Earticle

본 논문은 에너지-성장의 탈동조화를 소파동변환(Wavelet Transformation)이라는 새로운 기법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구의 목표는 에너지-성장의 탈동조화가 단기, 중기, 장기적으로 나타나는 국가와 나타나지 않는 국가를 식별하고 어떤 요인이 탈동조화의 확률을 높이는지를 분석하는 것이다. 논문의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 에너지소비와 GDP의 소파동분해 후 그랜져 인과성 검정을 수행한 결과 상당수의 국가들에서 각 시간척도별로 인과관계가 바뀌었다. 둘째, 국가들의 에너지-성장 비인과 확률에 유의한 영향을 미치는 변수들은 각 시간척도별로 상이하였다. 에너지효율성은 단기에 에너지-성장 비인과의 확률을 높였으나 중장기에는 유의한 영향을 미치지 못했다. 청정에너지 비중은 중기에만 비인과 확률을 높였고 단기와 장기에는 유의성이 없었다. 에너지순수입은 단기에는 비인과 확률을 높였으나 장기에는 오히려 하락시킴으로써 장단기에 그 영향력이 달랐다. 반면, 제조업비중은 장단기에 모두 비인과 확률을 높였다.

This study investigates the decoupling between energy consumption and economic growth by applying wavelet transformation. The objective of this paper is to divide the 54 countries into that the relationship decouples and does not from the periodic perspectives, and to further identify which explanatory variables determine the decoupling. The main results as follow. First, energy-GDP causality differs by time scale. Second, the variables affecting the decoupling of the energy-GDP relationship are different in the distinct time scale. Energy efficiency increases the decoupling probability in the short-run but is not influential in the medium and long-run. Clean energy ratio increases the decoupling probability only in the medium-run. Net energy import increases the probability in the short-run but decreases it in the long-run. The results suggest us that distinct energy policy is needed in the different time-horizons.

논문에서는 영상을 다중 해상도로 표현하는 직교 웨이브렛변환에서, 비밀스럽게 서명데이터를 영상에 삽입하는 방법을 제안한다. 그 원리는, 영상의 다중해상도표현에 있어서 차분출력에 편중(집중)이 있음에 주목하여, 그 특징을 이용하여 서명비트계열을 화상에 삽입한다.

This paper is to suggest the method of embedding a signature to pictures secretly under the orthogonal wavelet transform which represents pictures as multi-resolution representations. As it is focused upon the differential output under the multi-resolution representation of pictures, this method can embed bit series to pictures. In doing so, it can compound approximately 6K byte of information with gray-level image 256×256. The method can include not only the database which designates copyright of pictures but also the author and usage of pictures, and the information of the picture itself. Therefore, this method can easily discriminate the inspection of picture database.

Wavelet transformation in image compression is to offer higher image compressibility and high-quality by quantization and entropy encoding. More image quality is good that reconstructed image by wavelet calculation than acquire cosine transform. Therefore, wavelet itself is function if it is wavelet's feature, in this function, do processing applying difference scale and resolution. That is, this is not that fixed resolution has been decided like existent compression way, when it regulated scale, damage goes in pixel and picture looks like break without giving damage entirely in reflex even if magnify or curtail Decoding. Therefore, this paper is in Image that using new wavelet application compression way research that see applies comparing In each image noted this time compressing step by step with circle image compression efficiency recognize. Also, estimated quality pass through by printing of compressed image, investigated compression ratio of most suitable that get print of high quality and elevation of transmission speed.

In recent years, Macau has actively participated in international organizations according to the Macau Basic Law. After fifteen years of regaining sovereignty by China, Macau has faced some internal and external challenges. In order to comprehend the new policy directions regarding Macau’s participation in international organizations, this paper made the depth interviews and applied the text mining analysis to the interviews responses. Through applying the random forests model and fruit fly optimization algorithm to keywords classification, the study concluded several points related to Macau’s participation in international organizations.

Chaotic systems are extremely sensitive to control parameters and initial conditions. This feature is effective in the field of cryptography. In this paper we propose image encryption scheme which is based on the chaotic maps of Peter de Jong’s attractor. The image is transferred into the wavelet domain and then appropriate modifications of the wavelet coefficients are done. The main purpose of application of the wavelet transformation is to reduce computation time needed for the encryption process and to reach higher or similar security of the encrypted image.

