Earticle

This study secured the field technology of z-axis auto-leveling according to the standalone lift boarding box structure, measured the weight measurement and usage time of the used load, and found the measured value of the deviation of the allowable range and rotation angle of the y-axis rotation range.The Z-axis leveling deviation of the boarding box can also be checked, and auto-leveling technology using a hydraulic system is a very useful technology, and it is judged that this technology can be applied to various forms using the acquired technology.

The global power generation industry is becoming a key power generation industry with gas power generation and renewable energy solar power generation. This research aims to focus on solving two problems as a method to improve the solar light collection efficiency among fixed variable deformation methods. Maintaining the proper temperature of the water injection device through automatic temperature detection to solve efficiency degradation, and establishing an automatic operation system by finding the optimal angle for each season, are intended to derive a value that can represent the optimal power generation.

With the advent of the 4.0 era of logistics due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution, infrastructures have been built to receive the same services online and offline. Logistics services affected by logistics 4.0 and IT technology are rapidly changing. Logistics services are developing using technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, blockchain, Internet of things, and augmented reality. The convergence of logistics services and various IT new technologies is accelerating, and the development of data management solution technology has led to the emergence of electronic cargo waybill to replace paper cargo waybill. The electronic waybill was developed to supplement paper waybill that lack economical and safety. However, the electronic waybill that appeared to complement the paper waybill are also in need of complementation in terms of efficiency and reliability. New research is needed to ensure that electronic cargo waybill gain the trust of users and are actively utilized. To solve this problem, electronic cargo waybill that combine blockchain technology are being developed. This study aims to improve the reliability, operational efficiency and safety of blockchain electronic cargo waybill. The purpose of this study is to analyze the blockchain-based electronic cargo waybill system and to derive evaluation indicators for system supplementation.

As carbon fibers have the high performance, such as high strength, light weight, and high corrosion resistance, they are gradually expanding and growing at various industries. In particular, this study was conducted to determine whether the market could be applied to street lanterns among the construction sectors expected to grow in scale. In this study, the material characteristics of street lanterns using carbon fiber composites were studied in order to determine whether carbon fiber composites could be applied as a substitute for stainless steel and cast iron street lanterns. The physical relationship was experimentally evaluated to obtain a suitable material through the comparison of physical properties of fiber composite materials.

This study introduces the comparison of efficiency levels of photovoltaics systems by analyzing various installation systems of photovoltaics systems and optimization techniques and proposes a system using techniques In this study, the generation time and power generation of two types of photovoltaic power generation system were measured and compared. Comparing the monthly power generation time with the power generation amount, it is found that there are many fixed variable photovoltaic power generation systems with a large average daily power generation time of 0.8h and an average power generation capacity of 2,871kw from November to December. Total Fixed Variable Total Daily Power Generation Time 2.4h The power generation amount is 23,184kw, showing a large amount of electric power generation.

철도 화차에는 특별한 센서나 장비가 없어서 화차의 편성 정보, 연결 상태, 또는 탑재된 화물의 안전 상태등을 파악하기가 어렵다. 화물 운송 계획에 따라 중간 중간에 변경되는 화차 편성을 체계적 으로 관리하고, 운행 중에 발생할 수 있는 사고를 미연에 방지하며, 특히 위험물 운송시 안전하게 운 반할 수 있도록 면밀한 감시와 관리가 필요하다. 이 논문에서 최근에 활발하게 연구되는 사물인터넷 (IoT) 기술을 이용하여, 화차 및 화물의 상태를 자동으로 감지하고 이들을 안전하게 관리하기 위한 철 도 화차 관리 시스템의 개발 방법에 대해 연구한다. 이를 위해 IoT 장치들을 이용하여 화차 및 화물 의 상태를 센싱하고, 이를 토대로 화차 편성을 관리하며, IoT 장치들 간의 통신 방법 등 화차 관리 시 스템에 필요한 요소들을 설계하고 이에 대한 고려 사항을 제시하였다. 이러한 IoT 기술을 활용할 경 우 보다 안전하고 지능적인 첨단의 철도 화차 관리가 가능할 것으로 기대한다.

