health behaviors, health perceptions, and mental health. Complex-sam ple weighted analyses examined associations between latent classes and sociodemo graphic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and diseases. Results: Four distinct classes were identified: mental health high-risk group (10.1%), sub stance use high-risk group (6.5%), average group (36.3%), and healthy group (47.1%). Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience were disproportionately con centrated in the two high-risk classes, comprising 3.3% of the mental health high-risk group and 4.1% of the substance use high-risk group, compared with only 0.3% and 0.5% of the average group and the healthy group. The mental health high-risk group exhibited extremely elevated prevalence rates of suicidal ideation (96.2%), depressive symptoms (88.5%), and suicide attempts (27.5%), while the substance use high-risk group showed high rates of smoking (82.4%) and alcohol use (84.6%) but better mental health. Conclusion: Adolescents with same-sex or both-sex sexual experience demonstrate health inequality through disproportionate classification in the mental health high-risk group and the substance use high-risk group. The findings underscore the need for inte grated interventions combining mental health support and substance use prevention.

Purpose: Patients with stroke often experience a series of symptoms during treatment and rehabilitation,which may present various characteristics in different subgroups. The aims of this study were to explorethe characteristics of latent class groups of depression, fatigue, and pain in patients of different sexes withstroke and to determine the influence of demographic characteristics on different latent class groups by sex. Methods: The data of 501 patients with stroke were collected from two tertiary hospitals usingconvenience sampling between March 2022 and September 2022. The three-domain short forms of Patient-Reported OutcomeMeasurement Information Systemwere measured. Two homogenous classes wereidentified in the men and women groups using the latent class analysis method. Multivariable logisticregression analyses were used to examine the relationships of latent classes with demographic data by sex. Results: For the 501 patients studied, the latent class analysis model that fit with the two latent classeswas statistically significant for both men and women. In the men group, Class 1 comprised 38.8% of thepopulation, while Class 2 made up the remaining 61.2%. The probability of membership was 52.2% and47.8% for Class 1 and Class 2 in the women, respectively. Women had more severe symptom characteristicsand had more demographically impacted parameters than men. The factors that influenced maleand female patients differed, with household monthly income having the same influence in both groups. Conclusion: This study found that the latent classes of patients with stroke were highly heterogeneous,with women having more severe symptom characteristics and demographic differences.

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the latent class of suicide-related behaviors among Korean adolescents and identify related factors. Methods: This study used 2021 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey data and analyzed 7300 participants using latent class analysis. Results: Suicide-related behaviors were categorized into four classes: suicide ideation only (Class 1), suicide plan without ideation or attempt (Class 2), suicide attempt with ideation and plan (Class 3), and suicide attempt without ideation or plan (Class 4). Sexual intercourse experience, habitual drug use experience, and hospital treatment experience due to violence, which were set as risky behavior-related variables, were found to be factors influencing Class 3. However, these variables were not statistically significant factors affecting those belonging to Class 2 and Class 4. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the necessity of understanding the variances in suicide-related behaviors among adolescents to tailor interventions effectively. Adolescents who plan and attempt suicide despite having low levels of suicidal ideation exhibited high levels of stress and a tendency for sadness and despair compared to the suicide attempt with the ideation and plan group. These insights underscore the importance of addressing psycho-emotional factors and developing intervention strategies that cater specifically to the nuanced needs of each group to prevent potential suicide attempts.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify latent classes of depressive symptoms among Korean adults and to examine the sociodemographic and biobehavioral factors associated with each subgroup. Methods: This secondary analysis used data from 4,646 adults who participated in the 2022 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Latent class analysis was applied to the 9 items of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 to identify distinct subgroups. Multinomial logistic regression was then performed to determine the factors associated with class membership. Results: Three distinct latent classes were identified: the low-risk group (61.1%), the somatic symptom group (31.0%), and the global depression group (7.9%). The somatic symptom group, which comprised the largest proportion of symptomatic individuals, was characterized predominantly by physical complaints. In contrast, the global depression group showed high probabilities across all symptom domains. Female sex and shorter sleep duration emerged as shared risk factors for both depressive classes. However, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, including high-risk drinking and obesity, were associated exclusively with the global depression group, compared with the low-risk group, and were not associated with the somatic symptom group. Conclusion: These findings confirm the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms among Korean adults. Notably, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors such as high-risk drinking and obesity were associated with the most severe global manifestation of depression rather than with the somatic subtype. These results support the need for stratified interventions. Although sleep hygiene education may serve as a universal preventive strategy, targeted lifestyle modifications may be particularly important for individuals in the high-risk global depression group.

