Earticle

So far we have analyzed palatalization in English by means of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chain(OT-CC), which is focused on the derivational history. First of all, classical Optimality Theory (OT) relates the input into the output directly, and is output-oriented and parallel one without any intermediate representation. Accordingly, it could not handle opacity, that is, counterfeeding or counterbleeding order, properly. OT-CC has well-formedness conditions of candidate chains which require faithful initiation, gradual divergency, and harmonic improvement. In addition, the opaque candidate wins against the transparent form by Precedence Constraint which sets up the violation order of faithfulness constraints. Thus, wrong candidates could be ruled out by these two devices. The case of ‘confession’ could be explained by PREC(ID[ant], MAX) ‘partiality’ by PREC(ID[ant], ID[glide]), ‘habitual’ by PREC(ID[dr], MAX) respectively. Therefore, derivational history is reflected on the candidate chains, <kənfesyon, kənfešyon, kənfešon>.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the opacity resulting from underapplication and overapplication. Opacity, which refers to the phenomenon that output forms are shaped by generalizations that are not surface-true, or not surface-apparent, has been a challenge to standard Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) since it does not allow intermediate level of derivation. Local Conjunction (Smolensky, 1993; Kirchner, 1996) and Sympathy Theory (McCarthy, 1999; 2002b) have been proposed to deal with the opacity but there are also problems in them. In this paper to resolve the problem in standard Optimality Theory, Local Conjunction, and Sympathy Theory, I'll attempt to solve the opacity problem by employing the new account of McCarthy (2006a-d)'s Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains, which incorporates inter-candidate derivational information with PREC(edence) constraints(A, B). Based on Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains with PREC(edence) constraints(A, B), this paper examines and analyses the opacity resulting from underapplication and overapplication. And I support the superiority of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains.

Focusing on the OT-CC analysis of a case study of the phonological acquisition in English, this paper shows that B » PREC(A, B) cannot be a universal meta-constraint for the ranking of PREC constraints. According to McCarthy (2006, 2007), PREC(A. B), which requires that the violation of a faithfulness constraint B should be preceded by the violation of a faithfulness constraint A in the derivational chains, should not be ranked above a faithfulness constraint B cross-linguistically. However, this paper presents a counter-example against the universality of this ranking relation, by showing that the derived environment opacity effect in the error patterns of Child 142, which was described in Dinnsen (2008), requires that PREC(A, B) be ranked above B, which is the reverse ranking of B » PREC(A, B).

This article provides an Optimality-Theoretic analysis of the developmental process of vowel lengthening and shortening, especially focusing on HCL and PCS I and II. In doing so, we have proposed one faithfulness constraint and two markedness constraints. The diachronic changes could be accounted for through three stages. The constraint ranking of the first stage is Ident-IO(long) >> *V[-long] sonC[ αpl]-vdO[ αpl]]σ(V), *V[+long] CC (otherwise), that of the second stage is Ident-IO(long), *V[-long] sonC[ αpl]-vdO[ αpl]]σ(V), *V[+long] CC(otherwise), and that of the last stage is *V[-long] sonC[ αpl]-vdO [αpl]]σ(V), *V[+long] CC(otherwise) >> Ident-IO(long). Additionally, this study supports the direction of diachronic sound change agreed upon, which moves from faithfulness constraints >> markedness ones to markedness constraints >> faithfulness constraint ones. That is, our analysis reflects the promotion of markedness constraints *V[-long] sonC[ αpl]-vdO[ αpl]]σ(V) and *V[+long] CC(otherwise) and the demotion of a faithfulness constraint Ident-IO(long).

The aim of this paper is to reconsider Sasaki (2007, 2008a-c), which analyses the opacity resulting from Rendaku in the Mitsukaido dialect of Japanese. In analysing the opacity, Sasaki (2007, 2008a-c) argues in favor of Stratal Optimality Theory (SOT, Kiparsky 2000) rather than classic Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993, 2002), Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1999), and Optimality Theory with Candidate Chains (OT-CC, McCarthy 2006, 2007). However, SOT (Kiparsky 2000) cannot explain the opacity of Rendaku properly. In this paper contrary to Sasaki (2007, 2008a-c), we attempt to solve the opacity problem by employing OT-CC (McCarthy 2006, 2007), supporting the superiority of OT-CC (McCarthy 2006, 2007) over SOT (Kiparsky 2000).