It is hard to identify the consist information of freight cars, their connection status, and the safety status of cargo/goods loaded, because the freight cars have no sensing devices and tools. In order to manage the connection information for train cars which can be changeable frequently, to capture the exact status of freight carrying, and to prevent in advance the accidents of freight transportation, we need an elegant and elaborate system controlling and managing freight cars. This paper investigates the methods for developing a train freight management system which senses the status of cars and cargo and manages them safely by using Internet-of-Thing(IoT) tech-nologies which are recently taking huge attraction. For achieving this goal, this paper presents design details and consideration factors of the train freight management system, such as sensing the status of cars and cargo by IoT devices, managing the consist network of train freight cars, networking these IoT devices by wireless communication, etc. By taking advantage of IoT technologies, we will be able to develop a freight management system which is safer and more intelligent.

Recently, the need of weight reduction has been required in automobile industry. In this paper, we aim to evaluate the composite sandwich panel to substitute original steel structure of commercial vehicle. The compressive and drum-peel tests were conducted to consider core materials and resin system of the sandwich panel. Based on the test, we decided the core reinforcement and matrix materials of the panel. As a result, the composite panel were composed of aluminum profile, glass fiber prepreg and aluminum honeycomb. We also confirmed the weight reduction ratio and structural safety compared to prior steel structure components by bending test and FEM simulation.

컴퓨터 시스템들이 다양한 분야에 널리 응용되고 있으며, 서로 다른 시스템들이 서로 통합적으 로 연동되는 융복합 서비스들이 개발되고 있다. 이러한 융·복합 서비스를 체계적으로 제공하기 위해 서는 정보 시스템들이 다루는 객체에 대한 체계적인 객체 식별자(OID)가 필요하다. 이러한 목적을 위 해, 국제 표준으로 제정된 OID를 바탕으로 철도 선로 및 철도 관련 시설물들을 체계적으로 관리하기 위한 철도 객체 식별자(ROID)가 제안된 바 있다. 이 논문에서는 ROID 식별 체계 환경에서 객체의 공간 정보를 보다 효과적으로 식별할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다. 나아가 이 ROID의 식별 체계를 이 용하여 철도 선로 및 시설물의 공간 정보 참조 체계 관리 시스템의 기능 요구에 대해 조사하고 분석 하였다. 끝으로 제안된 기법에 대한 의의를 설명하고 향후 연구 방향에 대해 제시하였다.

Computer systems have been widely utilized in various applications, and convergence services which integrate and co-operate together these different computer systems have been being developed. In order to provide these convergence services systematically, it is required to develop a well-established object identification(OID) for the objects which the computer systems are managing. For this purpose, a new Railway OID (ROID) to manage railway line and railway-related facility objects has been developed, based on the Object Identifier(OID) approved as an international standard. This paper presents a new method to identify more effectively the spatial information for the objects in the context of the ROID identification mechanism. Furthermore, it also describes the functional requirement analysis and the design of a reference system for the spatial information of railway objects. Finally, we discuss the contribution of the proposed methods and present further research topics.