In this paper present an improved method of ECG delineation approach based on the continuous wavelet transformation and singlescale approach is presented. The algorithm was design to detect nine main ECG significant points, which are QRS onset, QRS pick, QRS offset and analogous points to P wave and T wave. The implemented algorithm improvement significantly increases accuracy of the P wave and T wave detection, which was the problematic part of the previous method. An improved method of wavelet thresholding of ECG signals to remove noise characteristics is provided.

A method is promoted to eliminate the noise of the speech signal in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) underwater acoustic communication system based on the wavelet packet decomposition and reconstruction. The wavelet packet decomposition is accomplished by analyzing the different wavelet transform coefficient distribution characteristics of the signal and the noise. The speech signal is stratified to determine the best wavelet packet decomposition tree, the threshold value is quantified, and the wavelet packet decomposition is completed. The threshold value can be used to eliminate signal noise. Finally, the transmitted signal is reconstructed by the inverse transformation of the wavelet packet. The computer simulation results show that the method of wavelet packet decomposition is worked for the speech signal processing in the OFDM underwater acoustic communication system. For the speech signal transferred in the underwater acoustic channel, the noise can be eliminated and the valid signal can be kept effectively.

이중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환은 정밀하게 표본화되는 이산 웨이브렛 변환에 중요한 특징을 추가하여 그 성능을 개선한 것이다. 우선적으로 이 변환은 하나의 스케일링 함수와 두 개의 웨이브렛 함수로 구성된다. 즉, 3개 채널로 분해가 되며 두 웨이브렛 함수는 주파수 대역을 1/2씩 분할하도록 설계되었다. 따라서 입력 데이터보다 더 많은 양의 부대역 데이터들을 생성하면서도 완전재생을 만족한다. 또한 근사적으로 이동 불변의 특징을 만족하도록 설계되었다. 그러나 웨이브렛들이 모든 방향성을 반영하지 못하는 제약성을 갖는다. 즉, 이중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환이 기존의 웨이브렛 변환보다 우수하지만, 다양한 방향성의 부족으로 그에 대한 처리가 제약받는다. 본 논문에서 제안된 방법은 이중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환에 quincunx 표본화를 결합하여 각각의 장점을 얻도록 하였다. 특히, quincunx 표본화는 더 많은 방향성을 생성할 수 있다. 결과적으로 제안된 방법이 다양한 각도의 회전된 부영상을 생성할 수 있기 때문에 영상처리 영역에서 향상된 성능을 제공할 수 있다.

The double-density discrete wavelet transform(DWT) is an improvement upon the critically sampled DWT with important additional properties. It employs one scaling function and two distinct wavelets, which are designed to be offset from one another by one half. And it is overcomplete by a factor of two. Also, this transformation is nearly shift-invariant. But there is room for improvement because not all of the wavelets are directional. That is, although the double-density DWT utilizes more wavelets, some lack a dominant spatial orientation, which prevents them from being able to isolate those directions. Proposed method is a DWT that combines the double-density DWT and quincunx sampling, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages. Especially, the quincunx sampling treats the different directions more homogeneously. As a result, since proposed method can generate sub-images of multiple degrees rotated versions, this method provides an improved performance in image processing fields.

표준 웨이브렛 변환은 많은 장점에도 불구하고 이동 불변을 만족하지 못하는 단점으로 인해 많은 제약을 받았다. 이 단점은 다운 샘플링 과정으로 인한 표본수의 부족에서 기인한다. 고밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환은 생성되는 부대역 신호의 수를 증가시켜서 이동 불변의 단점을 극복한 방법이다. 본 논문에서는 세 개의 채널로 구성된 삼중 밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환을 설계하고 2차원 영상처리에 적용하였다. 이 변환은 부대역의 수가 표준 웨이브렛 변환보다 세 배가 되어서 과표본화가 되지만 이동 불변을 잘 만족한다. 그리고 생성된 부대역 영상은 대역별로 다양한 크기를 갖으며, 다양한 방향 선택성을 갖는다. 이 방향성은 영상처리에서 최적의 부대역을 제공할 수 있다.

