Earticle

In this paper, 10 high school which remodeled as department system have been studied composition of space and management system of the present condition. And using rate of subject classroom in each schools were analyzed. The results of the study can be summarized as follows below. It is the natural result that appears in many different aspects in terms of renovation of existing school conducted on a limited budget. But It is no exaggeration to say there is no school that department system suited for the purpose of composition of space and also manage properly. 10 schools have all different space configurations and different management system. But almost they prefer to arrange their own desk themselves in department system. However, we judged that this management system is far from purpose of the department system. therefore the need for the improvement is urgent. It could expect, but there are differences of the number of department system depending on space configurations and management system, especially It is results of this study which we checked that using rate of each classroom have clear difference.

The purpose of this study is to suggest basic data which is firing technique at manufacturing time for preservation and rehabilitation of masonry modern architecture by assumed firing-temperature. It could be possible to estimate firing-temperature at manufacturing time through the result of the experiments, XRD and changed absorbing ratio from re-firing.

The purpose of this study is for leaving the technical record of cultural heritage as analysis properties of the then current concrete and quality control by analysis properties of mix centrally concrete used in bridge in country. The mixing properties of concrete used in medern reinfoeced concrete bridge is widely used 1:2:4 and 1:3:6 and the result of core sampling, it suggested that quality control was favorable.

The purpose of this study is collecting a database to research the geographical distribution and architectural features of meteorological facility from the new construction and transitional process of weather bureau in modern period. Before 1904, the geographical distribution according to the meteorological facilities were divided into a total of four periods. Modern meteorological observations before 1904 were began in customs of treaty ports within Busan, Wonsan and Incheon. But after Russo-Japanese War, gradually increase in the number of facilities will be distributed in each region of the country.

In recent years, with the emerging need to derive measures to preserve and protect Korea’s cultural properties, historic timber structures have been a focus of attention. Of the fire-retardancy methods applied to timber structures with dancheong (traditional multicolored paintwork), the spraying method is known to deteriorate the quality of the historic timber structures by causing the paintwork to fade, producing efflorescence, or absorbing moisture. To protect the timber architecture from such problems and improve the fire-retardancy method for dancheong, a component analysis of fire-retardant liquid (XRD, XRF, SEM) was performed, and after-growing-time, after-flame-time, char length and char area were analyzed to verify flame resistance based on the fire-retardancy method.

The purpose of this study is to establish basic database to revitalize city space by underground public pedestrian facilities through investigation. They are investigated by actual survey and a personal interview of facility's manager through the items composed of 9 category. As a result, the basic database are established based on 6 different underground public pedestrian facilities in Daegu metropolitan City. In the next study, we will appraise the facility successes and comparatively analyze the facility characteristics and the success indexes.

Climate change and global warming carbon reduction efforts are being spread around the world. Republic of Korea in 2013, also in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol carbon reduction is likely to include mandatory targets. To counteract this policy of our government's green growth as a growth engine of the future are presented. To this end, the city's energy in the city to fix the problem, "Low Carbon, Green City" paradigm has been suggested. "Low Carbon, Green City" in order to implement to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions, it is widely used in the existing building at the level of energy savings as much larger units, the city-wide energy reduction measures that it has become. City-wide planning and managing the energy in the city and use renewable energy to actively introduce efficiencies that are anticipated to be very large. To do this is to develop an algorithm for it is the goal of this study

The purpose of this study is to find out the continuity and creativity of community life for the urban housing welfare. First consideration is to figure out concepts and tools for 3 types of weak generation as working-mom, baby & little child, senior, and 2 types of community life as spontaneous community life and intentional community life, and for 3 types of housing type as detached house, attached house, apartment. The results of this study were as follows: 1) It was confirmed that the possibility of housing welfare through community design including various community lifes for weak generations can be accepted. 2) It was confirmed that the possibility of community design through housing types for weak generations can be accepted.

When disasters happen specially in islands, we have a lot of problems of 'managing many workers and heavy equipments because of bad weather, being hard to offer, transport and install container-houses as temporary housing, being hard to store and use again after disassembling, too. More serious problems come from bad conditions that more and more people leave the islands and only old people live there, moreover, islands get easy to be isolated by inclement weather. So the purpose of this research is to develop and design emergency housing for suffers which is light, efficient to be stored easy to transport and build in disasters by resolving such problems, after rethinking the concept of temporary housing.

