Earticle

Mass housing supply strategy has had a limitation on the accommodation of the diversity of inhabitant even though it gives a solution for quantitative aspects. And, it brings on the economical and environmental problems due to reckless developmentsshortening the lifetime of the mass housing. The purpose of this study is proposing the way of affirming a sustainable mass housing in the current housing market needing the changes to a stock management-oriented strategy in a newly constructed housing supply of a mass housing. Therefore this research studies on the way of a sustainable housing application method having a high variable performance, and focuses on the sustainable development with the international trend of reserving environment.

본 논문의 목적은 지식근로자의 직무성과에 영향을 미치는 비물질적 인센티브가 심리계약으로 서 어떠한 매개역할을 하는 지에 관해 연구하기 위한 것이다. 본 논문의 연구대상은 중국 허베이성 지역에 기반을 둔 지식근로자를 대상으로 하였으며 설문조사에서는 총 560개의 설문지 가 배포되었고 52개의 설문지를 제외한 508개의 유효설문지가 최종적으로 회수되어 분석의 필요를 기본적으로 충족시켰다. 본 연구에서는 Guo Wei(2015)의 비물질적인 인센티브 척도를 바탕으로 연구에 적합하게 수정 및 보완해 실시하였으며 개별 인센티브, 직무 인센티브, 조직환경 인센티브의 3가지 차원으로 구분하였다. 또한 직무성과의 측정척도는 주로 Goodman&Svyantek (1999년)에서 설계한 측정 방법을 위주로 하였으며, 상황별 성과척도 선정에서는 Smith, Organ, Near(1983)가 제안한 척도를 주로 활용하였다. 심리계약은 Rousseau(1998,2000)와 같은 학자에 의해 설계되거나 사용된 척도로서 인지된 조직책임과 종업원책임의 두 가지 차원으로 구분하였다. 이러한 척도는 Lee Tinsley(1999), Robinson Turnley(1995), Chen California 등에서도 많이 활용된 바 있다. 따라서 선행연구 사용된 심리계약 척도를 기초로 적절한 조정을 거쳐 최종 측정척도로 사용되었다. 설문지는 네 부분으로 구성되어 있다. 첫 번째 부분은 성별, 연령, 혼인 여부, 교육 수준, 직급 등 7개 질문을 포함해 설문조사와 응답자 기본정보에 대한 설문조사 내용을 간략하게 설명한 것이며, 두 번째 부분은 14개의 질문을 포함하는 비물질적 인센티브에 관한 내용을 주로 하였다. 세 번째 부분은 심리계약에 관한 것으로써 20개의 설문으로 구성되어 있다. 네 번째 부분은 8개의 설문이 포함된 직무성과와 관련한 설문으로 구성되었다. 본 연구의 분석방법은 상관관계분석, 구조 방정식 및 기타 통계 기법을 사용하여 측정된 데이터를 처리함으로써 비물질적 인센티브, 심리계약 및 직무성과 간의 관계를 파악하고 모델에서 심 계약의 매개 효과를 검증하였다. 분석의 결과에 의하면 심리계약은 직무성과에 대한 비물질적 인센티브의 영향을 중재하는 역할을 한다는 것으로 나타났다. 중재영향분석 결과에 의하면 심리계약 및 조직책임, 종업원책임의 두 가지 차원이 직무성과에 미치는 비물질적 인센티브의 영향에서 중재역할을 하고 있었다. 마지막으로 본 연구에서는 다음과 같은 몇 가지를 제안해 보았다. (1) 조직은 공정하고 정의로운 급여관리체계 를 구축하고 유연한 복지제도를 시행할 필요가 있다. (2) 조직은 종업원의 경력계획을 수립해야 한다. (3) 조직은 종업원들에 대한 인간관계를 중시하는 관리를 강화하고 조화로운 관계를 구축해야 한다. (4) 조직은 종업원들에게 자율성을 부여하고 업무 재설계를 강화해야 한다. (5) 종업원은 조직에 대한 책임감을 높이고 동시에 심리적 기대를 맞출 필요가 있다.