High-density discrete wavelet transformation is one way to overcome the disadvantages of the standard wavelet transform of shift invariant because it increases the number of subband signals. In this paper, high-density discrete wavelet transform consisting of three channels is applied in a two-dimensional image processing. Experimental results show that the proposed method is well satisfied with the shift invariant and is excellent directional selectivity because it could generate many subband images.

영상처리에서 quincunx 격자를 사용하는 기법은 대표적인 비분리의 표본화 기법이다. 이 방법은 기존의 이차 원 분리가능처리 기법보다 더 많은 다양한 방향성을 가지며 대역적 특성도 우수하다. 고밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환은 N개의 입력 신호를 M개의 변환 계수들로 확장하는 변환이다(M>N). 이차원 처리에서 이 고밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환 의 이동불변의 장점은 표준 이산 웨이브렛 변환보다 더 우수하다. 그래서 이 변환은 다른 많은 웨이브렛보다 더 유용 하게 사용될 수 있지만 표본화율이 높은 단점도 존재한다. 본 논문에서는 quincunx 표본화를 사용하는 고밀도 이산 웨이브렛 변환을 제안하였다. 이 방법은 고밀도 이산 웨이브렛과 비분리 처리의 특징을 유지하고 조합하는 방법이다. 제안된 방법은 영상처리 응용분야에서 좋은 성능을 갖는다.

The quincunx lattice is a non-separable sampling method in image processing. It treats the different directions more homogeneously and good frequency property than the separable two dimensional schemes. The high density discrete wavelet transformation is one that expands an N point signal to M transform coefficients with M > N. In two dimensions, this transform outperforms the standard discrete wavelet transformation in terms of shift-invariant. Although the transformation utilizes more wavelets, sampling rates are high costs. This paper proposed the high density discrete wavelet transform using quincunx sampling, which is a discrete wavelet transformation that combines the high density discrete transformation and non-separable processing method, each of which has its own characteristics and advantages. Proposed wavelet transformation can service good performance in image processing fields.

이중 트리 이산 웨이브렛 변환은 이산 웨이브렛 변환 보다 우수하며, 이동 변이(shift variance)의 웨이브렛 보다 적은 계산량을 가진다. 이러한 특성들은 잡음 제거, 텍스쳐 분할 등에서 효율적으로 사용된다. 이중 트리 이산 웨이브렛 변환을 수행하는 과정에 Quincunx 표본화를 적용하였다. 이 방법은 이중 트리 이산 웨이브렛 변환의 주된 특징인 이동 불변성의 성질과 다양한 방향성의 특징 그리고 비분리 영상처리 효과를 증가시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 제안된 방법에 대한 성능을 평가하고 실험결과를 제시하였다. 따라서 비분리 처리특성으로 인위적인 패턴을 갖는 디지털 영상에 대해서 웨이브렛 변환의 특징을 얻을 수 있어 효율적인 영상처리가 가능하다.

In this paper, we explore the application of 2-D dual-tree discrete wavelet transform (DDWT), which is a directional and redundant transform, for image coding. DDWT introduces limited redundancy and allows the transform to provide approximate shift invariance and directionally selective filters while preserving the usual properties of perfect reconstruction and computational efficiency with good well-balanced frequency responses. Also, quincunx lattice yields a non separable 2D-wavelet transform, which is also symmetric in both horizontal and vertical direction. And non-separable wavelet transformation can generate sub-images of multiple degrees rotated versions. The proposed 2-D non-separable DDWT can provide efficient approximation for directional features of images schemes, such as edges and contours in images that are not aligned with the horizontal or vertical direction. Finally, non-separable image processing using DDWT services good performance.

Wavelet transform (WT) has attracted most engineers and scientists because of its excellent properties. The coherence of practical approach and a theoretical basis not only solves currently important problems, but also gives the potential of formulating and solving completely new problems. It has been show that multi-resolution analysis of Wavelet transforms is good solution in speech analysis and threshold of wavelet coefficients has near optimal noise reduction property for many classes of signals. This paper proposed applications of wavelet in speech processing: pitch detection, voice-unvoice (V -UV) decision, denoising with the detailed algorithms and results.