This study intends to identify basic properties of porous concrete mixed with cooper slag. The specimens were made with porous concrete containing cooper slag with various mixing ratio(10, 20, 30, 50%). Other specimens were made with ordinary porous concrete and porous concrete containing river fine aggregate and crush fine aggregate. W/B and target void ratio of all specimens were fixed 0.25 and 20% relatively. The experiment were measured by compressive strength, total and continuous void ratio, and coefficient of permeability. The results of the experiment are as follow. When mixing ratio of cooper slag in porous concrete was increased from 0% to 50%, it was observed that compressive strength of porous concrete was increased from 14% to 34%. Observing of total void ratio and continuous void ratio, all specimens showed that as mixing rates of fine aggregate were increased as the porosity were decreased. The results of coefficient of permeability was met up to 50% of mixing ratio specimens which is the standard of Japan Concrete Institute-Eco Concrete Committee(0.1cm/sec) but if more than 20% of specimens think about total void ratio and continuous void ratio.

In this study, non-linear dynamic response analysis were performed with 2-story steel structure. The purpose is to confirm the dynamic response characteristics of the base-isolated structure. The seismic isolation device was modeled as a shear element and the hysteresis model for isolation device was based on material test. The damping ratio of the seismic isolation device couldn't be finded from the shaking table test. Damping ratio applied the whole base-isolated structure. There were two variables, one of them is scale of input seismic wave, another one is damping ratio. As the result of dynamic response analysis of the non-isolated structure, there were similar to compare with results of test and results of non-linear analysis. And the result of the analysis as the variable to scale of the input earthquake wave and damping ratio, the scale of the input earthquake wave was bigger, damping ratio of the whole structure by the base-isolated structure was increase.

This study and the recent rapid increase its usage by using a reflective insulation installation methods several experiments according to the insulation and the results derived by quantitative data were compared with each other. Through this, the correct reflective insulation in the building construction to reduce energy waste caused by unwanted reflections installing insulation to reduce wasted manpower and resources to provide the necessary data were As a result, thermal reflective insulation Debris on the efficacy appeared to be rapidly decreased. In addition, reflective insulation high temperature insulation that is heading in the direction of the reflecting surface showed a good efficacy. 1mm width and interior temperature changes rather than reflecting the installation of insulation foam with 50mm case wrote.

The application of Photovoltaic(PV) systems has increased slowly because that the capital expenditures to generate electricity from solar energy are more expensive than the fossil fuel generation systems. However, in the Life Cycle Assessment(LCA) point of view, the environmental performance of PV systems is more excellent than the fossil fuel generation systems. Thus, the environmental authorities encourage the application of PV systems by adopting the incentive policy that provides the support fund for PV system. For these reasons, each research such as LCA, the economic evaluations, the reasonable ratio of support fund for PV systems has been conducted by each researcher about the systems in the worldwide. This research aim is to contribute to increasing the application of PV systems by presenting the environmental performance for a 20kW PV system in Busan. The results of this research show that Net Energy Ratio(NER) of th system is 2.88, Energy Payback Time(EPBT) of the system is 10.41(year), and Green House Gases(GHG) emission of the system is 68.69(g-CO2/kWh) which is 12.8% of GHG emission of the conventional generation system in Korea; 535.99(g-CO2/kWh).

This study attempts to define the relation between modern and contemporary architecture. It is complex and sensitive problem in architecture but essential element of contemporary architecture. The concept of Walter Benjamin's allegory is used as a frame of perception to appreciate the division into periods. To begin with, the study analyzes the allegory with symbol that is supplement of allegory. Basing the modern and contemporary in architecture are appreciated on contents of analysis. Then the study settles the way of relation between two periods and explain by giving specific examples. This can make the foundation and search a unrevealed possibility of comtemporary architecture in a diachronic way.

The purpose of this study is to review the reliability of the CFD. To perform this study, CFD simulations were compared with experimental results based on the performance results of the diffuser line. The results of this study are as follows. 1) Looking at the results of indoor air distribution measurements, Air distribution of indoor through Air of diffuser could judge to be distributed of indoor air evenly. 2) It compared actual data of Cooling experimental and heating experimental with the CFD analysis results. the average error rate of Cooling was 6% and the average error rate of Heating was 6.9%. In air flow case, the air velocity is some different to 0m/s ~ 0.178m/s. Looking at the air flow and the air velocity, two results could judge to be similar to pattern. As a result, the predictions of the indoor thermal and airflow environment through CFD simulation are considered possible.

