Earticle

기후변화에 따른 폭염의 빈도와 강도가 증가하면서 응급의료 체계의 부하가 가중되고 있다. 그러나 기존 연구는 단순 기온 중심 분석에 치중하여 고온다습한 환경의 위험성을 과소평가하는 한계가 있다. 본 연구는 충청남도 및 대전광역시의 2019~2023년 여름철 데이터를 활용하여 습도를 반영한 열지수가 119 구급 수요에 미치는 영향을 실증하고 대응 임계점을 도출하였다. 음이항 회귀분석 결과, COVID-19 팬데믹을 통제한 상태에서 일 최고 열지수 1°C 상승 시 구급 출동 건수가 1.0% 증가하였다(p<0.001). LOESS 분석 결과 열지수 30°C를 임계점으로 구급 수요가 정체 후 재상승하는 비선형 패턴이 확인되었으며, 이는 현행 폭염주의보 기준(33°C)보다 낮은 수준이다. 본 연구는 열지수 기반 대응 체계 도입과 30°C 초과 시 구급차 재배치 등 초과수요 프로토콜 가동을 제안하며, 기후 위기 시대 지역 맞춤형 구급 대응 전략 수립의 실증적 근거를 제공한다.

As climate change accelerates, heatwaves pose a critical threat to public health and emergency medical services (EMS). However, previous studies have primarily focused on dry-bulb temperature, underestimating the health risks of hot and humid environments. This study examines the impact of heatwave intensity on 119 EMS demand in Chungnam Province and Daejeon, South Korea, using five years of summer data (2019-2023). The Heat Index (HI), which incorporates humidity, was employed as the primary exposure metric. Negative binomial regression, controlling for the COVID-19 pandemic, revealed that each 1°C increase in daily maximum HI significantly elevated EMS demand by 1.0% (p<0.001). LOESS analysis identified a non-linear threshold effect at 30°C—below the current heatwave advisory criterion of 33°C—with demand plateauing below this point but increasing sharply above it. These findings support transitioning to an HI-based response system and implementing surge capacity protocols, such as strategic ambulance redeployment, when HI exceeds 30°C, providing empirical evidence for region-specific EMS strategies in the climate crisis era.

There are many application areas of sensor networks, such as surveillance, hospital monitoring, and home network. These are dependent on the secure operation of networks, and will have serious outcome if the networks is injured. An adversary can inject false data into the network through the compromising node. Ye et al. proposed a statistical en-route filtering scheme (SEF) to detect such false data during forwarding process. In this scheme, it is important that the choice of the threshold value since it trades off security and overhead. This paper presents an adaptive threshold value determining method in the SEF using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic determines a security distance value by considering the situation of the network. The Sensor network is divided into several areas by the security distance value, it can each area to uses the different threshold value. The fuzzy based threshold value can reduce the energy consumption in transmitting.

Drought is a critical natural hazard that can cause severe environmental and social economic damages special in arid region like Pothohar region of Pakistan. Analysis of observation data is useful in progressing this knowledge as these human activities and feedback are intrinsically included. Hence, in current study, the impact of Simly dam on Hydrological drought characteristic at downstream has been analyzed. Two drought analysis methods i.e., 50th and 80th percentiles (TL-50 and TL-80) threshold level method and standardized index approach were used for hydrological drought calculation and upstream-downstream approach was used for assessment of impact of Simly dam. For upstream-downstream approach the entire data period was divided into two sub periods i.e. pre dam (1970-1982) and post dam (1983-2012). Based on the analysis, it was concluded that during post-dam period there was a decrease in total duration by 1.88%, frequency by 15.24% and maximum severity by 69.5% of drought events occurred at downstream as compared to upstream. The Simly dam reservoir may have mitigated the short-term drought at downstream, however, unable to reduce the impact of long-term drought. Moreover, in the presence of dam a delay in drought occurrence was observed at downstream. This study also showed an applicable way forward with quantifying the human influence on hydrologic drought.

