Earticle

Policy implementation accompanies side effects, whether they are positive or negative. The side effect is defined as the difference between policy input and policy output(or policy impact). If the side effect works in other arena which the policy aims at, it is called here spill over. On the contrary, inner spill over effect is the side effect which works in the arena which the policy aims at, and which has positive effect on. This paper deals with the inner effect in social work, which means that social work leads to gender equality, in addition to the original aim of social work which is the provision of social services and the job creation.

The purpose of this study is to look for the ways to secure the sustainability of the social enterprises responsible for social services by observing the concept and scope of social services and the marketization of social services in expanding the social enterprises' role of social services to be provided. To accomplish this, it need to relieve the next government's burden of providing social services and to make efforts in reducing the gap the income differential and the unemployment matter, which was society's unstable factors. In addition, to bring up the social enterprises, it is essentially necessary to complement the institutional measures to strengthen the supply's reliability and sustainability of social services as well as the changes of government's viewpoint regarding social enterprises. Currently the social enterprises, which exist in our society, are responsible for the social services and, along with job creation for low income group, need to make a profit as well, which remain to be a self-contradictory structure. This is an excessive burden against the enterprises, which are the weak relatively, by the government. Therefore, the government highly need the necessity of improvement after reviewing the matter at issue and help overcome the self-contradictory situation of enterprises properly.

최근 국내외적으로 양적·질적인 성장을 보이고 있고, 학문적으로도 활발한 논의가 이루어지고 있는 사회적기업과 관련해 우리나라의 사회적기업의 특 성을 다각적인 차원에서 고찰하고자 영국, 미국, 일본 등을 분석 대상국가로 선정하여 사회적기업의 기원 및 배경, 법적 기반, 정부지원, 그리고 사회적 기업의 재원조달 등의 측면에서 비교분석해 보았다. 먼저 우리의 사회적기업은 기존 자활사업이나 사회적 일자리 사업의 연속 성상에 있기는 하지만 법률의 정비를 통해 정부로부터 공식적인 인증을 받 은 기업만을 사회적기업으로 인정하고 있어 그 역사적 배경이나 사회적기업 의 유형 등이 상대적으로 제한적이라는 것이다. 둘째 영국과 일본 등에서는 간접적 차원에서 사회적기업 관련법을 제정하였으나 우리의 경우에는 직접 적으로 사회적기업을 명문화하는 「사회적기업 육성법」이라는 기본법을 제 정하였을 뿐만 아니라 지방자치단체 차원에서도 사회적기업 육성 관련 조례 를 제정하고 있다는 것이다. 셋째로 정부의 지원에 있어서 미국 등은 매우 제한적이고 간접적으로 이루어지고 있으나 우리 정부의 인증된 사회적기업 에 대한 공적 지원은 직접적이고도 매우 다양하게 이루어지고 있다는 것이 다. 이러한 차원에서 사회적기업의 재정확보도 기본적으로 사회적기업의 자 체 수입활동을 통해 이루어지고 있으나 우리의 사회적기업은 한시적이기는 하나 정부로부터의 재정적 지원을 통해 일부 재원을 확보하고 있다. 이러한 차원에서 우리의 사회적기업은 지속적이고 안정적인 수익창출을 통한 경제적 측면의 지속성 확보라는 문제가 제기되고 있는바 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해서는 지역사회 또 는 그 구성원이 필요로 하는 사회서비스 를 제공하는 지역기반형(community-based) 사회적기업으로의 발전이 이루 어져야 할 것이다.