최근 각 산업분야에서 공간정보의 구축은 물론 그 활용과 유통을 위한 다양한 노력들이 이루 어지고 있다. 철도산업분야에서도 이러한 공간정보는 각 관련 주체간 협업 등을 원활하게 하고, 자 산관리 및 철도운영 등의 효율성을 높일 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 철도공간정보의 체계적인 활용을 위해 철도공간정보에 대한 참조체계 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 현재 철도는 상대위치 개념을 중심으 로 모든 시설물 관리와 차량운행이 이루어지고 있다. 상대위치 기반의 관리체계는 많은 장점을 가 지고 있으나, 선로 개량 등으로 선형 변화가 발생할 경우 변경된 지점을 중심으로 그 다음 위치들 은 모두 상대위치를 변경하여야만 하는 어려움 또한 유발된다. 그리고 토목, 전기, 신호 등 철도의 각 분야에 속한 시설물들은 각각 다른 상대위치를 가지고 있기 때문에 협업의 어려움 또한 발생하 고 있다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하고, 철도산업 이외의 분야와 협업 및 정보 융복합 등을 위하여 절 대위치 기반의 철도공간정보참조체계가 필수적이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 세계적으로 유일한 객체 식별자를 가지는 OID표준을 기반으로 철도공간정보참조체계 식별자 ROID(Railway Object IDentifier)와 시스템 확장성 및 연계성이 높은 서비스 객체지향형 철도공간정보참조체계를 제안한 다. ROID는 기존의 철도 시설물 관리체계를 유지하면서 절대위치와 함께 유일한 식별자 개념을 가 질 수 있도록 구성된다.

The application of spatial information has drawn significant attention from a wide range of industries. Railway spatial information facilitates the cooperation among related parties and improves the efficiency of asset management and operations. This study proposes the structure of Railway Object IDentifier(ROID) on railway spatial information. Current facility management and train operation are based on relative positioning system. Despite many advantages, relative positioning system causes serious problems such as the entire reconfiguration of positioning in the case of line change. Another major concern is the interface compatibility between individual facilities with different relative positioning. ROID based on absolute positioning addresses these issues, allowing the information exchange and convergence between independent parties. This study proposes ROID based on OID standard with object IDentifier and service object-oriented reference system. Our ROID employs the absolute positioning and the unique identifier, maintaining the compatibility with existing management system.

In this study, the heat flow analysis compatible commercial code CFX 11 was used to develop the structure inside PCB circuit board devices, which could stable radiant heat as well as the cooling device within it. In case of modifying the arrangement of electronic parts on the PCB inside the multi channel temperature measurement board devices, radiant heat effects did not show a rising tendency, whereas the overall temperature went down in case of installing the vents in the outer case of PCB circuit board devices. In terms of installation location, it was the most appropriate to install it on the electronic parts with no heat. Besides, in case of mounting the fan as a cooling device by considering various user environments for multi channel temperature measurement board devices, the radiant heat effects were shown higher than in case of installing the vents, and the middle sections were the most appropriate to its installation location. In case of changing the wind quantity of the fan from its selected installation location, the best radiant heat effects were shown at high speed as expected.

Transportation of goods by rail in border areas requires considerable time, money, and human resources. Therefore, in this study, a blockchain-based non-stop passing system is proposed to solve this problem. In this study, each transit station and train are designated as one network node, and the corresponding node participates in the blockchain network to record and verify data. In the process, we will design a blockchain network using Docker and design a network interface. Without changing the data and information generated in the existing legacy clearance system, it is possible to configure a blockchain network to ensure the integrity and reliability of the data and to minimize the consumption of time and human resources. The railroad non-stop passing system aims to change the existing legacy system to a blockchain-based non-stop passing system.

자연어 처리 기술을 접목한 컴퓨터 보조 언어 학습 연구가 진행되고 있지만, 기존 영문교정은 일반적인 영어 문장을 기반으로 연구되어, 격식을 갖춘 문체와 전문적인 기술 용어를 사용하는 학술 영문의 경우 그 특성을 반영하지 못한 교정 결과를 제공한다. 또한 문장의 문법적 완성도 향상을 위한 다수의 기존 연구는 교정을 통한 문장 전달력 향상의 한계점이 존재한다. 따라서, 본 논문은 전문적인 기술 용어 사용을 기반으로 문장의 명확한 의미 전달을 목적으로 하는 학술 영문을 위한 자동 교정 방법론을 제안한다. 제안 방법론은 오탈자 교정과 문장 전달력 개선 두 단계로 구성된다. 오탈자 교정 단계는 입력된 오탈자와 문맥에 적합한 교정 단어를 제공한다. 문장 전달력 개선 단계는 원문과 교정문의 쌍으로부터 학습할 수 있는 양방향 순환신경망 기계번역 사후교정 모델을 기반으로 문장의 전달력을 개선한다. 실제 교정 데이터를 이용한 실험을 수행하였으며, 정량적·정성적 분석을 통해 제안 방법론의 우수성을 검증하였다.