본고는 지대한 변화의 현 시대를 이해하는 도구 중의 하나인 리미널리티의 개념을 사용하여 기독교 리더십과 변화 상황과의 관계에 대한 간략한 기독교적 시각을 다룬 것이다. 즉 문턱기의 시기 중의 기독교 공동체를 위한 리더십에 관한 것이다. 리미널리티라는 혼돈의 시기에 도 공동체를 위해 존재하며 이를 이끌고 나아가야 하는 리더십이라는 행위는 여전히 중요한 것이다. 그러므로 이러한 시기에 실천신학적으 로 어떻게 공동체를 이끌며 그것을 담당하는 리더십은 어떤 유형인가 에 대한 간략한 고찰을 다루었다. 이 기간 중의 리더십은 사기적(trickster)로 나타나는 부정적인 리더 십의 유형과 함께 의례를 이끄는 카리스마적 리더십의 유형으로 나타 날 수 있다. 그러므로 과도기의 리더십은 위기와 기회라는 양면이 존재 한다. 기독교적으로 리미널 리더십은 보다 더 본질 지향적이어야 하며 시스템보다 이 혼돈의 시기에 더욱 인물 의존적이 되는 카리스마적 리 더십 유형이어야 한다. 또한 시인적 은유와 언어가 중요한 리더십의 기 능이 된다. 성경의 리더십들은 과도기를 위한 것이며 그 리더십들은 리 미널 리더십의 사례들이다.

This article aims at investigating the relation between the cultural changes and the leadership in terms of the concept of threshold, which can be the helpful instrument for understanding the trends of changes in this age. The leadership and its behaviors are still effective in every types of communities and so significant even in this chaotic period. Especially the types and its contextualization of Christian leadership is dealt with for this transitional era. During liminal season, there emerge usually two opposite kinds of charismatic leadership: on one hand, it is the trickster leadership, and on the other hand, it is the ritual charismatic leadership. Therefore, there exist both the crisis and the opportunity in terms of leadership. The Christian liminal leadership should be focused more upon the Christian core values, and more personality-dependent than the system-oriented in this chaotic period. Moreover, the poet-type leadership with the poetic metaphor is recommended. It is the liminal leadership that the Christian communities experienced in many biblical narratives.

The aim of this article is to analyze the structure and aspects of the rite of passage in the film <Jojo Rabbit>(2019). This film, directed and adapted by Taika Waititi based upon the novel Caging Skies of Christine Leunens, is a Jojo Betzler’s growth story. He is a ten-year-old boy in Nazi Germany during the second world war. He is extremely patriotic and loves his country and loves the Führer - he talks to his imaginary friend Adolf Hitler, who, in his mind, he sees as his best friend and biggest cheerleader. The rite of passage is a ceremony or ritual of the passage which occurs when an individual leaves one group to enter another. It involves a significant change of status in society. According to Arnold van Gennep, the rites of passage have three phases: Separation, transition, and incorporation. In the first phase, people withdraw from the group and begin moving from one place or status to another. In the third phase, they reenter society, having completed the rite. The transition phase, liminality, is the period between states, during which people have left one place or state but have not yet entered or joined the next. During the liminal state, one's sense of identity dissolves to some extent, as it is a period of transition. According to the schematic of the rite of passage, the narrative in <Jojo Rabbit> is structured in the form of a correlation between Jojo, who enters through the front door of his house, and then opens the door again and leaves. Jojo has been thoroughly indoctrinated that Jews are horned witches and needs to be killed, falls into chaos while living with Jewish Elsa hiding in his closet. Therefore, as a time and domain of ambiguity, Jojo's house functions as a space for the transition rite equipped with the threshold quality. Taking Elsa outside, Jojo completes the rite of passage. In the rite of passing through the threshold, tying Elsa’s shoelaces symbolizes the growth of Jojo. In the incorporation phase, Jojo assumes his "new" identity, and re-enters society with his new status. Overcoming racial hatred and prejudice, he empathizes and loves Elsa, a Jewish girl. She then tells Jojo to dance with her ― Rosie believes that dancing is one of the few ways you can be free under this Nazi regime.