This article aims to study the mediating role of psychological contract in the process of immaterial incentives influencing job performance. This paper investigates knowledge workers in Hebei province by network questionnaire. In this survey, a total of 560 questionnaires were issued, 52 invalid questionnaires were excluded, and 508 valid questionnaires were finally recovered. In this study, the Chinese scholar Guo Wei (2015) immaterial incentive scale was adopted and modified on this basis. The measurement scale of job performance mainly refers to the measurement method designed by Goodman & Svyantek (1999), and it is adjusted according to the actual situation. The psychological contract scales designed or used by scholars like Rousseau (1998, 2000), Lee Tinsley (1999) and Wang Pei (2018) were referred to in the selection of the scales. The questionnaire consists of four parts. The first part is a brief description of the survey and a survey of the basic information of the respondents, including seven questions, such as gender, age, marital status, education level and job position. The second part is the immaterial incentives questionnaire. The third part is the psychological contract questionnaire. The fourth part is the job performance questionnaire. Correlation analysis, structural equation and other statistical techniques were used to process the measured data, so as to verify the mediating effect of psychological contract in the model. According to the results of the mediating influence test, some discussions are made : (1) The organization needs to establish a fair and just salary management system and implement flexible welfare system. (2) The organization shall develop career plans for employees. (3) The organization should strengthen humanistic care for employees and build a harmonious relationship. (4) The organization should give employees autonomy and strengthen work redesign. (5) Employees should enhance their sense of responsibility and adjust their psychological expectations of the organization.

기업가 사회자본(내·외부)은 기업가가 기업 내·외부에서 만들고 발전과 유지를 하는 광범위한 사회관계 네트워크를 말한다. 본 연구는 중국의 과학기술형 중소기업을 대상으 로 설문조사를 통해 506명의 기업가 사회자본에 관한 데이터를 수집하여 기업가 내부 사회자본과 기업가 외부 사회자본이 어떻게 지식획득과 기업 혁신성과에 미치는 가에 관한 영향을 탐구하였다. 연구결과에 따르면 기업가 사회자본(내·외부)은 기업 혁신성과 에 현저한 긍정적(+) 영향을 미치고 지식획득은 기업 혁신성과에 현저한 부정적(-) 영향 을 미치며 지식 획득은 기업가 사회자본과 기업 혁신성과의 관계에서 매개효과를 하는 것으로 나타났다.

Entrepreneurs’ social capital (internal and external) refers to the extensive social relationship network established, developed and maintained by entrepreneurs inside and outside the enterprise. Based on the data of 506 entrepreneurs’ social capital collected through questionnaires, this study explores the impact of entrepreneurs’ social capital (internal and external) on knowledge acquisition and innovation performance in China’s SMTEs (Small and Medium-sized Technological Enterprises). The results show that the entrepreneurs’ social capital (internal and external) and knowledge acquisition have a significant positive impact on the innovation performance of Chinese SMTEs. Meanwhile, knowledge acquisition plays a mediating role in the relationship between entrepreneurs’ social capital and innovation performance.

본 논문에서는 SHAP을 사용하여 변수들이 예측 값에 어떠한 영향을 주었는지 분석하였다. DNN과 LSTM 알고리즘을 사용하여 PM_2.5에 대한 예측 모델을 설계하였다. 학습 및 테스트 데이터는 기상데이터와 대기오염물질데이터를 상관분석을 통해 선별하여 구성하였다. 두 예측 모델에 대해 RMSE와 AQI의 범주에 대한 정확도를 확인하였으며, SHAP을 이용하여 두 모델의 예측 값에 대해 변수들의 기여도를 확인하였다. 공통적으로 대기오염물질 데이터가 PM_2.5를 예측 하는 과정에서 기여도가 높은 것을 확인하였으며, 기상 데이터 중 온도가 두 모델의 예측 과정에서 기여도가 높은 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 기여도에 따른 영향력을 확인하였을 때, 두 모델이 공통적으로 온도, 풍속, 해면기압이 값이 높을 때 예측 값을 감소시키는 영향을 주며, 값이 낮을 때 예측 값을 증가시키는 영향을 주었다. NO₂ , PM₁₀, SO₂의 경우 DNN 예측 모델과는 달리 LSTM 예측 모델에서는 값이 높을 때 예측 값의 양방향으로 영항을 주는 것을 확인하였다.

