Earticle

이 논문은 김득련의 『環璆唫艸』에 나타난 외국 문물 서술의 특징을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 먼저, 이 시집에서 가장 자주 언급되는 대상 중 하나인 기차가 사행의 초반부와 후반부에서 다르게 서술되고 있는 양상을 살펴보았다. 전반적으로 『環璆唫艸』는 사행의 일정대로 작품을 싣고 있는데, 전반부에 실려 있는 기차 관련 작품들에서는 김득련이 다른 교통수단을 이동할 때와는 달리 감정 서술이 극도로 생략되어 있다. 하지만 사행 일정 후반부에 쓴 작품들에서는 기존의 다른 이동수단들을 이용할 때 자주 보였던 객수의 감정이 기차를 타고 가는 중에도 유사한 흐름으로 표현되고 있었다. 또한 일정을 거의 마쳐가는 즈음에 쓴 글들에서는 철도를 이상적인 풍경의 필수요소로 인식하는 서술이 등장함을 확인할 수 있었다. 기차를 다룬 작품들과 관련해 발견되는 이러한 두 가지 사실들은 『環璆唫艸』가 비단 신문물로부터 외지인이 받은 충격의 기록으로만 읽힐 것이 아니라, 그러한 신문물이 빠른 속도로 기존의 사고 메커니즘에 스며드는 것을 목격할 수 있는 생생한 기록으로 이해되어야 함을 보여준다. 다음으로는 『環璆唫艸』 속 외국 문물을 칭송하는 서술들에 내재된 의미에 대해 분석해 보았다. 『環璆唫艸』에 나타나는 이러한 서술들은 주로 작가의 제한적인 현실 감각을 보여주는 근거로 이해되어 왔다. 하지만 외국 문물에 작가가 보내는 찬사에서 반복적으로 ‘함께 共’나 ‘화 和’ 등의 어휘가 발견되는 것에 주목해볼 때 이는 외지인이 새로운 기술을 접하며 드러내는 막연한 놀라움으로 단정할 수 없는 부분이 있었다. 오히려 이러한 서술 방식은 서구문물이 보여주는 표면적인 화려함을 넘어, 그러한 첨단 기술들이 어떻게 이상적인 국가 운영 철학과 만나고 있는지를 읽어내려는 시도로 이해될 수 있다. 또한 러시아의 문물을 서술할 때 김득련은 러시아가 거쳐 온 파란만장한 역사에도 함께 관심을 기울이며 작품을 전개해 나가는데, 이는 그에게 있어 러시아가 조선과 유난히 공통점이 많은 국가이며, 동시에 조선의 부흥을 꿈꾸게 하는 존재임을 보여준다. 결론적으로 『環璆唫艸』는 기차의 문화적 영향과 김득련이라는 인물에 대한 이해를 돕는데 중요한 역할을 할 자료라고 할 수 있다. 이 시집에서 나타나는 외국 문물 서술은 기차가 인간의 인식 메커니즘에 얼마나 빠르게, 그리고 유연하게 스며드는지를 생생하게 보여주는 동시에 김득련의 국가 운영 철학과 김득련이 사절단원으로서 느끼는 복잡한 감정을 포함하고 있기 때문이다.