The 3D DWT(The Three Dimensional Discrete Wavelet Transform) scheme is potentially regarded as useful one on analyzing both spatial and spectral information. Nevertheless, few researchers have attempted to process or classified remotely sensed images using the 3D DWT. This study aims to apply the 3D DWT to the land cover classification of optical and SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) images. Then, their results are evaluated quantitatively and compared with the results of traditional classification technique. As the experimental results, the 3D DWT shows superior classification results to conventional techniques, especially dealing with the high-resolution imagery and SAR imagery. It is thought that the 3D DWT scheme can be extended to multi-temporal or multi-sensor image classification.

Iris recognition system is the one of the most reliable biometries recognition system. An algorithm is proposed to determine the localized iris from the iris image received from iris input camera in client. For the first step, the algorithm determines the center of pupil. For the second step, the algorithm determines the outer boundary of the iris and the pupillary boundary. The localized iris area is transformed into polar coordinates. After performing three times Wavelet transformation, normalization was done using a sigmoid function. The converting binary process performs normalized value of pixel from 0 to 255 to be binary value, and then the converting binary process is compared pairs of two adjacent pixels. The binary code of the iris is transmitted to the server by the network. In the server, the comparing process compares the binary value of presented iris to the reference value in the database. The process of recognition or rejection is dependent on the value of Hamming Distance. After matching the binary value of presented iris with the database stored in the server, the result is transmitted to the client.

In this paper we introduce a design of parallel architecture for wavelet transformation on FPGA. We implement wavelet transforms though lifting scheme and apply Daubechies4 transform equations. This technique has an advantage that we can obtain perfect reconstruction of the data. We divide our process to high pass filter and low pass filter. With this division, we can find coefficients from low and high pass filters simultaneously using parallel processing properties of FPGA to reduce processing time. From the equations, we have to design real number computation module, referred to IEEE754 standard. We choose 32 bit computation that is fine enough to reconstruct data. After that we arrange the real number module according to Daubechies4 transform though lifting scheme.

In todays security industry, personal identification is also based on biometric. Biometric identification is performed basing on the measurement and comparison of physiological and behavioral characteristics, Biometric for recognition includes voice dynamics, signature dynamics, hand geometry, fingerprint, iris, etc. Iris can serve as a kind of living passport or living password. Iris recognition system is the one of the most reliable biometrics recognition system. This is applied to client/server system such as the electronic commerce and electronic banking from stand-alone system or networks, ATMs, etc. A new algorithm using nonlinear function in recognition process is proposed in this paper. An algorithm is proposed to determine the localized iris from the iris image received from iris input camera in client. For the first step, the algorithm determines the center of pupil. For the second step, the algorithm determines the outer boundary of the iris and the pupillary boundary. The localized iris area is transform into polar coordinates. After performing three times Wavelet transformation, normalization was done using sigmoid function. The converting binary process performs normalized value of pixel from 0 to 255 to be binary value, and then the converting binary process is compare pairs of two adjacent pixels. The binary code of the iris is transmitted to the by server. the network. In the server, the comparing process compares the binary value of presented iris to the reference value in the University database. Process of recognition or rejection is dependent on the value of Hamming Distance. After matching the binary value of presented iris with the database stored in the server, the result is transmitted to the client.

This paper develops an approach to fuse 1-meter resolution spatial panchromatic and 4-meter resolution multi-spectral IKONOS images. The approach is based on the characteristics of four-band wavelet transformation. The experiment shows that the fused images based on four-band wavelet method contain with not only high spatial resolution but also rich spectral characteristic.

Topographic maps can be made and updated with satellite images, but it requires many human interactions that are inefficient and costly. Therefore, the automatizing of the road extraction procedures could increase efficiency in terms of time and cost. Although methods of extracting roads, railroads and rivers from satellite images have been developed in many studies, studies on the road extraction from satellite images of urbanized area are still not relevant, because many artificial components In the city makes the delineation of the roads difficult. So, to extract roads from high resolution satellite images of urbanized area, this study has proposed the combined use of wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis. In consequence, this study verifies that it is possible to automatize the road extraction from satellite images of urbanized area. And to realize the automatization more completely, various algorithms need to be developed.