Earticle

본 연구에서는 기 시행된 산림복원사업 84개소와 생태복원 우수사례대상지 85개소의 총 169개소를 대상으로 복원기술 공종조사를 실시하였고, 1차 선정된 공종과 유사한 국내외 생태복원기술 사례분석을 통해 최종적으로 기반환경복원을 위한 19개 공종과 식생복원을 위한 13개 공종을 제시하였으며, 이와 함께 산림복원 기술교본의 개선사항 10가지를 제시하였다. 또한, 선정된 복원공종의 명칭에 대한 일선 현장에서의 혼란을 최소화하기 위한 공종명칭 기준을 마련하였으며, 현장 적용성이 높은 5개 공종과 그에 합리적인 공종 품을 제시하였다. 본 연구를 통해 산림복원신규공종 및 품 개발에 대한 필요성을 확인할 수 있었으며, 현재 적용되고 있는 주요 공종 및 품의 현장 적용성과 공정조사를 위해서는 지속적으로 조사⋅연구가 필요하다. 따라서 복원공종의 조사 및 연구⋅개발을 위해서는 관리할 수 있는 주체(연구기관)가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

In this study, a restoration technology work-type survey was conducted on a total of 169 sites, including 84 forest restoration projects that have already been implemented and 85 best practices for ecological restoration. Through an analysis of domestic and international ecological restoration technology cases similar to the first-selected types of work, 19 types of basic environment restoration work, 13 types of vegetation restoration work, and 10 additional improvements to the technology textbook were presented. In addition, we established criteria for the naming of selected restoration work types to minimize confusion in the field, and presented five types of work with high field applicability and their reasonable work-cost. Through the research, we were able to confirm the need for the development of new forest restoration techniques and work-costs. On-site applicability and process investigation of the major work-types and work-cost currently being applied require continuous investigation and research. Therefore, it is considered that a management agency(research institute) is needed to investigate and develop restoration work-type.

Purpose: To compare patient care multipliers estimated from subjective evaluation against work sampling (WS) techniques in genetic nursing activities. Methods: An observational WS technique was conducted from November to December 2019 with nine genetic nurses in a tertiary referral center in Malaysia. The WS activity instrument was devised, validated, and pilot tested. All care- and non-care-related activities were sampled at 10-minute intervals within 8 hours of working over 14 days, followed by a subjective evaluation of activities survey over the same period. Bonferroni correction was undertaken for multiple testing with a p value of 0.0025. Results: The two techniques produced significant differences in genetic nurses’ activities categorization. The WS showed that compared with subjective evaluation, direct care (19.3% vs. 45.0%; p < .001) was estimated to be significantly lower, and indirect care (40.4% vs. 25.6%; p < .001) and unit-related activity (28.5% vs. 16.9%; p < .001) were higher. Both techniques produced a similar proportion of time spent in other non-care activities (12.0%) but differed in genetic meetings and information-gathering activities. While the multipliers for patient face-to-face contact were significantly larger between WS (4.57) and the survey (1.94), the multipliers for patient care time were smaller between WS (1.47) and the survey (1.24), indicating that caution should be taken when multiplying for patient contact time compared to patient care activity to determine the cost of care provision. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of time spent away from the patient needs to be allocated to patient-related care time. Thus, estimating the paid cost solely based on direct time with patients considerably underestimates the cost per hour of nurses' care. It is recommended to employ ‘patientrelated activity’ instead of the ‘face-to-face contact’ multiplier because the former did not significantly differ from the one estimated using WS.

The study aims to make summing simpler and more efficient by improving standard of construction cost calculation of previous summing method in order to calculate proper construction cost of apartment housing applied with a model based on crew and offering foundation to calculate proper construction costs. Therefore, this is intend to comparative analysis on labor costs of the apartment housing concrete work of current cost estimating and work crew combination cost estimating.

Recently, global warming problem is a major issue in international community. The carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the construction industry is one of the main factors causing a global warming problem. Accordingly, various researches on CO2 emissions caused by the construction industry is needed and construction methods which is low CO2 emission should be developed. In this study, CO2 emission cost is compared with tile work types in construction phase. As a result, the CO2 emission costs of tile work is the highest. This project basic information for selecting appropriate construction methods in aspect of low CO2 emission cost.