Speed and splendor are the most prominent impression that reader may earn from Kim Deuk-Nyon’s poetry anthology 環璆唫艸. While it has a very unique identity as the first world travel poetry anthology, many of the poems here have been considered as the recordings of a foreigner who is shocked if not completely lost in the middle of dazzling and cutting edge civilization during his sojourns abroad. This paper aims to rediscover the potential of 環璆唫艸 as source to better understand both the cultural influence of the train on mankind visually and the orientation of Kim Deuk-Nyon as a bureaucrat of Joseon dynasty. In order to do this, this paper will focus on how foreign civilization is described in 環璆唫艸. Two particular points of focus are how the description on the train is constantly changing as time goes by and what splendid praise for Western material implies in his poems. The poems on his experience of riding a train shows complete silence regarding the description of his feelings which may be attributed to the ‘loss of the landscape’ due to train’s rapid speed. However, as we look at the poems written much later in his sojourns abroad, we can witness that Kim begins to use the same mechanism of traveler’s loneliness (客愁) often found in other much slower poems which describe riding modes of transport. In addition, in his writings near the end of the course of the mission, the writer begins to consider the railroad as one of the fundamental factors of ‘ideal landscape.’ This paper tries to read such change as a proof that 環璆唫艸 shows how fast the train changes some part of human’s perception system but also complies in some part to the way of perceiving the landscape. Regarding the splendid praise for Western countries’ prosperity found in 環璆唫艸, this paper focuses on the repetitive usage of the word ‘altogether 共’ and ‘in harmony 和’ which always accompany in such splendid praise of the West’s wealth. Rather than reading this sort of description as superfically showing the splendor of Western civilization, it can also be understood as how Kim sought to incorporate Western technology with his ideal way of ruling a state. This is especially the case for the poems praising Russia‘s power and wealth which occupies the majority of this poetry anthology. Kim shows his great interest in the history of Russia which has somewhat similar hardships to what Joseon was currently facing. For him, Russia is not merely perceived as a country of the ’West’ but as a specific country that shares similarities with Joseon and also a country that has Kim dream of Joseon’s prosperity. In other words, such splendid praise implies Kim’s philosophy of running a state and his complex feelings as a foreign envoy of Joseon. In conclusion, 環璆唫艸 has a great potential to facilitate the research on the visual influence of the train on mankind and also on the biographical studies of Kim Deuk-Nyon.

The purpose of the high-speed railway construction is to better satisfy passenger travel demands. Accordingly, the design of the train working plan must also take a full account of the interests of passengers. Aiming at problems, such as the complex transport organization and different speed trains coexisting, combined with the existing research on the train working plan optimization model, the multiobjective bi-level programming model of the high-speed railway passenger train working plan was established. This model considers the interests of passengers as the center and also takes into account the interests of railway transport enterprises. Specifically, passenger travel cost and travel time minimizations are both considered as the objectives of upper-level programming, whereas railway enterprise profit maximization is regarded as the objective of the lower-level programming. The model solution algorithm based on genetic algorithm was proposed. Through an example analysis, the feasibility and rationality of the model and algorithm were proved.

Variable Message Sign(VMS) increasing deployment as part of the ITS policy measures to provide information to road users in the area, but is not installed, the VMS status is insufficient. In this paper, in areas without such a VMS road users to road conditions and traffic information to provide Portable Variable Message Sign(PVMS) proposed. Existing VMS Unlike PVMS, Moving and Storage system configuration, operating plans, etc., should be available, so existing VMS and has the distinction of In order to operate efficiently compatible with all the power of a multi-phase transition to the proposed solar power and battery power, power systems, considering them and express terms according to the operation time to go is proposed. Is expected to be applicable based on the results of this study future battery used in a variety of portable display systems, as well as a PVMS

Since the amplitudes of spin echo train in nuclear magnetic resonance logging (NMRL) are small and the signal to noise ratio (SNR) is also very low, this paper puts forward an improved de-noising algorithm based on wavelet transformation. The steps of this improved algorithm are designed and realized based on the characteristics of spin echo train in NMRL. To test this improved de-noising algorithm, a 32 points forward model of big porosity is build, the signal of spin echo sequence with adjustable SNR are generated by this forward model in an experiment, then the median filtering, wavelet hard threshold de-noising, wavelet soft threshold de-noising and the improved de-noising algorithm are compared to de-noising these signals, the filtering effects of these four algorithms are analyzed while the SNR and the root mean square error (RMSE) are also calculated out. The results of this experiment show that the improved de-noising algorithm can improve SNR from 10 to 27.57, which is very useful to enhance signal and de-nosing noise for spin echo train in NMRL.