본 연구는 장애인들의 사회복지서비스 이용의 동태적인 변화와 그 집단 유형을 파악하고 하위집단별 유형이 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 연세대학교 사회복지연구소에서 실시한 ‘성남시 장애인 권리증진을 위한 장애인복지정책(장‧단기계획) 수립 연구’의 자료를 활용하였으며, 총 188명의 자료를 잠재계층분석과 다항로지스틱 회귀분석, 다중회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 장애인의 사회자원 이용 유형은 사회참여지원서비스 집중형, 경제지원서비스 집중형, 의료서비스 집중형, 생활지원서비스 집중형으로 유형화되었다. 둘째, 네 잠재계층으로 구분된 ‘사회참여지원서비스 집중형’, ‘경제지원서비스 집중형’, ‘의료서비스 집중형’, ‘생활지원서비스 집중형’을 구별하는 요인에 대한 분석을 실시한 결과, 장애인의 사회복지서비스 이용을 결정하는 데 있어 주요하게 작용하는 요인으로는 연령, 성별, 교육수준, 가구소득으로 나타났다. 셋째, 사회자원이용 유형이 장애인의 삶의 질에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 의료서비스 집중형에 비해 사회참여지원서비스 집중형이 삶의 질에 정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 장애인의 사회자원 이용의 유형에 따른 체계적 개입 방안을 논의하고 장애인의 삶의 질 증진을 위한 실천적 개입 방안을 제언하였다.

The purpose of this study is to identify the latent classes of social welfare service use for people with disabilities and examine the trajectory effects of each individual latent class classified in social welfare services for the disabled on quality of life. This Study uses data from 'A Study on the Short/Long-term Plan for the Improvement of the Rights of Persons with Disability: the Case of Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do'. A total 188 respondents were analyzed. The Latent class analysis(LCA), multiple logistic regression and multiple regression analysis were mainly used for data analysis. The results of the study were as follows: First, four distinct classes for social welfare service experiences for disabled people were identified. They were named here as follows; ‘intensive use of social participation service', ‘intensive use of medical service', ‘intensive use of financial support service', ‘intensive use of supportive living service'. Second, the results from multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that age, sex, education and household income were determining factors in the social welfare service experience. Finally, the disabled in the 'intensive use of social participation service' is more likely to have high-level quality of life than those in 'intensive use of medical service'. Based on the findings of this study, the researchers suggested political and practical implications for improving quality of life for the disabled.

The purpose of this study was to analyze characteristics and patterns of 'better class' by using the longitudinal text mining big data analysis technique from subjective lecture evaluation comments. First, this study classified upper 30% classes to deduce certain characteristics and patterns from every five-year subjective text data for 10 years. A total of 47,177courses (100%) from spring semester 2005 to fall semester 2014 were analyzed from a university at a metropolitan city in the mid area of South Korea. This study extracted meaningful words such as good, course, professor, appreciation, lecture, interesting, useful, know, easy, improvement, progress, teaching material, passion, and concern from the order of frequency 2005-2009. The other set of words were class, appreciation, professor, good, course, interesting, understanding, useful, help, student, effort, thinking, not difficult, explanation, lecture, hard, pleasant, easy, study, examination, like, various, fun, and knowledge 2010-2014. This study suggests that the characteristics and patterns of 'better class' at college, should be analyzed according to different academic code such as liberal arts, fine arts, social science, engineering, math and science, and etc.

Missing values and class imbalances are major factors that significantly degrade the performance of classification models in medical-data analysis. This comprehensive study systematically analyzes the specific effects of combining various advanced missing-value imputation techniques and traditional class-imbalance handling methods on overall classification performance. To achieve this, we utilized a real-world chronic kidney disease dataset obtained from the UCI Machine Learning Repository. The empirical results demonstrated that iterative imputation achieved a noticeably higher classification performance than simple mean imputation or k-nearest neighbor-based imputation, successfully attaining an impressive F1 score of 0.9980 and an area under the curve of 1.0000. In contrast, the subsequent application of oversampling techniques, such as the synthetic minority oversampling technique, provided an extremely limited effect on performance improvement. These robust findings strongly suggest that the initial missing-value handling strategy may exert a substantially greater impact on model performance than the chosen resampling technique.