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 526 construction sites. The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, construction and civil engineering works, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

This study delivers the actual condition of investment for industrial accident prevention based on survey of 526 construction sites. The various research techniques were used such as technical statistic analysis for construction industry, construction and civil engineering works, cost comparison of industrial accident prevention and accident loss. A formula was deduced to calculate accident loss and accident frequency by accident prevention cost through regression analysis.

본 연구의 목적은 장애인의 일-여가 균형 및 이에 따른 여가시간 및 비용 충분도, 행복 수준의 차이를 검증하고 여가시간 및 비용 충분도가 행복 수준에 미치는 영향 관계를 분석하는 것이다. 연구 대상은 ‘2022 국민여가활동조사’ 원시자료를 활용하였으며, 조사 표본으로 선정된 장애인 151명을 대상으로 하였다. 연구 결과 첫째, 장애인의 39.7%가 일-여가의 균형이 이루어지고 있다고 인식하였고 38.4%는 여가에 더 집중하고 있다고 나타났다. 둘째, 일-여가 균형에 따라 여가시간 및 비용 충분도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며, 행복 수준에는 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 셋째, 여가비용 충분도는 현재 행복 수준에 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타냈으나 여가시간 충분도는 유의한 차이가 나타 나지 않았다. 도출된 연구 결과를 통한 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 장애인의 일-여가 균형에 관한 심도 있고 다차원적인 연구가 필요하고 장애인의 일-여가 균형을 통한 여가 활동 참여를 유도하기 위해 다양한 차원의 여가 활동 지원이 필요할 것이며, 무엇보다 정부 부처 간 긴밀한 협력 속에서 예산확보 및 여가비용지원 정책을 더욱 확대해 나가야 할 필요가 있다.

The purpose of this study is to verify the work-leisure balance of disabled people and the resulting differences in leisure time, sufficiency of costs, and level of happiness, and to analyze the relationship between the influence of leisure time and sufficiency of costs on the level of happiness. The research subject used raw data from the ‘2022 National Leisure Activities Survey’ and targeted 151 disabled people selected as a survey sample. Research results: First, 39.7% of disabled people recognized that work-leisure balance was achieved, and 38.4% were more focused on leisure. Second, there was a statistically significant difference in leisure time and cost sufficiency depending on work-leisure balance, but there was no significant difference in happiness level. Third, leisure cost sufficiency showed a statistically significant difference in current happiness level, but leisure time sufficiency showed no significant difference. The main conclusions from the research results are as follows. In-depth, multidimensional research on the work-leisure balance of people with disabilities is needed, and leisure activity support at various levels will be needed to encourage disabled people to participate in leisure activities through work-leisure balance. Above all, close cooperation between government ministries will be necessary. There is a need to further expand budget security and leisure cost support policies.

본 연구는 설계 과정의 분해, 시공 과정의 조립, 공사비 적산 등 공사의 계획과 관리에 걸친 모든 공사 관리의 업무를 체계화할 수 있는 공동주택의 공사정보분류체계를 제시 하였다. 또한, 본 연구는 이 공사정보분류체계를 작업순서에 따라 관계형 데이터베이스 (Data Base)로 구축 방법을 제시하였고, 구축된 데이터베이스를 근거로 적산 자동화 시스 템 개념 모형을 구축하였다. 이러한 적산 자동화 시스템 개념 모형은 기존 적산 시스템들 의 근본적인 문제점이었던 부적절함을 해소하여 공동주택 건설현장에서 효과적으로 적용 가능한 과학적인 적산 시스템으로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

The study presents work information classification system of apartment house which can organize all construction management services throughout the planning and management of a construction such as the decomposition of the design process, the assembly of construction process and cost estimating, etc. In addition, the study suggested a way to connect work information classification system based on a relational database in working order and built a conceptual model for automated cost estimating by utilizing established data base. A conceptual model for automated cost estimating will resolve the fundamental problems of the existing cost estimating system and will be able to take advantage of scientific cost estimating system at the construction site of apartment house.