The carbody structure of a high speed train passing through a tunnel is subjected to pressure fluctuation. Fatigue strength of the carbody structure against the fluctuating pressure loading should be proved in the design stage for safety. In this study, to get the useful information on the pressure fluctuation in the tunnel, measurement has been conducted during test running of KHST on the high speed line for two years. The measured results were analyzed and arranged to be used for carbody design. A prediction method for the magnitude and frequency of pressure change was proposed and the propagating characteristics of pressure wave was investigated. By statistical analysis for the measured results, a pressure loading spectrum for the high speed train was given. The proposed method can also be used to estimate the pressure loading spectrum for new high speed line at design stage combined with the results of train performance simulation.

Background: Few nurses are trained in palliative care for long?term care in Korea. The End?of?Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC)?Geriatric training program improves nurses’ ability to promote palliative care for the elderly. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate nurses’ satisfaction and knowledge following the attendance at the ELNEC?Geriatric curriculum on nurses’ knowledge of palliative care. Methods: Nine ELNECGeriatric modules were presented to 203 interdisciplinary professionals on July 1 and 3, 2010, in Seoul, South Korea. The Palliative care quiz for nursing (PCQN) was used to evaluate nurses’ knowledge. Of all the participants,128 nurses were completed the questionnaire. Of these nurses, 45.2% were staff nurses and 73.4% were hospital nurses. Results: Approximately eight nine percent of the nurses reported previous experience in caring for dying patients and attending various hospice palliative care training programs. Overall program satisfaction of the participants was 4.03 on a 5?point scale, and their mean of the total PCQN score was 12.75 out of 20 after participating in ELNEC?Geriatric course, which was a significant improvement (p=.022) from the pretest. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that ELNEC?Geriatric curriculum was successfully implemented and significantly contributed to increasing the nurses’ knowledge for palliative care in long?term care in Korea.

The braking system of a high-speed train has a crucial role for the safety of human mass transportation. However, it is hard to acquire design parameters of the braking system in the development stage of a new high-speed train. In this paper, we build a Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) system for the braking system of the Korean High-Speed Train (KHST) that is supposed to reach 350 km/h, and analyze the characteristics of the braking system of KHST (composed of 7 cars) via real-time simulations. In the HIL system that is built using a DSP board of dSPACE, the dynamics of the 7 car bodies and several bogies and characteristics of connecting devices between cars are considered individually. Simulation results show that the designed braking system of KHST is valid and satisfies design specifications.

Appropriate contact force is required for the pantograph on the high speed train to collect current from the catenery system without separation. However, at high speed, large aerodynamic lifting force is generated by the contact plate and the body of pantograph, which may cause wear of the contact wire. In this study, to confirm the interface performance of the pantograph on Korea High Speed Train, a method to measure the contact force of the pantograph was proposed and the related measuring system was developed. The forces acting on the pantograph were clarified and a practical procedure to estimate the forces was proposed. A special device was invented and applied to measure the aerodynamic lifting force. Measured contact forces were displayed by the developed system and evaluated based on the criteria.

This study numerically investigates the optical and heat transfer characteristics of thin silicon films irradiated by ultrashort (shorter than 10 ps) pulse train lasers. The one-dimensional two-temperature model (1DTTM) is extended to the two-dimensional (2DTTM) model for estimation of crater formation. In addition, the wave interference effects on the optical and energy transfer characteristics are considered to predict accurately the energy absorption rates in thin silicon films irradiated by picosecond-to-femtosecond pulse train lasers. Unlike bulk silicon, a significant change in energy absorption is found to occur in thin silicon films with the variation of film thickness due to the wave interference. The spatial distributions of energy carrier and lattice temperature show quite a different tendency at different pulse durations as well as the number of pulses because of significant changes in the optical and thermal properties. The predicted crater shapes and the ablation depths by 2DTTM are also presented.