Artificial intelligence-based natural language processing technology is playing an important role in helping users write English-language documents. For academic documents in particular, the English proofreading services should reflect the academic characteristics using formal style and technical terms. But the services usually does not because they are based on general English sentences. In addition, since existing studies are mainly for improving the grammatical completeness, there is a limit of fluency improvement. This study proposes an automatic academic English editing methodology to deliver the clear meaning of sentences based on the use of technical terms. The proposed methodology consists of two phases: misspell correction and fluency improvement. In the first phase, appropriate corrective words are provided according to the input typo and contexts. In the second phase, the fluency of the sentence is improved based on the automatic post-editing model of the bidirectional recurrent neural network that can learn from the pair of the original sentence and the edited sentence. Experiments were performed with actual English editing data, and the superiority of the proposed methodology was verified.

Purpose: In this paper, we will discuss 1) prioritizing databases to be integrated; 2) which data elements should be emphasized in federated database integration; and 3) the degree of efficiency in the integration. This paper aims to lay the groundwork for building data governance by presenting guidelines for database integration using metrics to identify and evaluate the capabilities of the UK's air quality databases. Methods: This paper intends to perform relative efficiency analysis using Data Envelope Analysis among the multi-criteria decision-making methods. In federated database integration, it is important to identify databases with high integration efficiency when prioritizing databases to be integrated. Results: The outcome of this paper aims not to present performance indicators for the implementation and evaluation of data governance, but rather to discuss what criteria should be used when performing 'federated integration'. Using Data Envelope Analysis in the process of implementing intelligent data governance, authors will establish and present practical strategies to discover databases with high integration efficiency. Conclusion: Through this study, it was possible to establish internal guidelines from an integrated point of view of data governance. The flexiblity of the federated database integration under the practice of the data governance, makes it possible to integrate databases quickly, easily, and effectively. By utilizing the guidelines presented in this study, authors anticipate that the process of integrating multiple databases, including the air quality databases, will evolve into the intelligent data governance based on the federated database integration when establishing the data governance practice in the railway industry.

2007년에 제안된 블록체인은 곧이어 실제 서비스에 적용되기 시작하였다. 철도 시스템은 철도 건설 및 철도 서비스로 대표되는 분야에 관련된 다양한 분야를 포괄하고 있는데, 분야의 특성상 공공성이 강한 철도 시스템의 경우, 블록체인을 적용하여 많은 이점을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 기대되고 있다. 그러나 시간과 자원의 제약이 있어 이들 모두에 블록체인을 바로 적용하는 것은 불가능하다. 따라서 이들 중에서 블록체인을 적용할 서비스나 기능을 도출하고, 우선 적용할 대상을 선정하기 위한 연구가 필요하다. 블록체인 우선 적용 대상 선정에는 다양한 평가 기준이 존재하므로, 체계적인 고려가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 AHP를 적용하여 평가기준에 대한 가중치 산출 및 적용 대상에 대한 체계적인 평가를 시도하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 차세대 철도 시스템 로드맵 작성에 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.