From July 1, 2018, the policy called the maximum 52-hour workweek was enforced. This policy became a challenge the construction site should solve. Compared to other industries, the construction industry more relies on human resources. Moreover, in the construction industry, it is essential to complete a building within a set period of time. However, the 52-hour workweek policy has reduced working hours from before, making it difficult to finish construction work within a fixed period of time. Considering these characteristics of the construction field, the government implemented some policies, such as the increase in the number of workers deployed at construction sites and the flexible working system. However, it is still difficult to meet the construction period. Therefore, this study focused on changes that would be occurred since working hours have been reduced from the 68-hour workweek to the 52-hour workweek. In conclusion, it has been analyzed that the construction period has been prolonged due to the reduction of working hours caused by the 52-hour workweek system, and the ratio of labor costs to total construction costs has decreased.

Both the open to the domestic construction industry and the region of international industry is expanding. Due to the change, the severe competition of construction companies among the developed countries which hold the state-of-the-art technology has rapidly increased. However, the construction contractors recognized the unexpected problems which are made after the completion of the construction work, so, they found out the need for the quality control system to avoid fault constructions in the construction industry. In the domestic construction industry, there are much difference caused by lack of communication between the owner and the builder as well as the lack of knowledge about the construction work. Accordingly, in this research, we can find out the problems deduced by the analysis of recognition and application of the quality cost and, in the end, we suggest the solutions. Furthermore, the research is focused on the communication in the construction industry to establish the knowledge basis about the quality cost by analyzing the information and technology of the developed countries.

국내의 공공건설공사는 공사규모가 크고 사회 전반에 걸친 파급 효과가 매우 크다. 따라서 예산의 낭비를 최소화하고 신뢰성 있는 적정공사비의 산정은 매우 중요하다. 공동주택 골조공사는 자재와 공법, 다양한 기술이 발전되었지만 노동력의 역할은 어떤 무엇보다도 중요하게 작용하고 있다. 특히 골조공사는 생산성과 품질에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 인력의 숙련도에 대한 의존이 높게 나타나고 있다. 따라서 개개인의 기술과 능력이 매우 중요하므로 숙련공의 생산성 향상과 합리적인 노무비를 산정할 수 있는 품셈구조와 적산기술을 개선할 수 있도록 새로운 품셈이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 건설공사의 적정공사비를 산정하고 합리적인 노무비를 마련하기 위하여 작업조 기반 모델을 적용한 공동주택 골조공사의 노무비를 현행 표준품셈 적산방식과 작업조 기반 품셈 방식을 비교분석하고자 한다.

Public construction projects in Korea are large and have far-reaching effects in the society as a whole. Therefore, it is very important to avoid the waste of the budget for construction works and calculate reliable and proper construction costs. For the framework construction of apartment houses, building materials, construction methods and various technologies have been developed, but field construction workers have played the most essential part. In particular, the framework construction is highly dependent on the proficiency of construction craft workers since it can have a direct effect on the productivity and quality of buildings. In this regard, this study seeks to calculate the proper construction costs of construction works and estimate the reasonable labor costs of construction craft workers. To this end, the workload and labor input in the work process of 1 cycle per floor for the framework construction of apartment houses were analyzed and applied to the existing standards of estimate and work crew-based models to compare labor costs. Although a direct comparison of the labor costs through the existing standards of estimate and work crew-based models has its limitation, it is expected that the reasonable labor costs that can reflect the reality can be provided through a new construction cost calculation model

Purpose : This study estimated the cost of social loss due to night work based on the results of previous studies and special health checkups. Methods : In 2017 and 2018, based on the actual number of people who actually took special health checkups due to night shifts, we looked at the losses in terms of individuals, businesses, and society. Among these, individuals and social losses were estimated. Results : The cost of social loss due to night work was estimated. The estimated amount was 448,957,481,610 won in 2017 and 474,721,824,613 won in 2018. Conclusion : Through this study, additional research is needed on the number of night work days affecting health problems in Korea. In addition, it is necessary to study the social health as well as physical and mental health of night work.