본 논문에서는 열차 선로 모니터링을 위한 열차의 위치 및 이동을 추정하는 비전 기반 기법을 제안한다. 퍼지 분류기를 이용하여 열차의 상태를 판별하며, 프레임 차와 배경 감산을 각각 열차의 움직임과 존재를 판결하기 위해서 사용하고, 퍼지 분류기의 언어 변수로 사용된다. 실험 결과에서 제안하는 기법은 열차의 위치와 움직임을 정확히 추정하는 것을 볼 수 있다. 그러므로 제안하는 기법은 군중 밀도를 추정하거나 안전 감시를 수행하는 열차 모니터링 시스템에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

We propose a vision-based method that estimates train position and movement for railway monitoring in which we use a fuzzy classifier to determine train states. The proposed method employs frame difference and background subtraction for estimating train motion and presence, respectively. These features are used as the linguistic variables of the fuzzy classifier. Experimental results show that the proposed method can correctly estimate train position and movement. Therefore the method can be used for railway monitoring systems which estimate crowd density or protect safety.

This study highlights empirically the relationship among major constructs such as accident, fear and anxiety emotion, self-efficacy, and negative spillover of work, focused on the railway drivers. The differentiated factor of this study is in that the experience of accident was posed as exogenous variable. Hypothesis tests based on 201 samples verified that the experience of accidents showed a significant effect on negative spillover of work mediated by fear and anxiety, with moderating effect of self-efficacy between fear and anxiety and negative spillover of work. However, the moderating effect was shown as increasing the degree of negative spillover of work, since the drivers recognized their fear and anxiety accrued by accident experience as uncontrollable. This finding suggests the need for mitigating driver's negative emotion - fear and anxiety - through an introduction of practice such as exemption of settlement obligation in accident site and lowering of the penalty for accident responsibility.

This study tested the mediating and moderating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and socio-psychological health among 420 train drivers. According to the results of the correlation analysis, job stress showed a significant positive correlation with socio-psychological health problems, and self-efficacy showed a significant negative correlation with job stress and socio-psychological health problems. The results of the Process macro analysis showed that job stress has not only a direct effect on socio-psychological health problems but also has an indirect effect through the mediation of self-efficacy. The moderating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and socio-psychological health problems was significant. Higher levels of job stress increased socio-psychological health problems, but higher levels of self-efficacy reduced the effect of job stress on socio-psychological health problems. These results suggest that it is essential to increase self-efficacy to reduce job stress and improve the socio-psychological health of train drivers.

2011년 원저우 철도 충돌사고는 초고속 철도의 참사로 중국은 물론 전 세계에 그 충격이 전해졌다. 그런데 중국의 해당 부처들이 서로 다른 견해를 펼쳤다. 이에 본 연구는 위기⋅재난관리에 가치이론을 접목시킴으로써 왜 행정기관들이 재난 원인에 대하여 서로 다른 설명을 하는지 분석하고자 하였다. 우선 행정의 핵심 가치 총 8개 중 경제, 효율, 효과 및 지도력은 ‘하드’적 가치로 분류되는 한편책임, 투명성, 윤리 및 전문성은 ‘소프트’적 가치로 분류되었다. 그리하여 재난관리 단계의 차이에따라 가치의 초점이 변화됨을 발견하였다. 나아가 향후 ‘하드’적 가치지향 재난관리 모델은 중국을하여금 보다 신속한 재난 대응을 가능하게 하는 한편 ‘소프트’적 가치지향 재난관리 모델은 보다안전하고 굿 거버넌스로 이끌어갈 것으로 전망하였다.

The 2011 Wenzhou bulletin train collision was a deadly high-speed railway accident which shocked China and the world, but different government authorities declared different reasons. This paper introduces value theory into the emergency and disaster management field to assess why government organizations explain the reasons of disaster reason differently. Among the eight core values in public administration, economy, efficiency, effectiveness, and leadership are classified into hard values, whereas accountability, transparency, ethics, and professionalism are classified into soft values. This study found that a value focus may change in different disaster management stages. It is argued that the hard value oriented disaster management model should make China faster to response disasters, while the soft value oriented disaster management model should make China safer and lead to good governance.