Machine learning and deep learning are being researched in various fields and applied in real life. Designing reliable models is crucial, and understanding the results of these models is necessary. This paper analyzes the impact of variables on prediction values using SHAP. Prediction models for PM_2.5 were designed using DNN and LSTM algorithms. The training and test data were composed by selecting weather data and air pollutant data through correlation analysis. The RMSE and accuracy for AQI categories were checked for both prediction models, with the LSTM algorithm showing slightly better performance. The contribution of variables to the prediction values of both models was confirmed using SHAP. It was found that air pollutant data had a high contribution in predicting PM_2.5, and temperature among weather data had a high contribution in the prediction process of both models. Both models showed that high values of temperature, wind speed, and sea level pressure decreased prediction values, while low values increased them. For NO₂ , PM₁₀, and SO₂, the LSTM model showed a bidirectional impact on prediction values, unlike the DNN model.

Bearings having a small clearance during normal operation are selected. In some cases, bearings having a negative clearance when mounted are selected, to generate internal stress which enables achieving various effects. This so-called preload can be applied only to rolling bearings and not sliding ones. The performance of bearings is greatly affected by the applied preload. Application of a heavy preload to enhance the stiffness at the spindle undermines the high-speed rotation performance. In contrast, when a light preload is applied for high speed rotation, the stiffness is undermined. Therefore, a variable preload method is required. This study aims to develop a variable preload device using a linear actuator of the ball screw type, and to perform the performance evaluation of the developed device. Our studies verified that the proposed device worked satisfactorily.

Recently, technologies related to green cars are gaining attention. A variable valve-timing system (VVT) is widely used in internal-combustion engines to improve fuel efficiency and engine performance by controlling the valve open-close timing. Since conventional hydraulically controlled VVT has problems, such as slow response and low efficiency, an electrically controlled variable valve timing (ECVVT) system was developed as an alternative the conventional VVT. This paper presents a performance test rig for an ECVVT system using servo motors. The performance test rig consists of an ECVVT module with a cycloid reducer, an engine cylinder block, a driving part, and a motion controller. A small servo motor drives the ECVVT module through the cycloid gear, while a large servo motor drives the camshafts by means of a timing belt. We carried out simulations using a mathematical model of the ECVVT module, cam shaft, valve, and motion control. We then built a performance test rig for the ECVVT system, and did experiment of cam phase variations of the ECVVT system to confirm its performance.

A new actuating mechanism suitable for a micro positioning device is developed using piezo-electric elements. The actuator can make a step movement of 0.5 .mu. m up to 3.5 .mu. m. The step size can be adjusted on demand. By repeating this step action, long distance movement is achieved. Precise positioning can be obtained by combining the coarse motion with the maximum step size and fine motion. Two types of fine motion have been proposed for a driving method. Firstly, feedback control bases on PID is applied. The experimental results for the two method are presented.