Blockchain was proposed in 2007 and began to be applied to actual services soon afterward. The railway system covers railroad construction and railway services. Because of the public characteristics of the railway system, it is expected that significant advantages can be obtained through the introduction of blockchain. Many benefits can be gained by applying the blockchain to them, but it is impossible to apply the blockchain to every part immediately due to the limitations of time and resources. Therefore, it is necessary to derive services or functions to which the blockchain will be applied and to select the part of them first. Since there are various evaluation criteria to derive the priority of blockchain adoption, systematic consideration is required. In this study, AHP was applied to calculate weights for evaluation criteria and systematical evaluation. Through the results of this study, it is expected that it is possible to build a roadmap for a next-generation railway system.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to verify the economic validation of quality management integrated train freight car by analyzing economic evaluation indicators such as benefit and cost, net present value, and inter rate of return. Methods: First, we itemize benefit and cost field by reviewing literatures; Benefit consists of 1)Safety, 2)Operation, and 3)Maintenance; Cost consists of 1)Set-up fee, 2)Wireless internet fee, and 3)Cloud storage using fee. Second, based on these estimated values, we conduct an economic evaluation analysis. Among them, benefit and cost, net present value, and internal rate of return are selected. Results: As a result, all estimated values are highly over criterion of economic validity($$B/C{\geq}_-1$$, $$NPV{\geq}_-0$$, $$IRR{\geq}_-R$$); 1)benefit over cost ratio is 28.22, 2)Net present value is 8,121.66million KRW, and 3)Internal rate of return value is 2272%. Conclusion: The findings of this study will help making a decision when train industry adopts IoT technology for improving the effectiveness.

최근 국내외 택배업체들은 가격경쟁에 의한 수익성 악화로 서비스의 차별화를 통한 고객 및 수익성 확보에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 따라서, 택배 서비스의 품질 개선을 통한 고객만족도를 높이는 노력이 어느 때 보다 중요한 실정이다. 하지만 기존의 택배서비스 품질 측정은 오프라인 설문조사로 이루어져 많은 시간과 비용을 들어간다는 한계를 지니고 있다. 이러한 한계는 온라인상의 소셜 빅데이터 분석을 활용한다면 보다 적은 비용과 노력으로 극복 가능할 것이며, 택배업체 경쟁력 강화에 크게 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 SNS상의 빅데이터를 활용하여 국내외 택배업체들에 대한 의견을 수집하고, R을 통해 각 택배업체들의 고객만족도를 분석하고 이를 미국고객만족도(ACSI), 한국국가고객만족도(NCSI)와 비교하여 검증을 실시하였다. 그 결과 SNS 분석 결과와 고객만족도가 뚜렷한 양적 선형관계를 형성하였다. 이는 향후 실시간 소셜 네트워크의 정보를 이용하여 간편하게 고객만족도 결과를 예측할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다.

Global courier companies have been devoting to get more customers and profits with different service because of the worse profits from price competition. So, the effort of improving satisfaction of customers through improving courier service qualities is more important than any other time. However, the previous way to measure courier service has limitation that costs lots of time and money from off-line survey. This limitation could be overcome with less effort and costs if utilizing on-line social big data analysis and it is so helpful to improve competitiveness of courier companies. Therefore, I have collected comments from domestic and international courier companies from big data on social network service, analyzed the satisfaction of customers by R and verified the result by comparing with American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) and Korea National Customer Index (NCSI) in this research. I found out the result depicts clear correlation between SNS analysis and customer satisfaction. This study can be the foundation to predict customer satisfaction easily by utilizing real time SNS information.

The effects of Ni on the mechanical properties of WC-Xwt.%Ni-1.5wt.%Si-1.1wt.%$B_4C$ composite (X = 21.6, 23.6, 25.6 and 27.6 wt.%) were investigated in order to replace Co with Ni as the binder metal for hard materials based on WC-Co system. Using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy results, the microstructure, pore distribution and grain size of the composites sintered at $1,150^{\circ}C$ were examined with different fraction (X = 21.6, 23.6, 25.6 and 27.6 wt.%) of binder metal Ni. The average WC grain size of the $WC-Ni-Si-B_4C$ composites was about $1{\mu}m$. The Rockwell hardness : A (HRA) and transverse rupture strength were about 88HRA and $110kgf/mm^2$, respectively. The obtained sample was bonded with SM45C at a temperature of $1,050^{\circ}C$. The thickness and mechanical properties of the bonded area were investigated with different dwell time at a bonding temperature of $1,050^{\circ}C$.