본 논문에서는 실제 살인사건에서 관찰되는 범죄현장 위장행동에 대한 분석을 실시함으로써 위장 행동에 대한 실증적인 이해를 돕고자 하였다. 2006년부터 2020년 2월까지 발생한 살인사 건 중 프로파일러가 살인범죄 피의자를 직접 면담한 자료 45건을 분석하여 위장행동을 선정하 고, 잠재계층분석방법(LCA)을 통해 위장행동의 유형분류를 실시하였다. 그리고 교차분석으로 유형화된 위장행동의 특성을 비교하였다. LCA를 이용한 유형분류 결과 위장행동은 강간 위장, 강도 위장, 자살/사고사 위장으로 분류되었으며, 유형에 따른 특성의 차이가 관찰되었다. 강간 위장의 경우, 성기 이물질 삽입 행동과 탈의 행동이 수반되는 특성이 나타났다. 강도 위장은 물 색 흔적과 침입 흔적을 남겨놓는 행동이 상대적으로 높은 비율로 관찰되었다. 자살/사고사 위장 에서는 손목이나 경부(頸部)에 상처를 남겨 놓아 자해 흔적으로 보일 수 있도록 위장한 행동이 관찰되었다. 유형별 범죄자 특성을 살펴보면, 강도 위장이나 강간 위장과 같이 다른 범죄로 위장 한 유형에서는 여성보다 비교적 남성의 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 강간 위장 유형에서는 피 해자에게 흉기를 사용하거나 맨손으로 폭행하는 살인방법이 관찰된 반면, 자살/사고사 위장 유 형에서는 피해자를 질식시켜 살인하는 비율이 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 본 논문은 국내에서 발생한 실제 사건을 이용하는 등 범죄현장 위장행동의 실증적인 자료 를 분석함으로써 범죄현장에서 관찰되는 위장행동의 초기 논문으로 볼 수 있다. 실제 사건을 분석한 실증적 연구로써 표본 수의 한계에 대한 아쉬움이 있지만, 위장행동의 유형화를 통해 범인의 특성을 파악함으로써 범죄현장행동에 대한 다각적인 이해를 도울 수 있다는 것에 의 의가 있다.

In this paper, the analysis of staging of crime scene observed in murder case. Among the murders that took place from 2006 to February 2020, the profiler selected staging by analyzing 45 cases of direct interviews with suspects in homicide. Types of staging were classified through the Latent Class Analysis(LCA). The characteristics of staging, which were characterized by cross-analysis, were compared. As a result of classifications using LCA, staging was classified as type of rape staging, type of robbery staging and type of suicide/accident staging. It was confirmed that differences in characteristics by type. In the case of rape staging, insertion of foreign substance to vaginal and abrasion behavior tend to occur frequently. The robbery staging accounted for a relatively high percentage of the actions that left traces of search and invasion. The suicide/accidental death staging was observed to leave scars on the wrist or the neck so that they could be seen as traces of self-harm. The criminal characteristics of each type showed that the proportion of males was relatively higher than that of females in types disguised as other crimes, such as robbery or rape staging. The proportion of men and women in the type of suicide/accidental death staging was similar. In addition, murder methods of using a weapon or assaulting a victim with bare hands were observed in the type of rape staging, but the rate of suffocation was the highest in the type of suicide/accidental death staging. In the type of robbery staging, the rate of suffocation or murder using a weapon was the highest. This paper is meaningful as an early paper of staging by analyzing empirical data. It is also meaningful that empirical data were analyzed to help various understanding of staging in crime scenes.

이 연구는 더글라스와 윌다브스키의 문화 이론에 기반하여 2023년 한국인들의 문화적 세계관을 구성하 고, 문화적 세계관이 실제로 사람들의 감염병 위험인식 및 위험귀인 인식에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 검정했 다. 이 연구는 2023년 5월 수집된 “산업안전에 대한 국민의식 조사”자료를 활용했으며, 방법론으로는 잠재집단분석과 다변량 로지스틱 회귀분석을 활용했다. 연구결과, 한국인들은 크게 네 개의 문화적 세계관(권위주의, 평등주의, 개인주의, 운명주의)을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 권위주의자와 개인 주의자들은 감염병 위험인식을 비교적 낮게 판단하고 감염자 개인의 부주의로 판단한 반면, 평등주의자 들은 위험인식이 높았고 감염자 외부의 영향으로 감염이 됐다고 판단하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구는 정책결정자, 기업의 경영진, 전문가들이 감염병 관리와 커뮤니케이션 차원에서 기존의 합리적·기술적 설명방식을 넘어설 필요성을 시사하며, 사회적 집단의 문화적 세계관에 적합한 거버넌스와 소통방식을 고려해야 함을 보인다.