본 연구는 남자 프로배구 경기력 분석을 목적으로 최근 3년의 V-리그(2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019) 의 정규시즌에 대한 연간 평균 자료의 경기력 변수로 선정하였다. 총 7개의 프로배구 남자팀으로 운영되고 있는 남자리그 의 3시즌 자료를 활용하였다. 총 10개의 공격 및 수비를 변인으로 설정하였다. 집단변인으로는 각 구단과 Playoff 진출 팀과 탈락 팀으로 구분하였다. 따라서 SPSS Window 21.0 프로그램을 활용하여 기술통계, 상관분석, 독립변인 t-test, 다중회귀분석 등을 통해서 다음과 같은 결과를 산출하였다. 첫째, 승점ㆍ승률과 경기력 변인 간의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 경기력 변인 중 블로킹, 세트, 속공, 서브, 시간차공격, 퀵오픈 공격 순으로 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, Playoff 진출 팀과 탈락 팀 간의 경기력 변인의 차이를 분석한 결과, 경기력 변인 중 세트, 블로킹, 서브, 속공, 리시브에서 각각 진출 팀이 탈락 팀 보다 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 경기력 변인이 승률에 미치는 영향을 분석한 결과, 총 10개의 경기력 변인 중 블로킹, 디그, 서브, 속공, 리시브, 세트, 시간차공격에서 정(+)의 효과로 승률에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

For the purpose of analyzing men's professional volleyball performance, this study was selected as the performance variable of the annual average data for the regular season of the V-League (2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019) of the last three years. The 3 seasons of the men's league, which is operated by total 7 professional volleyball men's teams, were used. A total of 10 attacks and defenses were set as variables. Group variables were divided into teams, playoff teams, and dropout teams. Therefore, using the SPSS Window 21.0 program, the following results were calculated through descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, independent variable t-test, and multiple regression analysis. First, as a result of analyzing the relationship between victory point and win rate and performance variables, blocking, set, quick-attack, serve, time difference attack, and quick-open attack were found to be related in order of performance variables. Second, as a result of analyzing the difference in performance variables between the playoff teams and the dropout teams, the advancement teams in the set, blocking, serve, quick-attack, and receive of the playoff variables were higher than the dropout teams. Third, as a result of analyzing the influence of the performance variables on the odds, it was found that the positive effects on the blocking, dig, serve, quick-attack, receive, set, and time difference attack among the total 10 performance variables influenced the odds.

본 연구의 목적은 브랜드 앱에 대한 이용자의 체험이 텔레프레즌스를 매개로 브랜드성과에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이다. 연구결과 브랜드 앱에 대한 체험은 텔레프레즌스를 경유하여 브랜드성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 텔레프레즌스는 브랜드 앱에 대한 체험에서 브랜드성과에 이르는 과정에서 중요한 매개변인의 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있다. 그러나 슈미트(Schmitt, 1999)의 총체적 체험이론 관점과 파인과 길모어(Pine & Gilmore, 1998)의 체험경제이론을 바탕으로 추출된 총 7개의 체험유형들 중 인지적 체험, 엔터테인먼트/현실도피체험만이 텔레프레즌스를 경유하여 브랜드성과에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나, 브랜드 앱 이용자들은 인지적 및 엔터테인먼트/현실도피체험을 얻기 위해 브랜드 앱을 주로 이용하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 최종 연구모형에 포함된 총 8개의 경로들의 상대적 중요도를 분석한 결과 엔터테인먼트/현실도피체험에서 텔레프레즌스를 거쳐 브랜드 충성도에 이르는 경로의 영향력이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 브랜드 앱을 이용하여 브랜드성과를 높이기 위하여 엔터테인먼트/현실도피체험을 강화하는 전략이 필요한 것으로 보인다.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of experience of brand application on brand performance. This study suggested and tested the hypothetical model that experience of brand applications had indirect effects on brand performances including brand awareness, brand image, brand loyalty, and purchase intention via a intermediating variable such as telepresence. A survey was conducted for 400 current users of brand applications in Korea to gather data needed to test the causal relationship between experience of brand applications and brand performances via telepresence. The results of structural equation model analysis found that only two of six types of experiences of brand application such as “THINK”, and “ENTERTAINMENT” had indirect effects on four of brand performances via the intermediating variable such as telepresence. This meant that telepresence played an important role as the intermediating variable in the causal relationship between experience of brand application and brand performances.