본 연구는 2015년 5월부터 2023년 6월까지 발주된 53개의 일반 연구소 건물을 대상으로 공사비 분석을 진행하였다. 주요 공종인 철근콘크리트, 목공사 및 수장공사, 가설공사, 금속공사, 창호 및 유리공사를 연구 대상으로 설정하고, 연면적과 공사비의 상관관계 및 회귀분석을 통해 예측 모델을 도출하였다. 상관관계 분석에서 85% 이상의 높은 상관성을 확인하였으며, 결정계수가 높은 로그 회귀모델을 채택하였다. 사례 검증 결과, 도출된 회귀식을 적용한 오차율이 ±12.37%에서 최대 40.89%로 나타나 AACE와 CII에서 제시한 오차 범위인 ±50% 이내임을 확인하였다. 그러나 금속공사의 결정계수가 낮아 다른 공사에 적용하기 어렵다고 판단되었다. 공사비 산출 정확성을 높이기 위해서는 더 많은 데이터를 확보하고, 세부 공정을 나누어 분석할 필요가 있으며, 머신러닝을 활용한 연구가 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

This study analyzed construction costs for 53 general research buildings ordered between May 2015 and June 2023. Key work types included reinforced concrete, carpentry, temporary work, metal work, and windows and glass work. Correlation and regression analysis, with over 85% correlation, led to selecting the logarithmic model for cost estimation. Case studies showed error rates between ±12.37% and 40.89%, within the ±50% margin proposed by AACE and CII. However, the low coefficient for metal work limits broader use. More data and further subdivision of work types are needed, with future research suggesting machine learning to improve accuracy.

본 연구는 작업의 연속성과 자원의 평준화를 이루는 공정과 원가 통합관리의 전산화 방법 도출을 연구의 목적으로 한다. 전산화 과정은 기본단계, 자원평준화 단계, 작업의 연속성 단계로 구분하고 자원이 조정되는 패턴과 작업의 연속성 반영에 따른 각 경우에 대한 로직이 제공되도록 한다. 이를 바탕으로 사례 프로젝트를 선정하고 이에 공정 및 원가 통합관리 전산화 방법을 적용한 결과 공사기간, 공사비용, 진도율 등에 대한 효율적 관리가 이루어질 수 있음을 보이고 있다. 전산화에 의한 공정 및 원가를 통합관리 할 수 있음에 따라 작업의 연속성과 자원의 평준화에 의거 생산성을 향상시켜 비용과 시간을 절약할 뿐 아니라 투입 노무인원도 지속적인 작업이 가능하므로 해당 노무인력의 소득도 안정성을 유지하는 부수적 효과도 있다.

This paper presents the need for the construction management integrated by schedule and cost, which is based on the concept that a project should be kept the work continuity and resource leveling for the increment of productivity. A majority of construction project use some method of schedule and cost control. However, many projects have difficulties with control of schedule and cost pertained data interrelated function. Accordingly, it needs to provide the proper planning method of an automated solution that bring the integrated schedule and cost control. The purpose of this paper is to show how such an automated solution by computerization. The management model for integration of schedule and cost is developed using three steps of the process ; basic data input step, resource leveling step and work continuity step. This integration method by computerization offer finishing on time and within budget for a project and opportunity to achieve higher profits. To achieve the desired integration of schedule and cost, the distribution diagram of resources and the minimization of wait time on each work activity is required.