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the Korean social enterprise comparing with those of other countries such as UK, US, and Japan. For this purpose, the paper first reviews the origin and concept of social enterprise and the previous studies for drawing out the comparison criteria and examines the realities and characteristics of social enterprise of study target countries by focusing on the background and origin, the legal basis, the types of government support, and the ways of fundraising as the analytical criteria. The origin of social enterprise in Korea is based on the former governmental welfare programs like 'self-supporting program' and 'job creation program', but other countries' social enterprise is originated from the third sector such as social cooperative, voluntary groups, and non profit organizations. The Korean government has enacted a fundamental law for creating and promoting social enterprise in 2007, but the USA has not established a law related to social enterprise unlike the UK, and Japan. Also, there are various direct and indirect governmental supports including financial aid in Korea based on law like the UK. However, the social enterprise in the USA has been developed under the auspices of the private foundations. The comparative analysis finds that there is a variation in the realities and characteristics of social enterprise in terms of the origin of social enterprise, the legal basis, the governmental support, and the financial resources of social enterprise among countries even though the main role or function of social enterprise commonly is to supply social services, to create jobs for vulnerable employees, and to integrate regional community.

To answer the question: “Why do social economy policies need to be introduced at this point in time?” this paper examines how the social economy policies are progressing in Chungcheongnam-do, as well as pertinent problems, and presents work to be done, in order to find out the likelihood of social economy policies being introduced as sustainable local development policies. It was found that discussions on social economy are still in the initial stages, and local governments and the majority of public servants are certainly not aware of the necessity of social economy. Also, while many people know what social enterprises are – which was initiated by the central government - through enactment of laws, introduction by the media, pertinent policies being pushed, and so on, it is certain that “social economy” is still a term that they’re not used to. Social enterprises, community businesses, self-supporting communities, consumer cooperatives, local foods, medical cooperatives – though they are not labeled as social economy, the organizations and companies of social economy have been with us, so it is expected that more lively discussions on social economy will take place going forward. Accordingly, the introduction of social economy policies should be reviewed in depth as a new endogenous development strategy, going beyond the limited meaning of social enterprises. To this end, local governments need to enhance their capacity for collecting, in a “funnel-like” way, a wide range of social economy policies being pushed by ministries. They also need to establish local development strategies for disseminating understanding of social economy as well as for realizing social economy, in addition to strengthening/solidifying the network of social economy entities. Through this process, local social economies can be constructed.

본 연구의 목적은 일본 사회적기업 지원제도를 살펴봄으로써 한국에 대한 시사점을 도출하는데 있다. 이를 위해 먼저 일본 사회적기업의 범주와 유형 을 정리하고 NPO법인이 그 실질적 역할을 하고 있음을 제시하였다. 일본 NPO법은 1995년 한신·아와지 대지진을 계기로 볼런티어와 NPO의 중요성 에 대한 인식이 고조되면서 1998년에 제정된 것이다. NPO법인에 대한 지원 제도는 현제 ①세제개혁, ②NPO법 개정, ③NPO 회계기준 책정, ④새로운 공공영역 지원사업, ⑤사회사업법인(가칭) 검토의 5 가지를 거론할 수 있다. 이러한 일본의 지원내용은 일반적 지원이라고 할 수 있으며 이에 대해 한국 사회적기업 지원제도는 비교적 선택적 지원이 이루어지고 있다. 즉 한국의 경우 사회적기업육성법에 의해 행정이 지원대상을 심사, 선정하는 선택적 지원이 있는 것이다. 이러한 비교적 관점에서 향후 한국 사회적기업에 대해 서는 지역주민이 직접적으로 사회적기업을 지원할 수 있는 체계와 기존 시 민단체와 협력하는 기반을 마련해 가나는 것이 과제로 제시되었다.

The purpose of this study is to suggest implications to social enterprise in Korea through the analysis on the supporting system of specified non-profit juridical person in Japan. After the strong increase in volunteer activity as response to the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 'Law for Promote Specified Non-profit Activities'(NPO law) was enacted in 1998. And in 2011 the supporting system was improved with 5 points: first, tax deduction for donation, second, partial amendment of NPO Law, third, new accounting standard for NPO, fourth, government expenditure for new public commons and fifth, new law of social enterprise(awaiting verification). These systems are definitely based on civilan direct support. The implication to Korea is an improvement of civilian support system includes tax deduction for donation is nessesary not only for social enterprises but also for other civil society activities.