이 연구는 총련계 재일조선인 문예미디어 ≪문학예술≫에 나타난 재일조선시의 리미널 공간을 A. 반겐넵과 V. 터너의 이론에 입각하여 탐색하였다. 주로 살펴본 것은 트라우마를 망각하기 위해 그들이 들어가야만 했었던 어떤 ‘문지방’ 공간에 대한 것이다. 신성한 리미널 공간으로서 그 문지방은 1차 북송 이후에는 공화국을 향해 있었다. 아울러 문지방에서 일어난 그 환희는 주로 문예동 내 주류 남성 시인들의 것이었다. 이는 그 리미널리티가 좌경화되면서 그 그룹 내 여성시인들이 배제돼 왔던 측면을 통해서도 증명된다. 때문에 여성 시인들은 그 교조화된 리미널 공간을 대체할 새로운 리미널리티에 주목했는데 그것은 그들의 1인칭적 기억과 몸성이 녹아있는 리미노이드의 자리였다. 문예동의 주류 시가 공화국의 ‘사회극’을 동포 사회에서 여전히 써 내려가고자 했던 제의적 쓰기의 장이었다면, 그 여성시인들 중 일부는 그러한 공화국의 사회극을 다시 자신의 사적 무대 위에 올려보였다. 하여 그들의 시는 놓고 동포들 간의 수평적 코뮤니타스를 이끌어내려는 ‘무대극’적인 글쓰기 장으로 전환한다. 이 연구는 그 재일조선시인들이 희원했었던 ‘공화국과의 만남’이 어떤 애국주의적 차원에서뿐만이 아니라 그들의 유랑 트라우마를 극복하기 위한 ‘연극성’을 띠고 있었음을 일부 증명했다는 점에서 의미를 띤다. 아울러 그 여성시의 응시가 어째서 21세기적 디아스포라의 공간을 여는 힘으로 작용할 수 있는지에 대해서도 암시했다.

This study explores liminal space found in poetry written by Koreans in Japan centering around ≪Literary Art≫, the literary media of Koreans in Japan supporting North Korea, based on the theories of A. Arnold van Gennep and V. Turner. What was mainly examined here was the ‘threshold’ space they had to enter in order to forget the trauma. That liminality as some kind of divine, liminal space pursued the republic after the first repatriation to North Korea. Moreover, the experience of euphoria was mainly by mainstream male poets in Munyedong. This is also proved by the aspect that as that liminality was leaning towards the left, female poets were getting excluded from the group. This made female poets notice new liminality that could substitute the doctrinized, liminal space, and it was the place of liminoid where their memory and physicality as the first person were melted. If Munyedong’s mainstream poetry formed the field of ritualistic writing where they meant to keep writing the republic’s ‘social dramas’ in the compatriot society, some of those female poets put the republic’s social dramas on their own private stage and changed to the writing of ‘stage dramas’ to draw a horizontal communitas among the compatriots. This study is significant in that it has partly proved that ‘the meeting with the republic’ that those Korean poets in Japan yearned for was characterized by ‘theatricality’ not only in patriotic aspects but as their intention to overcome their nomadic trauma. Furthermore, it also has implied that how the stare of those women’s poetry works as some kind of power to open the space of Diaspora in this 21st century.

본 논문은 Bretton Woods 시스템 이후 4개 주요 선진국들의 경상수지 불균형 조정과정에 관련된 주요 이슈를 분석하였다. 주요 발견의 다음과 같다. 첫째, 전통적인 단위근 검정법은 4개국 모두에서 경상수지에 단위근이 존재한다는 귀무가설을 기각하지 못하였다. 반면, 최근 개발된 비선형 단위근 검정법에서는 독일과 영국의 경우 단위근 가설이 기각되고 경상수지가 비선형 평균회복 성향을 보인다는 증거가 발견되었다. 둘째, 추정된 임계선을 사용한 분석에서, 영국의 경우 경상수지적자가 GDP의 -2.07%를 초과하는 경우 체계적인 경상수지조정과정이 발생하며, 독일의 경우 경상수지흑자가 GDP의 1.64%를 초과하는 경우 체계적인 경상수지조정과정이 발생한다는 증거가 발견되었다. 마지막으로 본 논문은 사전에 결정된 기준 대신 추정된 임계선을 이용하여 경상수지반전 에피소드를 구별하여 분석하였다. VAR 추정결과 경상수지반전 기간 중의 경상수지 움직임은 주로 GDP와 실질이자율의 변동에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다.

This paper analyzes some major empirical issues relating to current account adjustments of 4 industrialized countries in the post-Bretton Woods era. Our main findings are as follows. First, while conventional unit root tests fail to reject the null hypothesis of a unit root of current accounts, newly developed nonlinear unit-root tests reject the null of a unit root in favor of nonlinear mean reversion for the current accounts of Germany and the UK. Second, we find evidence of thresholds of current account in Germany and the UK. Systematic adjustment in the UK current account deficit takes place when the deficit exceeds -2.07 percent of GDP, while for Germany, current account adjustment begins to take place once the surplus crosses 1.64 percent of GDP. Finally, instead of imposing the criteria to select a current account reversal ex- ante, we identify the reversal episodes of large current account adjustments for Germany and the UK using thresholds that are estimated from the data. Our VAR analysis indicates that movement of current accounts of Germany and the UK in the reversal episodes turn out to be dominated by variations in the domestic GDP and real exchange rates.