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the not surface-apparent opacity resulting from the acquisition of English coronal fricative [s] by Korean learners of English. According to Cho & Lee (2001), Korean learners of English are likely to produce English target /s/ in the prevocalic position as tense alveolar fricative [s’]. Moreover, they palatalize [s’] before /i/, producing palatalized tense [ʃ’]. Palatalized tense [ʃ’] by Korean learners of English shows the not surface-apparent opacity because of the tense feature which is not in the phonemic inventory of English. In this paper, I attempt to resolve the opacity problem by employing OT-CC (McCarthy 2006a-d, 2007), which incorporates the derivational information with PREC(A, B). Based on OT-CC with Prec(A, B), this paper examines and analyses the opacity problem of palatalized tense [ʃ’] before /i/ for English target /s/. By doing so, I support the superiority of OT-CC.

This study explores the role of the Korean military as a bridgehead for the spread of English through the lens of English Linguistic Imperialism (ELI). In so doing, it is particularly concerned with the question of how Galtung’s (1980) four distinct categories (cC, pC, cP, and pP) of the structure of imperialism, or the Center-Periphery dichotomy, can apply to the introduction and expansion of English in the socio-historical and political contexts of Korea during the nation-building period (1945-the 1960s). The U.S. Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) (1945-1948) declared English to be the official language of Korea and, in modernizing the Korean military, paid special attention to English education. Connected with the dominant power of the USAMGIK (cC), the Korean military became the new elite group (cP) in Korean society. Enjoying supremacy over the civilian sector, the Korean military committed to playing a pivotal role in spreading English into the civilian sector (pP). Not only anglocentricity, or the supremacy of English, but also professionalism, typically represented by the English Language Teaching (ELT) method of audiolingualism, was widely disseminated from the U.S. military to the Korean military, and then to the Korean public. Though short-lived, the language policy and practices of the USAMGIK have had a long-term effect on English education in Korea. The spread of English in Korea, in this sense, cannot be disassociated from the military as one of the social institutions.

This paper analyzes dissimilatory processes in English in terms of locality. Zymet (2015) reports that rule applicability decreases as distance between the target and the trigger increases. Specifically, this paper analyzes liquid dissimilation processes in English in Surface Correspondence Theory. In this theory, two constraint families are posited. One is the Corr constraints that require correspondence among similar segments, and the other is the CC-Limiter constraints that penalize corresponding segments if they do not meet certain criteria. In this paper, three cases of distance-based liquid dissimilation are analyzed with different CC-Limiter constraints. The first one is local dissimilation in which corresponding segments are in the same syllable. Therefore, distance between correspondents is shortest and the ratio of rule application is highest. The second one is dissimilation where corresponding segments are in adjacent syllable. Finally, dissimilation where one transparent syllable is between corresponding segments is analyzed. Since this shows the longest distance between correspondents, the proportion of rule application is lowest. In addition, variants (e.g. columnar～columnal) are analyzed by a different constraint ranking.

This article accounts for phonological opacity which has been problematic in OT. Phonological opacity refers to the phenomenon in which output forms are shaped by generalizations which are not surface-apparent, or not surface-true (Kager 1999). We have reviewed the previous analyses of phonological opacity that has been problematic in the classic OT. We have seen that Multi-stratal Model or OT-CC may account for opacity but introduces intermediate levels or derivation processes postulated in rule-based theories, which goes against the basic principle of the classic OT. In order to account for phonological opacity of Turkish, Isthmus Nahuat, English, Tiberian Hebrew, and Bedouin Arabic, we have used the notion of ‘trace’ and/or some constraints. In the case of Turkish and Isthmus Nahuat, *VkC and *Coda[-vd]-V have been proposed respectively. In the case of English, *[+cor, +ant]+[+high, +pal] and ID[cont]+yu have been proposed. In the case of Tiberian Hebrew and Bedouin Arabic, *C and ID(hi)-C-[-syl]I/[+syl]O have been proposed respectively.

