Earticle

The purpose of this study was to investigate both relative muscle activity levels and ratios of local to global muscle activity, during bridging stabilization exercises. Twenty-fours healthy students volunteered to participate in this study. Subjects were required to complete the following four exercises: exercise 1, bridging position exercise: exercise 2, bridging position exercise with right leg lift exercise: exercise 3, bridging position exercise with right leg lift and hip/knee 0°∼90° flexion: exercise 4, bridging position exercise with right leg lift and swiss ball under leg, hip 0°∼30° abduction. Surface EMG signals were recorded from internal oblique (IO), rectus abdominal (RA), multifidus (MF), erecter spinae (ES) muscle during the exercises. RMS (root mean square) from selected trunk muscle was normalized by maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). One-way repeated of ANOVA with post-hoc Bonferroni`s correction was used to compare the differences in the muscle activity levels and ratios according to the types of exercise. The results of these muscles activites are as follows: The EMG activities of the muscles in exercise 2 showed significantly higher than those of muscle in exercise 1, 3, 4 (p<.05). The results of these muscles activity ratios are as follows: During all bridging exercises, the ratio of the IO/RA was very high due to relatively minimal activity of the rectus abdominis (RA). The relative muscle activity and the ratio of the back muscle demonstrated similar activity levels for all exercise. This study suggests that bridging exercise with leg lift is the most effective in lumbar bridging stabilization exercise. Also we provide useful information that will inform future studies on how bridging stabilization exercise affects muscle activity levels and ratios of local to global muscle activity.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body image characteristics, self-esteem, and the tendency of interpersonal relations. Methods: The data was collected as a self-administered questionnaire survey method by the 443 men and women college students from 1st of April to 20th of April 2013 in a college located in Daejeon city. It was used by SPSSWIN 18.0 and analyzed by frequency and descriptive analysis, chi-square test, and multi regression analysis. Results: 1) In case of women students, perceived body-shape as obesity, body dissatisfaction, body-shape stress was high. In case of men students, perceived body-shape as thin was high. 2) The higher over weight, perceived body-shape as obesity, body satisfaction, the tendency of interpersonal relations was high in men students. 3) The factors that related to the tendency of interpersonal relations were self-esteem in men and women students and body-shape stress in women students. Conclusions: Since it was certified that body image characteristics and self-esteem were related with the tendency of interpersonal relations, therefore it necessarily should study more on these factors in detail afterward.

Skinny Jeans is a tight pants made by denim or spandex, and snugly fits around the calf and ankle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the skinny jeans on muscle activities of vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and gluteus maximus during ascending steps. Twenty health young females spontaneously participated in this study. All participants conducted skinny jeans or training pants and were measured the muscle activation by surface electromyography (EMG) during stair up. The muscle activation was recorded from three muscles including vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and gluteus maximus (GM). The corrected data of muscle activities was normalized to the value of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (％MVIC). The normalized EMG levels (％MVIC) of the VL, VM and GM were compared using a paired t-test. According to the results of this study, the ascending steps worn the skinny jeans was significantly increase the muscle activation of vastus medialis and gluteus maximus compared to training pants. However, the vastus lateralis was significantly less activation in wearing skinny jean than training pants. In addition, there was significant difference EMG activity of VM/VL ratio (p<.001). These results suggest that the ascending step conducted the skinny jean would be more activation of the muscles on surrounding the hip and knee joints and imbalance between the two muscles (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis). The results also suggest that the more muscle activation and imbalance between vastus lateralis and vastus medialis of skinny jean are, the more muscle fatigue induce.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of various posture in squat exercises on muscle activations of vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL). There was to suggest the optimal training posture of squat exercise for healthy young women, athletics, or patellofemoral pain syndrome. Twenty-four healthy young adults participated spontaneously in this study, and had no medical history of anterior knee pain or any lower extremity disorders. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect the data of muscle activation in VMO and VL. Surface EMG data were collected at each angle in dominant knee joint (15, 35, and 60 degrees) and foot positions (internal rotation, neutral, and external rotation). The normalized EMG activity levels (%MVIC) of the VMO and VL were compared using two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. There was significant main effects of knee joint angles and foot positions, and interaction effect on EMG activities of VMO and VL. VMO/VL ratios by different foot position. There was an interaction effect between knee joint angles and different foot position. A externally rotated foot position produced significantly more VMO/VL activity ratio than that from internally rotated position and neutral position, although there was not significantly different in the three angles in knee joint. These findings suggest that squat exercise at externally rotated position is the effective way. The results of this study are also to suggest the optimal training posture of squat exercise is externally rotated foot position for healthy young women, athletics, or patellofemoral pain syndrome.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different height of the insole into shoes on ankle muscle activities and gait performance in health young men. Fifteen health young adults spontaneously participated in this study. To examine the effects of different height (1 ㎝, 3 ㎝, and 5 ㎝) of insole in shoes during 10 ｍ walking, ankle muscle activities was measured by surface electromyography (EMG works 4.0, Delsys Inc., Boston, MA, USA) and kinematic parameters was measured by gait analysis system (GAITRite, CIR system Inc., PA, USA). For analyzing, statistical analysis was used one-way repeated ANOVA to know difference among 1 ㎝, 3 ㎝, and 5 ㎝ insoles during gait performance. The muscle activation of gastronemius lateralis was significantly different to different height insole into shoes during gait performance. However, there was no significantly difference on tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medius, and soleus during gait. There was no significantly difference on gait velocity, cadence, dominant step length, dominant stride length, step width among three different height insoles during gait performance. The results of this study suggested that the height of insole into shoes would affect to ankle muscle activation during gait performance.

The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the problem solving process of nursing students in a simulated clinical situation. Using grounded theory method, data were collected and analyzed from March to September, 2013. The participants were undergraduate students who had two times of experiences to participate in high-fidelity clinical simulation. Four major categories emerged from the data explained the phases of process which nursing students followed to solve their problems in the simulated clinical situation: ‘getting missions’, ‘feeling oppressed from the clinical situation designed for evaluation’, ‘performing missions and mobilizing strategies for being well received’, ‘self-reflections and professional growth’. The core category was ‘completing missions in order to be evaluated as a competent nursing student in the arraigned clinical situation.’