This study draws on Douglas and Wildavsky’s cultural theory to identify the cultural worldviews held by Koreans in 2023 and to examine how these worldviews affect individuals’ perceptions of infectious‑disease risks and their attributions of such risks. It utilizes data from the National Survey on Occupational Safety, collected in May 2023, and employs latent class analysis and multivariate logistic regression as analytic tools. The results show that Koreans exhibit four distinctive cultural worldviews—authoritarianism, egalitarianism, individualism, and fatalism. Authoritarians and individualists tend to perceive the risk of infectious diseases as relatively low and to attribute infection to individual carelessness, whereas egalitarians perceive the risk as high and tend to attribute infection to external factors beyond individuals’ control. These findings suggest that policymakers, business executives, and other professionals should move beyond traditional rational‑technical approaches to risk governance and communication, and adopt strategies tailored to the cultural worldviews of different social groups.

This study aimed to identify latent purchase motivation groups for pet vegan cosmetics and to examine their effects on product trust. A latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted on 235 adult consumers who own pets. The analysis revealed two potential consumer groups: an “environmentally-satisfied” group and a “personally-satisfied” group. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that brand image and quality significantly influenced product trust in the environmentally-satisfied group, whereas brand image, quality, product design, and price all significantly influenced trust in the personally-satisfied group. These findings suggest that consumers of pet vegan cosmetics have diverse purchasing motivations, indicating the need for differentiated marketing strategies. Specifically, strategies emphasizing brand image and quality are likely to be effective for consumers with high environmental awareness, while strategies focusing on product design and price would be more effective for consumers with lower environmental awareness. This study provides valuable insights into the factors influencing consumer purchase motivations and product trust in the pet vegan cosmetics market, offering a useful baseline for future marketing strategy development.

본 연구는 60세부터 74세까지의 독거 노인 남성의 대사증후군 복합 위험 요인을 잠재계층분석으로 분류하 고 특징을 분석했다. 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 520명을 대상으로 허리둘레, 혈압, 혈당, 중성지방, HDL 콜레스 테롤 수치를 분석했다. 그 결과 건강군(26%), 흡연 및 스트레스군(19.6%), 비만군(29.2%), 음주 및 우울군(25.2%) 의 4개 계층이 확인됐다. 로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 흡연 및 스트레스, 비만, 음주 및 우울군은 건강군 대비 각각 4.86배, 5.11배, 2.76배 높은 대사증후군 위험을 보였다. 이는 독거 노인 남성의 특성을 고려한 맞춤형 건강 관리의 중요성을 시사한다.

This study classified multi-risk factors of metabolic syndrome in 60-74 year-old men living alone using Latent Class Analysis. Data from KNHANES on 520 men, including waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol, were analyzed. Four classes emerged: healthy (26%), smoking and stress (19.6%), obesity (29.2%), and alcohol and depression (25.2%). Logistic regression showed significantly higher metabolic syndrome risk in the smoking and stress (4.86 times), obesity (5.11 times), and alcohol and depression (2.76 times) groups compared to the healthy group, emphasizing the need for tailored health management for this demographic.

이 연구는 잠재계층분석을 활용하여 한국인의 통일의식을 동질 집단으로 유형화하고 집단에 따라 통일의 필요성 인식에 차이가 있는지 분석하며, 2003년, 2013년, 2023년의 시계열에 따라 변화하는지를 탐색하는데 목적을 두었다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 3개년 모두 3개 집단으로 유형화되었다. 한국인의 1/2을 차지하고 있는 유형 1은 시계열에 따라 비율 차이가 없었지만, 유형 2는 증가했고 유형 3은 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 둘째, 2003년은 유형 2 그리고 2013년과 2023년은 유형 1의 통일 필요성 인식이 가장 낮았다. 3개 시점 모두 유형 3의 통일 필요성 인식이 가장 높았다. 그리고 모든 유형이 시계열에 따라 통일의 필요성을 점점 낮게 인식하는 것으로 나타나, 한국인의 통일의 필요성 인식에 위기 상황이 발생했음을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 위기 극복을 위해 특정 집단이 아닌 모든 한국인을 대상으로 통일의 필요성 인식 향상을 위한 통일 교육을 제공할 것을 제안하였다.