Recently, Automobile manufactures have developing automotive exhaust system under consideration for improvement in engine performance. It thus develop many exhaust components. For example active muffler, semi-active muffler, electronic muffler etc. In this components consider enhanced back pressure and reduction noise. Especially, In recent years it develop the study of semi-active muffler. Semi-active muffler is simple structure and excel performance. Recently many forms semi-active muffler was developed and adopted to the actual use in consideration of cost and technical side for noise and vibration. This study had main objects about the recently developed the semi-active muffler. It was to show its combustion performance as well as its enhanced back pressure characteristics in design. Therefore if the precise analysis of the combustion pressure according to the back pressure transmission was carried out, it was understood that this study would be utilized in the design of the exhaust system such as the semi-active muffler.

In the present study, a calorimeter was used to experimentally investigate the cooling capacity and COP changes according to the pipe length of a variable capacity A/C system with long pipes. Cooling capacity, COP, and compressor discharge temperature were obtained by changing pipe length and loading duty. And the operation status and cycle change process of the A/C system were investigated using some experimental data and P-h diagrams. In long pipes, the pressure drop increases and the operating load on the compressor increases. Additionally, at the same loading duty, cooling capacity and COP decrease and the compressor discharge temperature increases. As loading duty increases, cooling capacity and compressor power consumption increase. Since the temperature deviation between the experimental value and the correlation equation for the discharge temperature of the long-pipe compressor shows a maximum of 10.5℃(50m, L/D : 20/0), the existing correlation equation needs to be modified.

In the present study, a calorimeter was used to experimentally investigate the cooling capacity and COP changes according to the pipe length of a variable capacity A/C system with long pipes. Cooling capacity, COP, and compressor discharge temperature were obtained by changing pipe length and loading duty. And the operation status and cycle change process of the A/C system were investigated using some experimental data and P-h diagrams. In long pipes, the pressure drop increases and the operating load on the compressor increases. Additionally, at the same loading duty, cooling capacity and COP decrease and the compressor discharge temperature increases. As loading duty increases, cooling capacity and compressor power consumption increase. Since the temperature deviation between the experimental value and the correlation equation for the discharge temperature of the long-pipe compressor shows a maximum of 10.5℃(50m, L/D : 20/0), the existing correlation equation needs to be modified.

In this study, the cooling performance of a variable capacity A/C system was experimentally studied. A psychrometric calorimeter was used to obtain performance data of the A/C system using the pulse width modulation method and compare it with the compressor discharge temperature correlation equation. Cooling capacity, COP, and compressor discharge temperature were obtained by changing indoor and outdoor temperatures, refrigerant amount, and loading duty. The following results were obtained by selecting 5 types of refrigerant amount, 3 types of outdoor temperature (fixed indoor temperature), and 2 types of loading duty. As the outdoor temperature increased, cooling capacity and COP according to outdoor conditions decreased. And the higher the loading duty, the greater the cooling capacity, but the COP was minimal. The change in cooling capacity and COP due to the increase in refrigerant amount was not significant. Additionally, the change in compressor discharge temperature is more influenced by the outside temperature than by the loading duty.