최근 ‘일자리정책 5년 로드맵’에 대한 정책평가와 청년층 체감실업률로 인해 정부는 일자리창출과 고용정책을 최대 중점 과제로 안고 있다. 본 연구는 정부 재정사업의 한 축에 있는 도입 4년차 ‘일학습 병행제’ 의 경제적 성과를 살펴보고 주요 쟁점에 대한 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 기업 측면에서 횡단 참여기업과 종단 참여기업에 대한 비용편익분석을 실시하였다. 횡단 참여기업의 경우, 2013년(5차) 2945.96백만원, 2015년(6차) -37250.12백만원, 2017년(7차) 2463.64백만원으로 2015 년(6차)에 마이너스 편익에서 2017년(7차)에 들어서면서 순편익이 발생하였다. 편익/비용비율(B/C)은, 일학습병행제 도입 전 1.19,정(+), 2015년(6차) 0.35로 부(-)적인 영향이 있었고, 2017년(7차)도는 1.08 로 B/C≥1로 나타났다. 종단 참여기업의 경우, 일학습병행제 2년차인 2015년(6차) 199.55 백만원으로 시행 전보다 약 54.77% 감소세를 보이다 4년차 2017년(7차) 6226.68 백 만원으로 약 31% 증가한 순 편익이 발생하였다. 편익/비용비율(B/C)은, 일학습병행제 도입 전 5.36, 2015년(6차) 1.01, 2017년(7차) 2.63으로 정(+)적인 영향이 있었고, 2015(6차)년도와 2017년(7차)도 각각 1.01 B/C≥1, 2.63 B/C≥1, 로 나타나 일학습병행제가 실효성 있는 청년일자리정책임을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과에 의한 학문적 시사점과 실무적 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학문적 측면에서 John Dewey의 경험이론과 Dawis & Lofquist 직업적응이론을 통해 일학습병행제의 도입취지와 목적에 부합 한 이론적 근간을 논하였다는 것이다. ‘고용대란’인 현 시점에서 이론적 도입에 따른 일자리정책의 장기 적 대안으로 일학습병행제의 산ㆍ학ㆍ연의 이해를 불러일으킬 수 있는데 의의를 두고자 한다. 둘째, 실 무적 측면에서 기업은 일학습병행제를 HR(Human Resources)제도로써 정착시켜야 한다는 것이다. 학 습근로자에게 맞는 교육프로그램을 통한 인적개발과 훈련성과에 따른 내부평가나 승진과 보상, 자격인 증, 학위연계 등 인적관리 체계가 정착할 때 장기근속, 이직자 감소에 기여할 수 있고, 중소기업 기피현 상이나 중도 탈락하는 문제를 근본적으로 해결할 수 있다고 본다. 셋째, 정부는 평생직업교육체제로써 뒷받침을 마련하여야 한다는 것이다. 세계적인 추세에 따라 국가차원에서 제도화하고 있기 때문에 일 학습병행제 역시 평생직업교육체제로써 다양한 민족과 계층을 위한 교육화를 마련하여 사각지대가 없 이 시기별로 구획되지 않는 연속적 형태의 평생교육을 제도적으로 안착시켜야 한다.

Recently, the policy evaluation for the 'Five-year Roadmap on Job Policies' and the unemployment rate for the youth have been the main focus of the government on job creation and employment policy. The purpose of this study is to examine the economic performance of the four - year cooperative learning system on the one hand of the government 's financial business and to suggest some implications for major issues. In terms of firms, we analyzed the cost benefits of cross-participating companies and end-participating companies. In the case of cross-participating companies, 2013 (5th) will be 2945.96 million won, 2015 (6th) -37250.12 million won, 2017 (7th) will be 2463.64 million won, 2015 (6th) The net benefit was generated. The benefit cost ratio (B/C) was 1.19, positive (+),In 2015 (sixth), there was a negative impact of 0.35, B/C ≥ 1 in 2017 (7th) and 1.08 respectively. For end-The second year of work-related concertation is 199.55 million won (2015)Decrease by about 54.77% compared to before 4th year 2017 (7th) to 6226.68 million wonA net benefit of about 31% increased. The benefit cost ratio (B/C)5.36, before the introduction of work-related concert system, 1.01 (6th) in 2015, There was a positive effect on the ratio of 2.63 (7th) in 2017, 2015 (6th) and 2017 (7th) 1.01 B/C ≥1, 2.63 B/C≥ 1, I have confirmed that my work combination is an effective youth job policy. The academic implications and practical implications of this study are as follows. First, in the academic aspect, John Dewey 's theory of experience and Dawis' s and Lofquist' s theory of job adaptation discussed the theoretical basis for the introduction and the purpose of the work-based learning. At the present time, which is the 'employment gap', the long-term alternative of the employment policy based on the theoretical introduction is to raise the interests of industry, academia. Second, in terms of practicality, companies should set up a work-based learning system as HR (Human Resources) system. It is possible to contribute to the long-term service and reduction of the unemployed when the human resource management system such as internal evaluation, promotion and compensation, certification, I think that the problem of elimination can be fundamentally solved. Third, the government should provide support for lifelong vocational education system. Since the system is institutionalized at the national level in accordance with the global trend, the work-based learning system is also a lifelong vocational education system, which provides education for various ethnic groups and classes and establishes a continuous type of lifelong education without blind spots.