Geothermal energy is used in various types, such as power generation, direct use, and geothermal heat pumps. Geothermal energy with high temperature have been used for power generation for more than a century. The purpose of the study is to investigate flow and electricity power characteristics of hydraulic turbine for power generation of geothermal heat pump type with closed-system. The differences between the four types of hydraulic turbine, are different from the blade shape, volume, angle and etc. In case of prototype(1), pressure at blade was reduced to 2.1 bar, the kinetic energy of blade increased by increasing flow velocity(4.1 m/s). The increase of flow velocity at the blade edge markedly appeared, to increase the kinetic energy of the rotating shaft. In case that gateway in hydraulic turbine was installed, operating torque and RPM(1,080) of the rotating shaft increased respectively. Although rotational speed of prototype(2) compared to prototype(1) was reduced, the power generation capacity was greater about 3.4 times to 97 W. The most power of 255W was generated from prototype (4).

본 연구에서는 모바일 레이저 스캐닝 데이터로부터 철도 선로탐지 및 선로모델 추출을 위한 방법을 제시하였다. 제안된 방법은 크게 세 단계로 구성된다. 첫째, 레이저 포인트로부터 잠재적인 철도 선로지역을 탐지하고, 초기 철도 선로궤적 방향을 추정한다. 둘째, 철도 선로에 관한 선 지식을 이용하여 첫번째 스트립에서 초기 선로위치를 결정한다. 여기서, 스트립은 국부 탐색공간을 나타내며 철도 선로궤적에 수직인 방향으로 정의된다. 마지막으로, 초기 선로위치에서 GMM-EM기반 분류방법을 통해 선로 포인트들을 탐지한 후 초기 선로 모델을 생성하고 스트립을 데이터 처리 기본단위로 하여 tracking by detection관점에서 연속적으로 선로모델을 생성하였다. 제안된 방법의 주요 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 이전 스트립에서 생성된 선로 모델을 가이드 라인으로 다음 스트립에 전파되어 국부 탐색영역을 예측하여 선로 포인트를 탐지하는 하는데 있어서 처리 복잡성을 줄일 수 있었다. 둘째, 선로 포인트 탐지와 선로 모델링을 동시에 진행 함으로써 데이터 처리 시간을 최소화 할 수 있었다. 개발된 알고리즘은 C++ 프로그램 언어로 구현되었고 도시지역에서 MMS 측량을 통해 취득된 LiDAR 데이터(경부선 일부 구간)를 이용하여 성능 테스트를 진행하였다.

This study purposed on introducing a new automated solution for detecting railway tracks and reconstructing track models from the mobile laser scanning data. The proposed solution completes following procedures; the study initiated with detecting a potential railway region, called Region Of Interest (ROI), and approximating the orientation of railway track trajectory with the raw data. At next, the knowledge-based detection of railway tracks was performed for localizing track candidates in the first strip. In here, a strip -referring the local track search region- is generated in the orthogonal direction to the orientation of track trajectory. Lastly, an initial track model generated over the candidate points, which were detected by GMM-EM (Gaussian Mixture Model-Expectation & Maximization) -based clustering strip- wisely grows to capture all track points of interest and thus converted into geometric track model in the tracking by detection framework. Therefore, the proposed railway track tracking process includes following key features; it is able to reduce the complexity in detecting track points by using a hypothetical track model. Also, it enhances the efficiency of track modeling process by simultaneously capturing track points and modeling tracks that resulted in the minimization of data processing time and cost. The proposed method was developed using the C++ program language and was evaluated by the LiDAR data, which was acquired from MMS over an urban railway track area with a complex railway scene as well.