Earticle

This study examines the effect of purchase price by type of popular cosmetics on consumer purchase behavior. In the popular cosmetics market, which is divided into basic cosmetics, color cosmetics, and functional cosmetics, price acts as an important variable in consumer choice and satisfaction. As a result of analyzing the existing literature, it was confirmed that consumers’ price sensitivity and purchase motivation were different according to the type of cosmetics. This review provides basic data for establishing price strategies in the cosmetics industry and proposes the necessity of future empirical research.

This study was conducted to classify the gender and class of characters appearing in the tomb murals of Anak No. 3 and to study the hair shape according to the gender classification of the characters, and the conclusion is as follows. First, the gender ratio of the tomb murals of Anak No. 3 was 143 males, 18 females, and 4 unknown persons, and the social classification was 29 upper classes and 136 lower classes. As the male proportion is higher than that of females, this can be thought in connection with the fact that the tomb owner of Anak No. 3 is the tomb of the highest upper class. Second, men's hair shapes and accessories in the murals of the Anak No. 3 tomb show that they are wearing silk hats, triangular crown heads, helmets, and black hats. Men's accessories are much more diverse than women's, and they are worn differently depending on their social status. Third, only one female hair shape in the murals of the Anak No. 3 tomb was identified as a high-rise, and the size, shape, location, and headdress of the decorations were different according to their status. It is hoped that this will serve as an opportunity to reflect on the aesthetic consciousness of our ancestors in the past and reinterpret new styles, as well as the ambiguity of the data and different views of researchers.

That is the form of various operations for customers in a beauty salon, hair cut general permanent wave and hair bleach, hair coloring, hair dry, hair coating and hair treatments, such as is procedure. The hair of the needs of a variety of operations for the physical and chemical behavior of beauty, as well as the frequency of hair. even the hair scalps damage that is caused. The changing factors of the contemporary hair styles depend on various social phenomena. However, the most influential factor that has changed styles is the androgynous consciousness. The purposes of this study are to examine the feminism and post-modern feminism that have played the greatest role to androgynous consciousness, and to analyze the post-modern feminism represented in hair styles. This research has been made by analyzing the related written articles and performing the diverse hair dyeing design about the cause of hair damage done a hair dyeing in beauty shop. lt is limited to the domestic thesis and specialized books currently released

As a study on the suggestion for the development of formulations using rheological properties of basic polymers in the cosmetic beauty field, the results of visco-elasticity measurement using five representative polymer raw materials, Xanth Gum, Pemulen TR-1, Carbopol 981, Amigel R, and Na-Hyaluronate, were reported. The pH value obtained by dissolving the five types of polymers in 0.5-1.0w% was 5.8-6.0. The appearance was all transparent gel and each had its own specific odor. The viscosity was measured for a sample in which a concentration of 1 wt% of five types of polymers was dissolved in purified water, and as the concentration of polymer increased, the viscosity increased, and as the sensitivity of use increased, the stickiness increased. As a result of measuring the rheological properties of polymers, it was found that the initial viscosity showed a difference in viscosity in the order of Pemulen TR-1 > Carbopol 981 > Xanthan Gum > Amigel R > Na-Hyaluronate. It was found that the four types of polymers except Na-Hyaluranate were greatly affected by the speed of share. In the case of Carbopol 981, MIU had the lowest friction coefficient of 1.3358, indicating that the smoothness was the best in the relationship between measuring the friction coefficient of polymers and the development of cosmetic formulations. In addition, for Pemulene TR-1, Xanth Gum, Amigel R, and Na-Hyaluronate, it had a slight coefficient of friction from 1.5883 to 2.061. The thixotropy measurement results of the polymer using a rheometer showed that the stress(t) value also increased as the share rate increased, and it was found that Pemulen TR-1 had a higher sensitivity to shear rate than Xanthan Gum. In the dynamic strain sweep test using a rheometer, G' (storage modulus) and G" (loss modulus) could be used as important indicators of the viscoelastic properties of the sample. G' can interpret the properties of elastic components, and G' can evaluate the properties of viscous components. Based on these characteristics, if applied to the development of new formulations, it is expected to be widely applied to the K-Beauty cosmetics industry in the 21st century. In the future, it is expected that this rheology rheological behavior will be expanded to areas with high value for convergence with sensory evaluation of use.

This study is reported the test results of clinical efficacy on the skin through human application experiments with serum and cream manufactured using Nano-UA60. As a result of the UA toxicity test through cell culture, cells showed activity when the concentration of UA was 0.6 μM or less, and toxicity was found above 1.2 μM. As a result of testing with the skin patch test with UA-cream, 0.1% of SLS is shown a severe irritation of 31.25, and 5,000 IU/g RP showed a mild irritation of 11.25. 1.0% Nano-UA60 showed minimal stimulation at 6.3. 0.1-1.0% UA-serum showed lower stimulation than 0.1% SLS and 5000 IU/g RP. The collagen synthesis rate is shown 0.2% activity in control, a comparative group, but in the case of UA, it showed a proliferation effect of 17.0% at 1 μM and 23.6% at 2 μM. The elastin synthesis rate is shown a low activity of 1.2% in control, but in the case of UA, it showed a proliferation effect of 41.9% at 1 μM. The inhibitory effect of elastase according to the content change of UA was 7% at 4 ppm, 40% at 10 ppm, 80% at 20 ppm, and 86% at 40 ppm. The wrinkle improvement effect evaluated by the researcher had a significant effect compared to plasebo in thick wrinkles, thin wrinkles, left cheek areas, and skin roughness. Moisturizing power before application was 55.7, and based on this, the skin moisturizing effect after 90 minutes of sample application increased by 53.1% and 56.1% compared to before application. The moisturizing power of Nano-UA60 serum after 2 hours was 98.8, which was 14.3% higher than that of Placebo, and the moisturizing power after 8 hours was 80.08, which was higher than that of Placebo. Through the above results, the ursolic acid component is expected to be widely used the high functional cosmetics fields also to the pharmaceutical industry as an excellent component with a fine wrinkle improvement effect.

In East Asian societies, beards have historically functioned as more than a biological trait, serving as cultural markers reflecting social hierarchy, ethical values, and aesthetic ideals. This study comparatively analyzes male beard styles and their sociocultural meanings in 16th-century Joseon, the Ming Dynasty, and Japan using textual and visual sources. In Joseon, beard styles—such as mustaches extending diagonally in the shape of the character ‘八’ (palja) and neatly arranged triangular chin beards— symbolized Neo-Confucian refinement and class order. The Ming Dynasty emphasized authority, filial piety, and martial virtue through voluminous and structured beard forms, often seen in military portraits. In Japan during the Sengoku period, concise and restrained beard styles reflected Zen-inspired aesthetic ideals of the warrior class, focusing on inner discipline and composed masculinity. By comparing beard types by country and social class, this study reveals how facial hair functioned as a visual code of identity and symbolic power. The research contributes to understanding the role of male grooming in traditional East Asian societies while identifying the limitations of elite-focused historical materials and suggesting directions for broader future studies.