부체의 장주기동요, 연안구조물과 계류선의 파괴 등과 같은 역기능으로 인해 파군현상의 정확한 해석은 시급한 과제라 하겠다. 본고에서는 연안계에서 발생하는 파랑과 가장 근접한 비선형불규칙 파랑계를 산정하여 해안구조물의 피로거동에 지대한 영향을 미치는 파군당 파랑의 수와 해안구조물의 first excursion failure mode를 결정하는 high run에서의 파랑수를 중심으로 파군현상을 해석하였다. 해석과정에 mapping technique과 유의파경사를 perturbation parameter로 섭동이론이 사용되었다. 해석결과 Gaussian wave계에서 균등분포하는 것으로 알려진 위상함수는 평균값 주위에 집중분포하였고, 그 정도는 비선형성이 증가할수록 심화되었다. threshold crossing rate의 경우 비선형성이 심화될수록 평균해수위보다 큰 쪽으로 분포형이 이동하였으며 파군당 파랑수와 high run에서의 파랑수도 비슷한 경향을 보여 최근 설치범위가 심해쪽으로 확대되는 해안구조믈의 경우 피로거동에 대한 보강이 요만된다.

The nonlinear effects on the statistical properties of wave groups in terms of the average nomber of waves in a group and the mean number of waves in a high run is studied in this paper utilizing the complex envelope and total phase function, random variable transformation technique and perturbation method. It tures out that the phase distribution is modified significantly by nonlinearities and it show systematic excess of values near the mean phase and the corresponding symmetrical deficiency on both sides away from the mean. for the case of threshold crossing rate, it turns out that threshold crossing rate reaches its maxima just below the mean water level rather than zero and considerable amount of probability mass is shifted toward the larger values of water surface elevation as nonlinearity is getting profound. Furthermore, the mean waves in a high run associated with nonlinear wave are shown to have larger values than the linear counterpart. Similar trend can also be found in the average number of waves in a group.

독립 협동형 감시시스템인 이차감시레이더(SSR)의 위치 정보의 해상도를 높이기 위해 다변측정감시시스템(MLAT)이 항공 감시시스템에 적용되고 있다. 다변측정감시시스템은 쌍곡선(hyperbola) 또는 쌍곡면(hyperboloid) 위치 측정법을 이용하는 시스템으로 4개 이상의 지상 수신기에서 TOA (time of arrival)값을 측정하고 이를 중앙처리장치에서 각 수신기 상호간의 수신시각차 (TDOA; time difference of arrival)를 이용하여 항공기의 위치를 계산한다. TDOA (time difference of arrival) 알고리즘을 이용하는 다변측정감시시스템의 위치 측정 해상도를 높이기 위해서는 먼저 항공기에 탑재된 트랜스폰더에서 송출된 신호가 수신기에 수신되는 시간인 TOA(time of arrival)를 정밀하게 측정하여야 한다. 본 논문에서는 다변측정감시시스템의 구성에 대해 간략히 설명하였으며 TOA를 측정하기 위한 방법 중 하나인 ATD (adaptive threshold detector)에 대하여 간략히 설명하였다. ATD는 동일 신호에 대한 수신기간 수신한 신호의 진폭 차에 의해 발생하는 펄스 위치 편차 문제를 해결하는 방식이다. 본 논문에서는 ATD의 종류 중 LAS (level adjuster System)과 CDS (constant-fraction discriminator system)에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과와 기본적인 임계값을 적용한 펄스 위치 계산 시뮬레이션 결과를 비교하여 ATD의 성능을 분석하였다.

MLAT which is an independent cooperative surveillance system is applied to increase the positon resoultin of secondary survelliance radar. MLAT uses the hyperboic or hyperboloid position mesurement algorithm. Central processing unit of MLAT calculates target position using time difference of arrival (TDOA) which can be solved from time of arrival (TOA) information of each receivers (at least 4 receivers). To increase position resolution of MLAT which use TDOA, TOA which is transfer time from tranmitter to receiver shold be calculated with precision time resolution in receiver. This paper explained the MLAT system briefly and explained ATD which is one of means of calcuating pulse position. ATD is applied to solve the deviation of pulse position due to different amplitude of signals in mulitiple receivers. In this paper, to analysis the performance of ATD, the simulation result of LAS and CDS was compared with the simulation result of basic threshold method.