목적: 대퇴 전자부 주위 골절 치료의 근위 대퇴 골수정의 치료 결과를 압박 고 나사와 비교하여 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 2003년 1월부터 2004년 12월까지 전자부 주위 골절 환자 중 근위 대퇴 골수정으로 치료 받고 최소 12개월 이 상 추시 경과 관찰이 가능하였던 33명의 환자(I 군)를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 압박 고 나사를 이용하여 수술 받은 34명의 환자 (II 군)를 대조군으로 하였다. 두 군의 수술 시간, 출혈량, 수혈량, 중환자실 이용 빈도, 배액량, 재원 일수, 합병증의 빈도, 대퇴경 간 각, 지연 나사의 이동 거리, 골유합, Jesen의 function score와 Parker와 Palmer의 mobility score 차이를 비교하였다. 결과: 수술 시간은 I 군에서 105분, II 군에서 157분이었고 예상 출혈량은 540 cc, 840 cc이었다. 수혈량은 각각 1.5 pints와 2.2pints이었고 중환자실 전실 빈도는 각각 6%와 30%이었다. 배액량은 36 cc와 203 cc이었으며 재원일 수는 25일과 33일 이었고, 합병증은 15%, 17%이었다. 이 중 고정 실패에 따른 재수술의 경우는 I 군에서만 2예(6%) 있었다. 골유합은 17.5주와 18.9주이었으며 대퇴경간 각은 각각 3.70도, 3.87도이었다. 지연 나사의 평균 이동 거리는 1.9 mm, 6.9 mm이었으며 function score는 각각 1.81과 1.94이었으며, mobility score는 각각 6.51, 6.16이었다. 수술 시간, 예상 출혈량, 수혈량, 중환자실 전실 빈도, 배액량, 재원 일수, 골유합, 지연 나사의 평균 이동 거리에서 통계학적 의의가 있었으며(p<0.05) 그 외 모든 결과에서는 통계학적인 의의가 없었다(p>0.05). 결론: 대퇴 근위 전자부 주위 골절의 치료에 있어서 근위 대퇴 골수정을 이용한 술식은 압박 고 나사에 비하여 양호한 임상적 결 과가 관찰되었다.

Purpose: This study compared the results between PFN (Proximal Femoral Nail) and DHS (Dynamic Hip Screw) in the treatment of a peritrochanteric fracture of the proximal femur. Materials and Methods: 33 patients with peritrochanteric fractures treated with PFN for a minimum follow-up of at least 12 months were analyzed retrospectively. The patients with PFN group (n=33, group I) were taken from operations between Jan. 2003 and Dec. 2004, and the DHS group (n=34, group II) were used as the control group. Both groups were compared with regard to the operation time, blood loss, transfusion, ICU care, drain amount, duration of admission, complications, the neck shaft angle, the sliding length of lag screws, radiological union, and the functional recovery grade using Jensen and Palmar and Parker’s method. Results: The mean operative times were 105 (group I) and 157 minutes (group II), blood losses were 540 and 840cc, transfusion volumes were 1.5 and 2.2 pints, ICU care was 6 and 30%, drain amounts were 36 and 203 cc, admission duration was 25 and 33 days, complications were 15 and 17%, reoperations by the failure of the reduction were 2 cases(6%) (group I) and 0 (group II), difference in the neck shaft angles were 3.70 and 3.87?, sliding length of the lag screws were 1.9 and 6.9 mm, radiological union was achieved in 17.5 and 18.9 weeks, function scores were 1.81 and 1.94, and the mobility scores were 6.51 and 6.16, respectively. These results show that there were advantages of PFN in terms of the operative times, blood loss, transfusion, ICU care, drain amounts, admission duration, sliding length of the lag screws and radiological union with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusion: Good clinical results can be achieved with PFN compared with the DHS for the treatment of peritrochanteric fractures of the proximal femur.