수도권 도시철도 혼잡으로 인해 다양한 문제가 발생되고 있어 도시철도 혼잡을 정확히 분 석하는 연구 또한 해결방안 중 하나일 것이다. 현재 계수법, 중량검지법, CCTV, 모바일 Wi-Fi 등을 활용한 혼잡도 분석방법론은 결과의 정확성이 낮거나 단일 노선 및 열차에만 국한되는 한계점이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 도시철도 승객의 다중경로 이용행태와 수도권 도시철도 열 차운행계획을 반영한 열차 혼잡도 분석모형을 제시하였다. 특히 열차 용량 초과시 승객이 대 기한 후 다음 열차에 탑승하는 통행패턴을 고려하여 열차 혼잡도 산정의 정확성을 제고하였 다. 열차 혼잡도는 10분 단위로 갱신되어 시민에게 혼잡정보 제공이 가능하므로 사회적 편익 증대에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

Accurate analysis of the causes of metro rail traffic congestion provides a means of addressing issues arising from metro rail traffic congestion in metropolitan areas. Currently, congestion analysis based on counting, weight detection, CCTVs, and mobile Wi-Fi is limited by poor accuracies or because studies have been restricted to single routes and trains. In this study, a train congestion analysis model was used that includes the transfer and multi-path behavior of metro passengers and train operation plans for metropolitan urban railroads. Analysis accuracy was improved by considering traffic patterns in which passengers must wait for next trains due to overcrowding. The model updates train crowding levels every 10 minutes, provides information to potential passengers, and thus, is expected to increase the social benefits provided by the Seoul metropolitan subway

주요 철도 국가에서 연구되고 있는 ETCS Level 3 시스템은 궤도회로를 별도로 구축하지 않고 무선통신시스템을 통해 열차의 정확한 위치와 구간별 이동권한을 수신하여 열차를 운행하는 방식이 중심이 되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 ETCS Level 3 시스템의 핵심기술인 열차 분리 상황을 자동 검지하는 열차 무결성 검지 시스템을 화물 열차에 적용하 는데 필요한 시스템 구조를 제안하고, 시스템의 동작 방식 및 성능에 대하여 제시하고자 한다.

Purpose: To understand the meaning of the lived experience with Person under train (PUT) for train or subway operators. Methods: The study was built on hermeneutic phenomenological themes from individual interviews of present-day train or subway operators in South Korea. Eight participants were selected to participate in the study. All qualitative data were analyzed using the heuristic guides of Van Manen. Results: Four fundamental lifeworld themes and eight sub themes emerged in the findings. The first theme of spatiality had’the place pressed by the darkness’ and ‘the train drags me there’. The second theme, corporeality had ‘a foreboding fear’, and ‘debris of death that gets stuck in the whole body’. The temporality theme had’distorted time in chaos’, and ‘memory trapped in time’. Finally the last existential theme of relationality had ‘intrapersonal encounter’ and ‘resentment and guilt’. Conclusion: The four existential lifeworld themes provided a framework for in-depth investigation of the operator’s “lived experience.” This leads to clear understanding of effects of PUT experience on related individuals. The findings imply that specific active nursing intervention strategies are necessary in order to treat affected train operators, and to prevent further issues in their work and private life.