This study aims to classify South Koreans' unification consciousness into homogeneous groups using LCA and analyze whether there are differences in the perception of the necessity of unification among these groups, as well as how these perceptions have changed over the time periods of 2003, 2013, and 2023. The results are as follows: First, all three years were classified into three groups. Group 1, which comprises half of the South Korean population, showed no change in proportion over time, while the proportion of Group 2 increased, and the proportion of Group 3 showed a decreasing trend. Second, in 2003, Group 2 had the lowest perception of the necessity of unification, while in 2013 and 2023, Group 1 had the lowest perception. Across all three time points, Group 3 had the highest perception of the necessity of unification. Additionally, all groups showed a decreasing trend over time, indicating a crisis in the awareness of the need for unification among Koreans. This study is recommends providing unification education of enhance the perception of the necessity of unification for all Koreans in order to overcome this crisis.

At present, the domestic and overseas markets for artificial intelligence (AI)-based Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) services for medical video are rapidly increasing. Moreover, the future is also promising. In South Korea, AI-based software (SW) utilizing video and medical big data accounts for a large proportion of Korean SaMD standard diagnosis/detection assistance SaMD SW approved by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS) and used for clinical experiments. Future work will focus on device development. Furthermore, Europe is currently the world’s second-largest market for medical devices. As a result, Korean manufacturers may explore marketing medical products to EU countries. However, the Korean medical device classification system and the European medical device classification system are different. In addition, European regulation is in flux, with an old standard (MDD) currently being updated to a new one (MDR); this presents additional factors that SaMD producers should consider. This paper presents the medical device grades that should be considered first for export. In addition, this paper also explains which provisions applicable to SaMD exist in MDR, as well as how Korean medical device (i.e., Korean SaMD standard diagnostic and detection assistance software) grades will change according to the new European legal standard (MDR).

In order to obtain ultra-high resolution MRI images, research and development of 11 T or higher superconducting magnets have been actively conducted in the world, recently. The high-temperature superconductor (HTS), first discovered in 1986, was very limited in industrial application until mid-2010, despite its high critical current characteristics in the high magnetic field compared to the low-temperature superconductor. This is because HTS magnets were unable to operate stably due to the thermal damage when a quench occurred. With the introduction of no-insulation (NI) HTS magnet winding technology that does not burn electrically, it could be expected that the HTS magnets are dramatically reduced in weight, volume, and cost. In this paper, a 6 T-class NI HTS magnet for basic characteristic analysis was designed, and a distributed equivalent circuit model of the NI coils was configured to analyze the charging current characteristics caused by excitation current, and the charge delay phenomenon and loss were predicted through the development of a simulation model. Additionally, the critical current of the NI HTS magnets was estimated, considering the magnetic field, its angle and temperature with a given current. The loss due to charging delay characteristics was analyzed and the result was shown. It is meaningful to obtain detailed operation technology to secure a stable operation protocol for a 6T NI HTS magnet which is actually manufactured.

Background: Evaluating embryo quality is crucial for the success of in vitro fertilization procedures. Traditional methods, such as the Gardner grading system, rely on subjective human assessment of morphological features, leading to potential inconsistencies and errors. Artificial intelligence-powered grading systems offer a more objective and consistent approach by reducing human biases and enhancing accuracy and reliability. Methods: We evaluated the performance of five convolutional neural network architectures—EfficientNet-B0, InceptionV3, ResNet18, ResNet50, and VGG16— in grading blastocysts into five quality classes using only embryo images, without incorporating clinical or patient data. Transfer learning was applied to adapt pretrained models to our dataset, and data augmentation techniques were employed to improve model generalizability and address class imbalance. Results: EfficientNet-B0 outperformed the other architectures, achieving the highest accuracy, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and F1-score across all evaluation metrics. Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping was used to interpret the models’ decision-making processes, revealing that the most successful models predominantly focused on the inner cell mass, a critical determinant of embryo quality. Conclusions: Convolutional neural networks, particularly EfficientNet-B0, can significantly enhance the reliability and consistency of embryo grading in in vitro fertilization procedures by providing objective assessments based solely on embryo images. This approach offers a promising alternative to traditional subjective morphological evaluations.