Observations were made on the blood picture of total 196 heads of healthy Korean cattles, including 98 males and females in the purpose of determination of blood chemical values and their sex differences and seasonal variations during one year period from December, 1963 to November, 1964. The blood sampling were scheduled by random in four different seasons and the sample size of both sex included in each season were designated to be same size. The ranges, averages or mean values of the blood glucose, total serum protein, serum globulin, serum albumin, total non-protein nitrogen, blood urea nitrogn, total serum cholesterol, serum inorganic phosphorus and serum calcium were determined in this studies and their respective standard deviation, standard error of means, sex differences and seasonal variations were as follows. 1. The blood glucose values for the male ranged from 32.8 to 70.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $49.781{\pm}0.823mg/100cc$; for the female the range was 32.0 to 64.0mg/100cc. with a mean of $47.235{\pm}0.782mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1% level. 2. The total serum protein values for the male ranged from 5.61 to 8.83 gm/100cc with a. mean of $7.366{\pm}0.062gm/100cc$; for the female ranged from 5.53 to 8. 43 gm/100cc. with a mean of $6.832{\pm}0.063gm/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation was not significant. 3. The serum globulin values for the male ranged from 2.97 to 4.78 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.961{\pm}0.039gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.87 to 4.41 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.699{\pm}0.037gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 4. The serum albumin values for the male ranged from 2.58 to 4.21 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.405{\pm}0.029gm/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 2.39 to 4.10 gm/100cc. with a mean of $3.204{\pm}0.031gm/100cc$. Sex difference showed highly significant at 1% level and seasonal variation was not significant. 5. The total non-protein nitrogan values for the male ranged from 19.1 to 44.8 gm/100cc. with a mean of $31.166{\pm}0.582mg/100cc$.; for the female the range was 15.2 to 50.5 mg/100cc. with a mean of $28.89.6{\pm}0.673mg/100cc$. Sex difference showed significant at 5% level and seasonal variation was highly significant at 1 % level. 6. The blood urea nitrogen values for the male ranged from 6.4 to 28.3 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.371{\pm}0.466mg/100cc$.; for the female the range, was 6.0 to 26.9 mg/100cc. with a mean of $13.631{\pm}0.321mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1 % level. 7. The total serum cholesterol values for the male ranged from 60.0 to 238.6 mg/100cc. with a mean of $140.897{\pm}2.826mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 50.0 to 243.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of $124.840{\pm}3.553mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 8. The serum inorganic phosphorus values for the male ranged from 3.5 to 7.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.426{\pm}0.096mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 3.1 to 8.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $5.570{\pm}0.128mg/100cc$. Sex difference and seasonal variation showed no significant. 9. The serum calcium values for the male ranged from 7.8 to 12.8 mg/100cc. with a mean of $10.761{\pm}0.102mg/100cc$.; for the female ranged from 8.0 to 13.0 mg/100cc. with a mean of 10. $756{\pm}0.097mg/100cc$. Sex difference was not significant and seasonal variation showed highly significant at 1% level. 10. The age of test group ranged from 2 years to 6 years in both sex and the averageage were, $4.45{\pm}0.114$ years in male and $4.50{\pm}0116$ years in female. Sex difference and seasonal

Background/Aims: Rebleeding after endoscopic therapy for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NGIH) is the most important predictive factor of mortality. We evaluated the risk factors of rebleeding in patients undergoing endoscopic therapy for the NGIH. Methods: Between January 2003 and January 2007, 554 bleeding events in 487 patients who underwent endoscopic therapy for NGIH were retrospectively enrolled. We reviewed the clinicoendoscopical characteristics of patients with rebleeding and compared them with those of patients without rebleeding. Results: The incidence of rebleeding was 21.7% (n=120). In the multivariate analysis, initial hemoglobin level ≤9 g/dL (p=0.002; odds ratio [OR], 2.433), inexperienced endoscopist with less than 2 years of experience in therapeutic endoscopy (p=0.001; OR, 2.418), the need for more 15 cc of epinephrine (p=0.001; OR, 2.570), injection therapy compared to thermal and injection therapy (p=0.001; OR, 2.840), and comorbidity with chronic renal disease (p=0.004; OR, 2.908) or liver cirrhosis (p=0.010; OR, 2.870) were risk factors for rebleeding following endoscopic therapy. Conclusions: Together with patients with low hemoglobin level at presentation, chronic renal disease, liver cirrhosis, the need for more 15 cc of epinephrine, or therapy done by inexperienced endoscopist were risk factors for the development of rebleeding.