As industrialization progressed, energy consumption is on the increase according to the increase of phone uses. Energy consumption of the telephone offices show higher energy consumption than any buildings and increasing rate also show highest increasing trend. In this situation, energy-guzzling building, telephone offices need analysis of energy consumption and countermeasure. This study investigates influential factor of the energy consumption and compares with population density in telephone offices located on Busan metro city. And analyzed energy consumption and consumption pattern according to building size, equipment, telephone switching equipment and energy source. This make energy consumption unit of the Busan metro city telephone offices. So this paper attempts to prepare basic informations for reduction of the building energy consumption and economical operation.

The purpose of this study is to suggest switchover from the ocular architecture to synesthetic architecture as the strategy to overcome 'Ocularcentrism'. Starting from analyzing the 'Ocularcentrism' and accepting its limitations, and finally, found out the appropriate strategy called 'Synesthesia'. Recovering synesthesia in architecture space could be the best strategy to overcome the ocular architecture space. This study also analyzed the work of Ricardo Legorreta, and that was to find out, how the 'synesthesia' works in the real architecture space. To conclude, architecture has to be the place to experience and to communicate with every fiber of one's body with one's synesthesia. And this is the very way for architecture to reach the essence of itself.

The purpose of this research is to propose the nonlineat finite element analysis model on the structural performance of connection of outrigger using ABAQUS program. For accuracy of nonlinear finite element modelling, the analysis on the steel connection and composite structure were closely compared with the existing experimental results. The analysis results were shown that structural performance of connection of outrigger was acceptably predicted by the proposed nonlinear finite element analysis model. The research parameter were application of different types of steel property and variance of embedded length. The result of nonlinear finite element analysis were evaluated the load-displacement relation and stiffness ratio. The analysis shows that stiffness of connection decrease on model apply 800MPa high strength steel, and increase as embedded length increase.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the expansion of alkali-activated mortar based on ground granulated blast furnace slag containing reactive aggregate due to alkali-silica reaction. Also this study was particularly concerned with the behaviour of alkaline materials in the presence of reactive aggregates. The experimental program included expansion measurement of the mortar bar specimens and the determination of the morphology and composition of the alkali-silica reaction products by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), energy dispersive x-ray(EDX). According to the experimentation result, Although alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag mortars showed expansion due to the alkali-slica reaction, the expansion exhibited less than 0.1% at 14 day. So it is safety. After the accelerated test, SEM analysis showed the presence of alkali-silica gel and rim around the aggregate and cement paste, According to the EDX, the reaction products decreased markedly as alkali-activated ground granulated blast furnace slag was used. In addition, the study on improving the quality of alkali-activated mortar bar by substituting other materials of mineral admixture is needed to assure of the durability properties of concrete.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the actual landscape conditions of fishing villages and to suggest the direction for creative landscape formation of them. For this, we tried to field survey for 21 sample places and drew each coastal characteristics. The results of this study were as follows ; First, Fishing villages of each coast have different characteristics, endemic landscape types and elements. Second, landscape formation projects of fishing villages is pushing ahead with mainly supply standardized facilities. So, They must establish the directions of landscape formation considering geographical location and their characteristics. Third, It need to change the awareness for landscape formation by the inhabitants participation. And, Government has to prepare policies such as incentive system.

Tube structures are widely used system to resist lateral load of the buildings. Especially it have been applied to highrise structures. And dual core system is the system which has separated dual cores in the plan. It applies the principle to make strong geometric moment of inertia of cores in the plan by locating each cores far away. It can make rigid plan of structure and make building behave more efficiently against lateral load. It is easy to be adapted to plan of the tube structure and an improved stiffness of the plan is looked for by combining each system. In this study, tube system and dual core system are applied together and the efficiency of lateral displacement control was evaluated. And the effect of additional structural members(outrigger, belttrusse) was compared. Also the effect of an increase in quantity of core was reviewed.

This study aims to identify the differences Ulsan-Eupseong which were taken over features of the city and Byeongyoungseong that cut off from urban features and change that occurred in the abandoned barracks of Castle in the Empire of Japan occupation. The results of this study are as follows. In Ulsan-Eupseong that city functions inherited, urbanization could be found. But in Byeongyoungseong to cut off the city functions, it could be found that so-called 'Nongchonhwa' was underway.

Artificial lighting accounts for a significant portion of the energy use in office buildings. Therefore, daylighting is considered one of the fundamental design features of energy-efficient buildings. To decrease CO2, new & renewal energy is introduced a photovoltaic power generation, a geo-thermal system, a wind power generation etc in buildings. Nowadays, a photovoltaic power generation hold a high position in domestic. But daylighting illumination system hold the lowest position of new & renewal energy, because a daylighting illumination system can't produce a electric generation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to applicate daylighting blind illumination system for new & renewal energy by artificial lighting energy savings.