In this study, the heating performance of a variable capacity A/C system was experimentally studied. A psychrometric calorimeter was used to obtain performance data of the A/C system using PWM(pluse width modulation) method and compare it with the compressor discharge temperature correlation equation. Heating capacity, COP, and compressor discharge temperature were obtained by changing indoor and outdoor temperatures, refrigerant amount, and loading duty. The following results were obtained by selecting 5 types of refrigerant amount, 3 types of outdoor temperature (fixed indoor temperature), and 2 types of loading duty. As the outdoor temperature increases, heating capacity and COP increase. Heating capacity was affected by both outdoor temperature and loading duty. However, COP was more influenced by outdoor temperature. The effect of increasing the amount of refrigerant on the performance of the A/C system was not significant. Additionally, the temperature deviation between the existing compressor discharge temperature correlation equation and the heating experiment data was about 5.1℃ at the maximum loading duty.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the improvement of prediction performance and changes in variable importance in SEM-ANN two-stage analysis. 366 cosmetics repurchase-related survey data were analyzed and the results were presented. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, in SEM-ANN two-stage analysis, SEM and ANN models were trained with train data and predicted with test data, respectively, and the R² was showed. As a result, the prediction performance was doubled from SEM 0.3364 to ANN 0.6836. Looking at this degree of R² improvement as the effect size  of Cohen (1988), it corresponds to a very large effect at 110%. Second, as a result of comparing changes in normalized variable importance through SEM-ANN two-stage analysis, variables with high importance in SEM were also found to have high importance in ANN, but variables with little or no importance in SEM became important in ANN. This study is meaningful in that it increased the validity of the comparison by using the same learning and evaluation method in the SEM-ANN two-stage analysis. This study is meaningful in that it compared the degree of improvement in prediction performance and the change in variable importance through SEM-ANN two-stage analysis.

본 연구에서는 근로자의 직무소진이 직무만족과 조직몰입에 미치는 영향력을 검증하고, 이들 사이에서 자기효능감의 조절효과를 검증하고자 한다. 분석결과 정서적 탈진이 성취감 감소로 이어져 조직성과에 부정적 영향을 미치는 원인이 된다는 것이다. 또한 직무소진과 직무만족에서 자기효능감의 수준이 높을수록 직무만족과 조직몰입은 높아지고 있으며, 그 영향력(정서적 탈진, 비인격화, 성취감 감소)은 다르게 나타나고 있다. 이러한 결과는 높은 자기효능감의 근로자는 자신의 직무수행 과정에서 발생할 수 있는 역할 스트레스에 적절히 대처함으로서 직무소진에 긍정적 영향을 미치며 그 결과 조직의 성과를 향상시킬 수 있다는 있다는 것을 의미한다. 이를 위해 직무소진을 조직적 차원에서 제고하고 형평성이 확보된 평가와 보상, 신뢰구축을 위한 시스템구축, 개인차에 따른 교육훈련 및 자기개발 프로그램을 지원함으로서 체계적인 직무소진 관리전략이 요구된다.

The main purpose of this study is to prove the moderating role of self-efficacy in the relationship between job burnout and organizational effectiveness. To accomplish this purpose, theoretical framework was established and variables were selected to test the hypotheses proposed based on past empirical findings. The implication of the study is as following : First, it is very important to understand the effect of job burnout on individual and organization. Second, training and development program on lessening job burnout should be introduced. Third, individual emotion should be considered important in the working process of employees. Fourth, it should be emphasized that the management of job burnout ends up with job satisfaction and organizational effectiveness and the individual difference variables such as self-efficacy.

Pipe organs are an important element of acoustic performance and usage of concert hall, considered as one of indicators of classical music hall. However, only limited numbers are installed or planned for local concert halls. Therefore, in order to investigate the influence of the pipe organ to the concert hall and compare with variable acoustic equipment, acoustic parameters were measured and evaluated in conditions without the pipe organ and after installation. Moreover, acoustic parameters according to acoustic variable equipment were measured and evaluated to figure out an impact on acoustic performance. The result indicates that differences of parameters according to the presence of the pipe organ were, 0.66 sec in reverberation time (RT), 0.1 in bass ratio (BR), 0.66 sec in early decay time(EDT), 2.18dB in clarity (C80), 0.12dB in strength(G), and 0.16 in lateral energy fraction(LFC). Differences of acoustic parameters due to acoustic variable equipment were 0.86 sec in reverberation time(RT), 0.09 in bass ratio(BR), 0.78 sec in early decay time(EDT), 0.64dB in clarity(C80) and 2.34dB in strength(G).