철도광고에 있어서의 큰 변화는 2004년 4월 최초의 고속철도인 KTX의 개통으로 볼 수 있는데, 그 덕분에 전국이 2시간대로 연결되면서 철도 이용객을 급격히 증가시키는 계기가 마련되었다. 고속철도가 정차하는 주요 철도역을 중심으로 유동인구가 늘면서역사 내부에 다양한 상업시설이 들어서게 되었고 상업 공간으로서의 철도역사의 중요성도 증대되었다. 이제 철도역사는 단순히 철도서비스를 위한 여객공간을 넘어 다양한 의미를 지닌 공간으로 그 역할을 확장하고 있으며, 특히 지역의 랜드마크로의 역할 뿐만아니라 철도를 이용하는 전 국민을 위한 공공 공간이라는 상징성을 지닌 공간으로의 역할을 하고 있다. 철도광고가 집행되는 철도역사는 일반 상업시설의 내부공간보다 공적인 가치가 지배되는 공공 공간으로 여겨진다. 공간의 성격은 그 공간에서 이루어지는 활동에 기인하여 결정된다고 볼 수 있다. 따라서 역사내부 공간은 철도 서비스를 이용하기 위한 소비자들을 위한 공간이므로 철도서비스가 지닌 공적인 가치가 그 공간을 공공 공간으로 인식하는지와 관련되어 있으며 공간이 가진 이미지에 반영되어 있다고 보는것이 타당하다. 그렇다면 철도역사에서 집행되는 광고는 공공 공간으로 인식 될 가능성이 높은 철도역사와 그 공간이 지닌 여러 가지 특성에 영향을 받을 가능성이 있다. 그러나 이에 대한 논의는 지금까지 거의 이루어지고 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 철도역사에대하여 소비자들이 어떻게 인식하고 있는지의 여부와 공간이 지닌 본질적인 특징인 공공성의 차원, 그리고 상업시설과 광고에 대한인식, 광고인식과 같은 철도역사라는 공간과 관련한 다양한 원인변수들이 철도광고 매체태도와 철도광고 태도에 미치는 영향에 대하여 탐색적으로 접근하고자 하였다. 소비자특성과 관련한 변수의 영향을 분석한 결과, 여성이 남성보다 철도역사를 공공 공간으로 인식하고 있었으며, 접근성, 개방성, 연계성의 측면에서 남성보다 긍정적으로 평가하는 것으로 나타났다. 철도역사를 공공 공간으로 인식하는 소비자는 광고와 상업시설이 설치되는데 부정적인 인식을 가지고 있었으나, 철도역사의 공공성을 긍정적으로 평가하는 소비자는 광고와 상업시설이 설치되는데 긍정적인 인식을 하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 철도역사에 대한 공공 공간 인식은 철도광고 매체태도와 철도광고 태도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났으나 공공성 인식은 철도광고 매체태도와 철도광고 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 광고인식 또한 철도광고 매체태도와 철도광고 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 철도광고 및 상업시설에 대한부정적 인식은 철도광고 태도에만 부정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 철도광고 매체태도는 철도광고 태도에 긍정적인영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 철도역사의 공간적인 특성인 공공성에 대한 접근을 통하여 철도광고가 보다 체계적으로집행되고 발전해야 함을 제안하였다.

The big change in train advertisements can be seen as the opening of KTX, the first high-speed railway in April 2004, which led to a sudden increase in the number of railway passengers as the whole country was connected to 2 hours. With the increase of the floating population in the main railway stations, various commercial facilities have entered the station and the importance of the railway station as a commercial space has also increased. Now, the railway station is expanding its role as a space with various functions beyond the passenger space for the railway service. In particular, the railway station serves as a symbol for a public space for all people using the railway as well as the role of a landmark. The railway station where the railroad advertisement is done is often considered to be a public space whose public value is dominant over the interior space of general commercial facilities. The character of the space can be determined by the activities performed in the space. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the public value of the railway service is related to the recognition of the space as a public space and that it is reflected in the image of the space since the are inside the station is a space for consumers to use the railway service. In this case, the advertising carried out at the railway station is likely to be influenced by the railway station, which is likely to be recognized as a public space, and the various characteristics of the space. However, discussions about this have not been done until now. This study has attempted to research various variables related to the space of the railway station such as the recognition of consumers about the railway station, the dimension of publicity, the perception of commercial facilities and advertising and their effect on the attitude of railroad advertising. As a result of analyzing the influence of variables related to consumer characteristics, it was found that women were more aware of railroad stations as public spaces than men and that they were more positive than men in terms of accessibility, openness, and connectivity. Consumers who perceive the railroad station as a public space have a negative perception that advertising and commercial facilities are installed. However, consumers who evaluate the publicity of the railroad station positively have a positive perception that commercial and commercial facilities are installed. Although public awareness of railway stations does not appear to have an effect on railway advertising attitudes, public awareness has a positive effect on railway advertisement attitudes. Advertising recognition also positively affects railway advertising attitude. The negative perceptions of railroad advertising and commercial facilities negatively affect railway advertising attitudes. And the attitude of the railroad advertisement media has a positive effect on the attitude of the railroad advertisement. This study suggests that railway advertising should be systematically implemented and developed through a systematic approach to publicness, which is a spatial characteristic of railway stations.