양적형질 유전자좌위(Quantitative trait loci; QTL) 연관지도 작성을 위해 regression interval mapping method에 의해 Berkshire종과 Yorkshire종간 교배를 통해 생산된 F2 집단에서 실시하였다. 염색체내 QTL 위치를 결정하기 위해 regression 모델을 통해 계산된 검정통계량(F-statistic)에 대한 유의적인 threshold 수준의 설정은 permutation test 및 Lander와 kruglyak (1995)에 의해 제시된 방법으로 산출하였다. 525두 F2 개체에 대해 조사된 기록 중 5형질(도체중, 등심 단면적, 근내지방 교잡도, 콜레스테롤 함량, 척추 늑골 등지방 두께) 기록을 분석에 이용하였고 genome 전체에 걸친 125개의 microsatellite marker에 대해 3세대 집단 모두 개체에 대해 유전자형을 조사하였다. 회귀분석 모형에 따라 additive 및 dominance 효과를 추정하였으며 이때 모든 회귀계수 값과 F-검정 통계량은 각각 1cM 단위로 추정하였다. 각 형질별, 염색체별로 10,000회의 permutation에 의해 genome-wise 및 chromosome-wise threshold를 추정하였다. Lander와 Kruglyak(1995)에 의해 제시된 방법으로 산출된 threshold 값은 매우 높게 추정되어 이러한 threshold의 적용시 실제로 QTL 존재 여부를 인정할 수 있는 경우의 수가 permutation에 의해 유도된 threshold를 적용했을 때보다 상대적으로 적은 결과를 보였다. 5% genome-wise threshold의 경우 형질별로 다소 상이한 경향을 나타냈으며 분석에 활용된 5개 형질에 대해 총 4개의 QTL이 5% genome-wise 수준에서 검색되었다.

Interval mapping using microsatellite markers was employed to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) in the experimental cross between Berkshire and Yorkshire pigs. In order to derive critical values (CV) for test statistics for declaring significance of QTL, permutation test (PT) of Churchill and Doerge method(1994) and the analytical method(LK) of Lander and Kruglyak(1995) were used by each trait and chromosome. 525 F2 progeny phenotypes of five traits(carcass weight, loin eye area, marbling score, cholesterol content, last back fat thickness) and genotypes of 125 markers covering the genome were used. Data were analyzed by line cross regression interval mapping with an F-test every by 1cM. PT CV were based on 10,000 permutations. CV at genome-wise test were 10.5 for LK and ranged from 8.1 to 8.3 for PT, depending on the trait. CV, differed substantially between methods, led to different numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTL) to be detected. PT results in the least stringent CV compared at the same % level.

In this study, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) using a copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) material as an active layer and SiO₂ as a gate insulator were fabricated with varying active layer thicknesses and channel lengths. Further, using a thermal evaporation method in a high-vacuum system, we fabricated a CuPc FET device of the top-contact type and used Au materials for the source and drain electrodes. In order to discuss the channel formation and FET characteristics, we observed the typical current-voltage characteristics and calculated the threshold voltage of the CuPc FET device. We also found that the capacitance reached approximately 97 pF at a negative applied voltage and increased upon the accumulation of carriers at the interface of the metal and the CuPc material. We observed the typical behavior of a FET when used as an n-channel FET. Moreover, we calculated the threshold voltage to be about 15-20 V at V_DS = -80 V.

본 논문에서는 Threshold PKC를 이용하여 패스워드 사전공격에 안전한 사용자인증 및 키분배 방법을 제안한다. 신뢰기관의 개인키를 (t,n) 비밀분산을 이용하여 n개의 서버에 분산 저장시키고 서며가 사용자를 인증할 때 t개 이상의 서버가 협력하여 사용자의 패스워드 검증자를 복원한다

In this paper we present user authentication and key distribution using threshold PKC(Public Key Cryptosystem), which is secure against the dictionary attack. The n servers hold a t-out-of-n sharing of the dealer's secret key. When the server authenticate a user, at least f of them cooperate they can reconstruct password verifier.