이용 수요가 많아 투입될 비용보다 얻을 수 있는 편익이 더 클 것이라는 예측에 근거하여 추진되었던 대형 공공사업들이 완공 이후 처음 예측보다 실제 이용수요는 적고 소요 비용은 커서 결과적으로 예산을 낭비한 사례가 우리나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 반복적으로 발생하고 있다. 이 문제를 집중 연구해온 벤트 플뤼비아(Bent Flyvbjerg)에 따르면, 대형 공공사업의 사전 예측이 실패하는 원인에는 기술적·심리적·정치적·경제적 요인들이 있는데, 그중 결정적 요인은 정치적·경제적 요인이며 따라서 해결 방안도 여기에 집중해야 한다고 주장한다. 이 글에서는 대형 공공사업에서 만성적으로 나타나는 수요 과잉 예측 및 비용 과소 예측현상의 원인과 그 해결 방안에 대해 플뤼비아의 논의를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 먼저 플뤼비아가 수요 및 비용 예측 실패의 핵심 원인으로 간주한 정치-경제적 원인의 분석 및 이에 대한 처방들을 요약 소개했다. 이어서 우리나라에서도 대형 공공사업 전반에서 예측 실패가 반복적으로 나타나고 있으며, 그 핵심원인에는 국민들이 위임한 권력을 자신들의 이익을 추구하는 데 악용하는 정치가와 관료 집단의 행위가 제대로 제어되지 못하는 데 있다는 사실을 확인했다. 마지막으로 그의 논의를 우리나라에 적용하여 대형 공공사업의 수요 및 비용 예측의 정확성을 높일 수 있는 방안을 제시했다. 이 글에서 제시한 대안의 핵심은 책임성과 투명성의 강화이며, 이를 위해 공공사업 추진 권력에 대한 견제 장치 마련, 준거집단 예측법 도입 등을 포함하여 몇 가지 제도 개혁 방안들을 제안했다.

For the most of public-driven magaprojects in the world, especially the infrastructure projects, starting from ex ante expectation that benefit would be bigger than cost, their actual ex post performance was very poor. As a result, public money has been wasted and so-called magaprojects paradox has appeared: More and bigger megaprojects are built despite their poor performance record. Bent Flyvbjerg has focused the causes and cures of underestimate costs and overestimate benefits phenomenon. He argue that the key causes of this phenomenon are economic and political causes rather than technical or psychological ones, and suggest how to tackle these ones. In this paper, I aim to examine the causes and cures of endemic forecasting fallacy in Korea, mainly based on Flyvbjerg’s arguments. For the purpose of this, first, I show that cost overruns and demand shortfalls are also widespread in Korea. Second, Flyvbjerg’s main works and key arguments are summarized. Third, some implications and suggestions for applying his arguments to Korea in order to minimize forecasting failure are examined, focusing on enhancing accountability and transparency.

Introduction of construction cost estimating system is necessary to promote appropriate reflection of construction cost and simplified and efficient amount work. The results of this study are as follows. In the results of considering the basic concept and composition of a construction type estimating system, an example orders are concentrated on an apartment house in the country. The building appurtenant work of extension work is high(1.52) as compared with others. In regression analysis for a construction cost, the models are as follows. In a new construction work, (construction cost)=(building area), and in extension work, (construction cost)=(building area). Accordingly, this study wishes to compare and analyzes main contents of original cost method and results cost method, and propose predetermined amount estimation device through existent literature study investigation for accumulation of the construction cost.

Purpose: Recently, a social and legal foundation was laid in Japan to support work?life balance(WLB). However, the situation of female regular employees’ early retirement for reasons of birth and childcare has not improved. Till today, childcare remains a significant barrier to Japanese companies’ employment of human resources. Research design, data, and methodology: This study examines the cost of WLB practice use, including career consequences such as downsizing work autonomy, lowering performance expectations, and its direct impact on employees’ outcomes (desire to stay long, perceived WLB, degree of relational terms in psychological contracts). I have also explored fulfillment of psychological contract in WLB-context in Japan and tested its moderate effect between “cost of WLB” and employee outcomes. Results: The analysis results show that 1) the cost of WLB practice use has a negative effect on all employee outcome variables, and 2) their relationship is moderated by the degree to which psychological contracts in the WLB-context are fulfilled. Implications: Investigating how a psychological contract changes as employees undergo life transformations deepens the understanding of the relationship between human resource management (HRM) and employee outcomes.