Historically, the city is a product of modernization and industrialization, and has been played as tow truck propelling and leading it. However, efficiency and the space development of functionality-oriented have been promoted by the growth and the development-oriented economism in the industrial era. As a result, the city was a survival space for living rather than a pleasant space. To solve these problems, diverse attempts have been conducted. In addition, more than 20 years ago already Elvin Toffler futurist mentioned about the importance of culture, the culture with the environment occupied big part of 21st century space ecopolicy. The importance of this culture, contents of 'culture' we called utilizing urban renewal policies are actively taking place in the world. The urban renewal policy actively took place through cultural specialization of these facilities from 1970-80's in Western countries. Declination industrial district recycle policies of culture-led are promoting but it is lack of a clear methodology in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest a basic data to use through analysis on methods appeared on successful examples of Shanghai where it achieved culture-led urban regeneration with declination industrial district.

Located at urban, suburban areas, train stations, subway stations and traveling vehicle hubs, Underground Public Pedestrian Facility acts as an underground infrastructure that facilates pedestrians'; flow at those concentrated public space. For the reason that the Underground Public Pedestrian Facility has to be accessible by the public, the space has to be planed as if anyone could use it without obstacles. As we enter the aging society, the portion of elderly population is consistently increasing and the portion for the handicapped is also increasing. It is expected that in the future, the portion for the elderly and the handicapped population will keep increasing. Therefore the Underground Public Pedestrian Facility has to be planned for both the need for the elderly and the handicapped and for the convenience of the general public. However the current Underground Public Pedestrian Facility's universal design does not correspond to the related law and regulation for the system. In respect to it, this study will propose the universal design standards for the Underground Public Pedestrian Facility extracting from the laws and regulations related to universal design.

This is a fundamental study for the physiological and psychological responses of construction workers by climate elements change on the unfamiliar high-rise building job conditions. This study is based on the hypothesis that the construction workers, especially steel workers and towercrane operators, should experience more difficulties doing their job on high-rise building job conditions than doing on general building job conditions related to the climate, physiological and psychological elements. This study focuses on the analysis of former literature and research related to the high-rise building and climate to establish the frame of the further research. The study tried to find out major climate elements, construction tasks, and anticipated physiological and psychological symptoms that may have critical effects on the workers of high-rise building. This study is anticipated to provide basic data-based processing the research on safety management for high-rise building construction workers.

Many studies are underway for the tower crane. However, in most studies, management and technical aspects of the equipment in the field has been limited. But the main point of the construction site safety management safe equipment, and physical work environment and protective gear design and development, safety training, etc. The comprehensive general target for overall construction site was observed. Study on safety management and in particular the "tower crane operator's personal safety" due to the specificity studies on driver safety management is seen as a jeonmuhan. The ultimate goal of this study in terms of the equipment, unlike previous studies of the working environment in accordance with the tower crane operator to know in advance what psychological factors that can cope is to figure out how. And as basic research tower operator at the construction site tower crane in order to ensure the safety of the Survey and Analysis of the current drawn through the problem and to suggest ways to improve.

Electricity demand is concentrated in the summer. Peak times to fulfill the electricity needs should be a huge capital investment. So, it is urgent to spread thermal storage cooling system and the need is expected to become even more important. When compared with other common air-conditioning systems, thermal storage system is effective and economical, because power demand concentrated in the daytime use surplus power of night time. In this study, thermal storage system and Gas Absorption are divided by the capacity and a simple payback period by comparing initial investment and energy consumption is calculated to analyze the economics of thermal storage systems.

The purpose of this study is to examine applicability of deep beams in Special Moment Frame(SMF). It has been comparatively analyzed that deformation capacity of connection details by nonlinear finite element analysis. The parameter of analysis is connection detail that has energy absorption elements suggested by the way to reinforce the beam with lateral stiffeners and proposed through many other advanced studies. As showing in the result of analysis, the model with a triangle type of lateral stiffeners was efficient in reducing strain but it still needs additional studies for application to SMF. The connection detail with energy absorption elements is applicable to SMF as the damage is converged on damper and the plasticity of beam members is definitely reduced.

Recently, global warming problem is a major issue in international community. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the construction industry is one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. Accordingly, various researches on CO2 emissions caused by the construction industry is needed and construction methods which is low CO2 emission should be developed. In this study, CO2 emission cost is compared with tile work types in construction phase. As a result, the CO2 emission costs of tile work is the highest. This project basic information for selecting appropriate construction methods in aspect of low CO2 emission cost.