Objective To examine whether the clinical severity of cervical dystonia (CD) significantly correlates with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) findings as well as to determine the threshold of the clinical severity of CD for positive 18F-FDG PET/CT study findings.Methods Forty-seven subjects with torticollis as one of the symptoms of CD were included. The clinical severity of CD was evaluated with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS) at the time of 18F-FDG PET/CT. The correlation between the clinical severity of CD and the highest SUVmax was examined. The threshold of the clinical severity of CD necessary for positive 18F-FDG PET/CT findings was determined using receiver operating characteristics curve analysis.Results Thirty-three of the 47 subjects (70.21%) showed positive 18F-FDG PET/CT findings. The ipsilateral splenius capitis/cervicis, oblique capitis inferior, and longus colli/capitis were the rotators most frequently involved. The highest SUVmax of 18F-FDG PET/CT was significant correlated with the TWSTRS. Subjects with a total TWSTRS exceeding 39 showed positive 18F-FDG PET/CT findings, with those having a total TWSTRS ≤22 showing negative 18F-FDG PET/CT results. The cutoff value of the total TWSTRS for positive 18F-FDG PET/CT findings was set at 27.5 with 90.9% sensitivity and 64.3% specificity.Conclusion A significant correlation was evident between the clinical severity of CD and 18F-FDG PET/CT findings, providing a threshold of the clinical severity of CD for acquisition of positive 18F-FDG PET/CT findings.

Device-to-device (D2D) or Sidelink aided communication is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the 5G and beyond communication system. However, two main challenges exist: 1) the selection of the optimal number of devices for improving the spectral efficiency, and 2) improving the physical layer security of such a communication system. The optimal device improves the secrecy capacity, and the selection of optimal devices enhances the physical layer security. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a double threshold-based optimal device selection (ODS) scheme for a cooperative wireless network with amplify and forward (AF) protocol in the presence and absence of an eavesdropper to enhance the physical layer security for the D2D network. The proposed scheme is analyzed with different distance cases, device scenarios, and modulation schemes. The bit error rate (BER) performance analysis concludes that a performance gain of more than 4 dB is achieved at the BER of 0.004 for the proposed double threshold-based ODS scheme compared to the existing ODS scheme at a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the proposed scheme enhances the physical layer security.

This paper delivers an accurate approximation for adaptive threshold and optimal frame detection algorithms based on the robust multi-taper method aiming at an efficient spectrum sensing in cognitive radio systems. An appropriate adaptive thresholding allows for seamless vacation of unlicensed secondary users from certain bands upon primary users’ requests, while arbitrary optimal frame detection contributes to the computational and throughput demands. Simulation exercises corroborate the given analysis over Rayleigh channel and multiple-input multiple-output configuration and emphasize the critical role of adopting applicable adaptive threshold and optimal frame detection policies.

Objective: This study aims to investigate high energy and low energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and which one is more effective for shoulder pain. Design: Single blind randomized controlled trial. Methods: Fifty two subjects with upper trapezius (UT) trigger point (TrP) participated in this study. They were allocated to high energy (n=26) and low energy group (n=26). This study applies ESWT and investigates the changes of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and visual analogue scale (VAS). The high and low energy groups received focused piezo electric type ESWT 4 Hz, 1,000 pulses and 0.351 and $0.092mJ/mm^2$ respectively. Outcome measures of PPT and pain was measured by algometer and pain VAS. These measurements were performed before and after treatment. Results: The PPT value was significantly increased in both groups after treatment (p<0.05) and VAS scores were significantly decreased after treatment in both groups (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: ESWT is an effective treatment for the application of the UT TrP. Although there were significant effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on PPT and VAS scores, there were no signficant differences between high and low energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy.

Objectives: A people-counting system measures real-time occupancy through motion detection. Accurate people-counting can be used to calculate suitable ventilation demands. This study determined the optimum motion threshold for a people-counting system. Methods: In a closed room with two occupants moving constantly, different thresholds were tested for the accuracy of a people-counting system. The experiments were conducted at 150, 300, 450 and 600 lux. These levels of brightness included the illumination levels of most public indoor areas. The experiments were repeated with three types of clothing coloration. Results: Overall, a threshold of 16 provided the lowest mean error percentage for the people-counting system. Brightness and clothing color did not have a significant impact on the results. Conclusion: A people-counting system could be used with threshold of 16 for most indoor environments.

Image denoising is a lively research field. Today the researches are focus on the wavelet domain especially using wavelet threshold method. We proposed an adaptive threshold method which considering the characteristic of different sub-band, the method is adaptive to each sub-band. Experiment results show that the proposed method extracts white Gaussian noise from original signals in each step scale and eliminates the noise effectively. In addition, the method also preserves the detail information of the original image, obtaining superior quality image with higher peak signal to noise ratio(PSNR).